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Advances in terrestrial system research in China

Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第7期26卷 791-802页

作者：吴绍洪尹云鹤郑度杨勤业邓浩宇 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

land surface is of spatial-temporal heterogeneity. Terrestrial system（TS） comprehensively studies on land surface and physical regionalization objectively describes geographical zonation of the system. China has a vast area with apparent spatial variations in resources and environmental conditions, which highly influence on socio-economic development. In this paper, progress of the TS studies in China is overviewed and research priorities in the near future are prospected. Since the 1950 s, China has paid great attention to the TS study as its socio-economic development, and conducted research on physical geographical regionalization, eco-geographical regionalization and comprehensive regionalization. Along with the deepening of global change research, dynamics of TS have been highly concerned. During the studies, methodology has been developed from qualitative research of integration of experts＇ brainpower gradually to quantitative research based on field observation and experiments of the natural processes, including physical, chemical and biological processes, as well as application of information technology and mathematical simulation. In the near future, TS would combine with the ideology, objectives and key researches of Future Earth program, to focus on the mechanism and regional effects of interaction among land surface elements, the response of TS to global change, the quantitative recognition on regional unit boundary, and the application to TS in sustainable socio-economic development.

关键词： terrestrial system differentiation rules global change sustainable development China

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Urban Expansion and Spatiotemporal Relationships with Driving Factors Revealed by Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2017年第3期8卷 277-286页

作者： DONG Guanglong XU Erqi ZHANG Hongqi Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Bcijing 100049 China

Urbanization improves our lives but also threatens human health and sustainable development. Revealing the spatiotemporal pattern of urban expansion and spatiotemporal relationships with driving forces, especially in terms of the ubiquitous and fast growing small city, is a crucial prerequisite to solving these problems and realizing sustainable development. Kunshan, China was used as a case study here. Eleven variables from four aspects covering physical, socioeconomic, accessibility and neighborhood were selected, and logistic regression and geographically weighted logistic regression modeling were employed to explore spatiotemporal relationships from 1991-2014. Results reveal that urban expansion in Kunshan shows an accelerating tendency with annual expansion from 2000-2014 four times higher than for 1991-2000. More importantly, the annual expansion rate of Kunshan of 28.42% in 2000-2014 is higher than that of a large city. Urban expansion and related factors have spatiotemporal varying relationships. From a global perspective, the closer to a city, town, main road and the higher the GDP, the more likely a region will undergo urbanization. Interestingly, the effect of population on urban expansion is decreasing, especially in developed areas, and the effect of distance to lake is enhanced. From a local perspective, the magnitude and even the sign of the coefficients vary across the study area. However, the range of the coefficient of GWLR is around that of the corresponding variable in LR, and the sign of most variables in GWLR is consistent with that of corresponding variables in LR. GWLR surpasses LR with the same explanatory variables in revealing regional differences and improving model reliability. Based on these findings, more attention should be given to small cities in China. Promoting the connotation of city culture and public services to realize New-type Urbanization and regional diversity policy in order to manage urban expansion scientifically are als

关键词： urban expansion spatiotemporal variation spatial heterogeneity geographically weighted logistic regression China

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Assessment of Changes in the Value of Ecosystem Services in the Koshi River Basin,Central High Himalayas Based on land Cover Changes and the CA-Markov Model

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2017年第1期8卷 67-76页

作者： ZHAO Zhilong WU Xue ZHANG Yili GAO Jungang Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Climate warming and economic developments have created pressures on the ecological systems that human populations rely on,and this process has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem *** this study,landsat satellite data were chosen as the data source and the Koshi River Basin（KB） in the central high Himalayas as the study *** in land cover and changes in the value of ecosystem services between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed and the land cover pattern of the KB in 2030 and 2050 was modeled using the CA-Markov *** in land cover and in the value of ecosystem services in the KB for the period 2010–2050 were then *** value of ecosystem services in the KB was found to decrease by 2.05×10~8 USD y^（-1） between 1990 and *** these results,the services value of forest,snow/glacier and barren area decreased,while that of cropland *** 1990 to 2050,forest showed the largest reduction in ecosystem services value,as much as 11.87×10~8 USD y^（-1）,while cropland showed the greatest increase,by 3.05×10~8 USD y^（-1）.Deforestation and reclamation in Nepal contributed to a reduction in the value of ecosystem services in the *** areas that were transformed into water bodies brought about an increase in ecosystem services value in the lower reaches of the Koshi *** general,this process is likely to be related to increasing human activity in the KB.

关键词： ecosystem services CA-Markov land cover Himalayas Koshi River Basin

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Using Max Ent Model to Predict Suitable Habitat Changes for key Protected Species in Koshi Basin,Central Himalayas

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2017年第1期8卷 77-87页

作者： LIU Linshan ZHAO Zhilong ZHANG Yili WU Xue Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Because of its landscape heterogeneity,Koshi Basin（KB） is home to one of the world＇s most abundant,diverse group of *** change evaluations for key protected species are very important for biodiversity protection in this *** on current and future world climate and land cover data,MaxE nt model was used to simulate potential habitat changes for key protected *** results shows that the overall accuracy of the model is high（AUC 0.9）,suggesting that the MaxE nt-derived distributions are a close approximation of real-world distribution *** valley around Chentang Town and Dram Town in China,and Lamabagar and the northern part of landtang National Park in Nepal are the most important regions for the protection of the habitat in *** habitat area of Grus nigricollis,Panax pseudoginseng,and Presbytis entellus is expected to decrease in future climate and land cover *** focus should be placed on protecting forests and wetlands since these are the main habitats for these species.

关键词： MaxE nt model land use Habitat loss Koshi Basin Himalayas

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Major Elements in Soils Along a 2.8-km Altitudinal Gradient on the Tibetan Plateau,China

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Pedosphere 2016年第6期26卷 895-903页

作者： WANG Zhaofeng Alfred E.HARTEMINK ZHANG Yili ZHANG Hua DING Mingjun Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Soil ScienceFD Hole Soils Lab Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake and Watershed Resarch Ministry of EducationJiangxi Normal University

There are a series of special mountain soils on the Tibetan Plateau of China in an alpine environment for the high altitude. However, very few studies have focused on major soil elements in relation to soil formation in this area. Aluminum （Al）, iron （Fe）, calcium （Ca）, sodium （Na）, potassium （K） and magnesium （Mg） contents of 237 topsoil samples covering a 2.8-km altitudinal gradient in uncultivated areas along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway of China were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The spatial distribution of the elements and its relationship to the parent rocks and climatic parameters were analyzed. Soils along the gradient are derived from a range of parent materials, but most are less than 30 cm deep with little development （Cambisols）. Soil Al, Fe and Mg contents showed a decreasing trend from the start station （Xining Station） to end station （Lhasa Station） of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, whereas soil K and Na contents were relative stable from Xining Station to the Kunlun Mountains and then increased gradually. Soil Ca content was lower in the southern part of the Tanggula Mountains. The major soil element contents clearly reflected the parent rock and climatic influences. Soils with higher Ca content appeared in areas with Ca-Mg carbonate rocks, soils with higher Al were found in areas with silicate-rich and high-Al silicate clastic rocks and silicate-rich aluminosilicate loose sediments. Soils with higher K and Na contents appeared in areas with high-K, high-Na and silicate-rich aluminosilicate rocks. Soil Na and K contents were affected by temperature, whereas the contents of Mg, Fe, Ca and Al were more affected by precipitation. Soil Na and K contents increased with increasing temperatures, whereas the contents of Mg, Fe, Ca and Al decreased with increasing precipitation. This analysis provides a relationship between soil properties and rapidly changing environmental conditions. The data can be used to investigate the

关键词： alpine environment climate mountain soil parent material precipitation temperature pedogenesis soil formation

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Blood Pressure Associated with Arsenic Methylation and Arsenic Metabolism Caused by Chronic Exposure to Arsenic in Tube Well Water

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2017年第5期30卷 333-342页

作者： WEI Bing Gan YE Bi Xiong YU Jiang Ping YANG Lin Sheng LI Hai Rong XIA Ya Juan WU Ke Gong Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 100021China Inner Mongolia Center for Endemic Disease Control and Research Huhhot 010031Inner MongoliaChina

Objective The effects of arsenic exposure from drinking water, arsenic metabolism, and arsenic methylation on blood pressure（BP） were observed in this study. Methods The BP and arsenic species of 560 participants were determined. Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the odds ratios of BP associated with arsenic metabolites and arsenic methylation capability. Results BP was positively associated with cumulative arsenic exposure（CAE）. Subjects with abnormal diastolic blood pressure（DBP）, systolic blood pressure（SBP）, and pulse pressure（PP） usually had higher urinary i As（inorganic arsenic）, MMA（monomethylated arsenic）, DMA（dimethylated arsenic）, and TAs（total arsenic） than subjects with normal DBP, SBP, and PP. The i As%, MMA%, and DMA% differed slightly between subjects with abnormal BP and those with normal BP. The PMI and SMI were slightly higher in subjects with abnormal PP than in those with normal PP. Conclusion Our findings suggest that higher CAE may elevate BP. Males may have a higher risk of abnormal DBP, whereas females have a higher risk of abnormal SBP and PP. Higher urinary i As may increase the risk of abnormal BP. Lower PMI may elevate the BP. However, higher SMI may increase the DBP and SBP, and lower SMI may elevate the PP.

关键词： Arsenic Arsenic methylation Arsenic metabolism Blood pressure Drinking water

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COVID-19 causes record decline in global CO2 emissions

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Liu, Zhu Ciais, Philippe Deng, Zhu Lei, Ruixue Davis, Steven J. Feng, Sha Zheng, Bo Cui, Duo Dou, Xinyu He, Pan Zhu, Biqing Lu, Chenxi Ke, Piyu Sun, Taochun Wang, Yuan Yue, Xu Wang, Yilong Lei, Yadong Zhou, Hao Cai, Zhaonan Wu, Yuhui Guo, Runtao Han, Tingxuan Xue, Jinjun Boucher, Olivier Boucher, Eulalie Chevallier, Frederic Wei, Yimin Zhong, Haiwang Kang, Chongqing Zhang, Ning Chen, Bin Xi, Fengming Marie, François Zhang, Qiang Guan, Dabo Gong, Peng Kammen, Daniel M. He, Kebin Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim Department of EarthSystem Science Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Laboratoire des Sciences du Climate et de l'Environnement LSCE Orme de Merisiers Gif-sur-Yvette91191 France Department of Meteorology andAtmospheric Science The Pennsylvania State University University ParkPA16802 United States Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine 3232 Croul Hall IrvineCA92697-3100 United States Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA United States Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA United States Nanjing210044 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Climate Change Research Center Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100029 China School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China School of Mat hemat ical School T singhua University Beijing100084 China Department of Mathematical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Center of Hubei Cooperative Innovation for Emissions Trading System Wuhan China Faculty of Management and Economics Kunming University of Science and Technology 13 Kunming China Economic Research Centre of Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya Japan Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace Sorbonne Université CNRS Paris France Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Jinan University Guangzhou China Beijing Normal University Beijing China Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China Energy and Resources Group Goldman School of Pub

The considerable cessation of human activities during the COVID-19 pandemic has affected global energy use and CO2 emissions. Here we show the unprecedented decrease in global fossil CO2 emissions from January to April 2020 was of 7.8% (938 Mt CO2 with a +6.8% of 2-σ uncertainty) when compared with the period last year. In addition other emerging estimates of COVID impacts based on monthly energy supply1 or estimated parameters2, this study contributes to another step that constructed the near-real-time daily CO2 emission inventories based on activity from power generation (for 29 countries), industry (for 73 countries), road transportation (for 406 cities), aviation and maritime transportation and commercial and residential sectors emissions (for206 countries). The estimates distinguished the decline of CO2 due to COVID-19 from the daily, weekly and seasonal variations as well as the holiday events. The COVID-related decreases in CO2 emissions in road transportation (340.4 Mt CO2, -15.5%), power (292.5 Mt CO2, -6.4% compared to 2019), industry (136.2 Mt CO2, -4.4%), aviation (92.8 Mt CO2, -28.9%), residential (43.4 Mt CO2, - 2.7%), and international shipping (35.9Mt CO2, -15%). Regionally, decreases in China were the largest and earliest (234.5 Mt CO2,-6.9%), followed by Europe (EU-27 & UK) (138.3 Mt CO2, -12.0%) and the U.S. (162.4 Mt CO2, -9.5%). The declines of CO2 are consistent with regional nitrogen oxides concentrations observed by satellites and ground-based networks, but the calculated signal of emissions decreases (about 1Gt CO2) will have little impacts (less than 0.13ppm by April 30, 2020) on the overserved global CO2 concertation. However, with observed fast CO2 recovery in China and partial re-opening globally, our findings suggest the longer-term effects on CO2 emissions are unknown and should be carefully monitored using multiple measures. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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Pedotransfer Functions for Estimating Soil Bulk Density:A case Study in the Three-River Headwater Region of Qinghai Province,China

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Pedosphere 2016年第3期26卷 362-373页

作者： YI Xiangsheng LI Guosheng YIN Yanyu Agriculture Resource Monitoring Station Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Bulk density(BD) is an important soil physical property and has significant effect on soil water conservation function. Indirect methods, which are called pedotransfer functions(PTFs), have replaced direct measurement and can acquire the missing data of BD during routine soil surveys. In this study, multiple linear regression(MLR) and artificial neuron network(ANN) methods were used to develop PTFs for predicting BD from soil organic carbon(OC), texture and depth in the Three-River Headwater region of Qinghai Province, China. The performances of the developed PTFs were compared with 14 published PTFs using four indexes, the mean error(ME), standard deviation error(SDE), root mean squared error(RMSE) and coefficient of determination(R^2). Results showed that the performances of published PTFs developed using exponential regression were better than those developed using linear regression from OC. Alexander(1980)-B, Alexander(1980)-A and Manrique and Jones(1991)-B PTFs, which had good predictions, could be applied for the soils in the study area. The PTFs developed using MLR(MLR-PTFs) and ANN(ANN-PTFs) had better soil BD predictions than most of published PTFs. The ANN-PTFs had better performances than the MLR-PTFs and their performances could be improved when soil texture and depth were added as predictor variables. The idea of developing PTFs for predicting soil BD in the study area could provide reference for other areas and the results could lay foundation for the estimation of soil water retention and carbon pool.

关键词： alpine soil artificial neural network multiple linear regression organic carbon soil depth soil texture

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Effects of rural–urban migration on vegetation greenness in fragile areas: A case study of Inner Mongolia in China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第3期26卷 313-324页

作者：李仕冀孙志刚谈明洪李秀彬 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS

Different government departments and researchers have paid considerable atten- tion at various levels to improving the eco-environment in ecologically fragile areas. Over the past decade, large numbers of people have emigrated from rural areas as a result of the rapid urbanization in Chinese society. The question then remains： to what extent does this migra- tion affect the regional vegetation greenness in the areas that people have moved from？ Based on normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） data with a resolution of 1 km, as well as meteorological data and socio-economic data from 2000 to 2010 in Inner Mongolia, the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation greenness in the study area was analyzed via trend analysis and significance test methods. The contributions of human activities and natural factors to the variation of vegetation conditions during this period were also quantita- tively tested and verified, using a multi-regression analysis method. We found that：（1）the vegetation greenness of the study area increased by 10.1% during 2000-2010. More than 28% of the vegetation greenness increased significantly, and only about 2% decreased evi- dently during the study period. （2） The area with significant degradation showed a banded distribution at the northern edge of the agro-pastoral ecotone in central Inner Mongolia. This indicates that the eco-environment is still fragile in this area, which should be paid close at- tention. The area where vegetation greenness significantly improved showed a concentrated distribution in the southeast and west of Inner Mongolia. （3） The effect of agricultural labor on vegetation greenness exceeded those due to natural factors （i.e. precipitation and tempera- ture）. The emigration of agricultural labor improved the regional vegetation greenness sig- nificantly.

关键词： rural-urban migration agricultural labor vegetation greenness NDVI Inner Mongolia

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Assessing changes in wind erosion climatic erosivity in China＇s dryland region during 1961-2012

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第9期26卷 1263-1276页

作者： YANG Fengbo LU Changhe Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

China＇s dryland region has serious wind erosion problem and is sensitive to climate change due to its fragile ecological condition. Wind erosion climatic erosivity is a measure of climatic factors influencing wind erosion, therefore, evaluation of its intensity and response to recent climate changes can contribute to the understanding of climate change effect on wind erosion risk. Using the FAO equation, GIS and statistical analysis tools, this study quantified the climatic erosivity, analyzed its spatiotemporal variations, and detected the trend and sen- sitivity to climate factors during 1961-2012. The results indicate that mean annual climatic erosivity was 2-166 at 292 stations and 237-471 at 6 stations, with the spatial distribution highly in accordance with wind speed （R^2 = 0.94）. The climatic erosivity varied greatly over time with the annual variation （CV） of 14.7%-108.9% and monthly variation （concentration degree） of 0.10-0.71 in the region. Meanwhile, annual erosivity showed a significant down- ward trend at an annual decreasing rate mostly above 1.0%. This significantly decreasing trend was mainly attributed to the obvious decline of wind speed during the period. The results suggest that the recent climate changes were highly possible to induce a decrease of wind erosion risk in China＇s dryland region.

关键词： wind erosion climatic erosivity trend climate change dryland region China

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