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Investigating the spatially heterogeneous relationships between climate factors and NDVI in China during 1982 to 2013

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2019年第10期29卷 1597-1609页

作者： GAO Jiangbo JIAO Kewei WU Shaohong Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CASBeijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology CASShenyang 110016China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Climate change is a major driver of vegetation activity, and thus their complex processes become a frontier and difficulty in global change research. To understand this relationship between climate change and vegetation activity, the spatial distribution and dynamic characteristics of the response of NDVI to climate change were investigated by the geographically weighted regression(GWR) model during 1982 to 2013 in China. This model was run based on the combined datasets of satellite vegetation index(NDVI) and climate observation(temperature and moisture) from meteorological stations nationwide. The results showed that the spatial non-stationary relationship between NDVI and surface temperature has appeared in China: the significant negative temperature-vegetation relationship was located in Northeast, Northwest and Southeast China, while the positive correlation was more concentrated from southwest to northeast. By comparing the normalized regression coefficients from GWR model for different climate factors, it presented the regions with moisture dominants for NDVI were in North China and the Tibetan Plateau, and the areas of temperature dominants were distributed in East, Central and Southwest China, where the annual mean maximum temperature accounted for the largest areas. In addition, regression coefficients from GWR model between NDVI dynamics and climate variability indicated that the higher warming rate could result in the weakened vegetation activity through some mechanisms such as enhanced drought, while the moisture variability could mediate the hydrothermal conditions for the variation of vegetation activity. When the increasing rate of photosynthesis exceeded that of respiration, the positive correlation between vegetation dynamics and climate variability was reflected. However, the continuous and dynamic process of vegetation activity response to climate change will be determined by spatially heterogeneous conditions in climate change and vegetation cov

关键词： NDVI climate change spatial heterogeneity GWR China

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Vegetation Rather than Climate Dominate the Bowen Ratio Over Terrestrial Ecosystems of China

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Sun, Mingyu Yu, Guirui Chen, Zhi Zhu, Xianjin Zhang, Weikang Han, Lang Liu, Zhaogang Ma, Lexin Dou, Xiaojun Yao, Yuan Wang, Jilong Luo, Wenxing Lin, Yong Chen, Shiping Deng, Zhengmiao Dong, Gang Du, Hu Gao, Yanhong Gu, Fengxue Hao, Xiangxiang Hao, Yanbin He, Qihua He, Yongtao He, Jinsheng Ji, Xibin Jiang, Shicheng Jiang, Zhengde Li, Xinhu Li, Yingnian Li, Yuqiang Li, Yuzhe Liu, Ran Liu, Shaomin Luo, Weijun Mo, Xingguo Sha, Liqing Shi, Peili Song, Qinghai Sun, Dan Tan, Junlei Tang, Yakun Wang, Fei Wang, Huimin Wang, Jianlin Wei, Wenxue Wu, Jiabing Wu, Zhixiang Xin, Xiaoping Yan, Junhua Zhang, Fawei Zhang, Yangjian Zhang, Yiping Zhang, Yucui Zhao, Fenghua Zhao, Liang Zhou, Li Zhu, Jiaojun Zhu, Zhilin Institute of Surface-Earth System Science School of Earth System Science Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408 China College of Agronomy Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang100161 China Tianjin Bohai Rim Coastal Earth Critical Zone National Observation and Research Station Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100093 China Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha410125 China Shanxi University Taiyuan030006 China Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou730000 China Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing100081 China Center for Agricultural Technology Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Harbin150081 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu610041 China Institute of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing100871 China State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University Changchun130024 China Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese

Bowen ratio (β) is the ratio of sensible heat (H) to latent heat (LE), which reflected the energy balance and partitioning process between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. Revealing the spatial patterns of β would benefit understanding the variation of energy partitioning in terrestrial ecosystems and its reciprocal relationship with environmental change. Here, we calculated β by integrating sensible and latent heat flux values from 80 flux observation sites based on eddy covariance method in ChinaFLUX to analyze the spatial pattern and dominant factors of β in China. Results showed that terrestrial ecosystems in China had an average β of 0.64±0.47, suggesting the strong regulating effect of ecosystems on the radiative warming in China. β significantly varied with ecosystem types in which desert has the highest β (2.08) while wetland showed the lowest β (0.37). β of terrestrial ecosystems in China showed a significant latitudinal pattern, increasing linearly with the increase of latitude, and showed specific patterns in forest and cropland ecosystems. However, β did not present a clear longitudinal and vertical pattern in different ecosystems except cropland. The spatial pattern of β was dominated by vegetation factors including gross primary productivity (GPP). However, the dominant role of vegetation factors varied with the climate and soil conditions, which showing that the dominant role of GPP gradually decreased from the hot and humid subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest region to the low temperature arid temperate desert region. These findings demonstrated the spatial variation and its mechanism of terrestrial ecosystems β and provided insight into the future of vegetation mitigation of global climate change. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Heat flux

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Phytotoxic Effect of Yttrium-Oxide Nanoparticles on the Morphology, Oxidative Stress and Growth of Tomato Seedlings ( Lycopersicon Esculentum )

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Wang, Xueping Liu, Xiaojie Wang, Lingqing Yang, Xiao Yang, Jun Yan, Xiulan Liang, Tao Hansen, Hans Chr Bruun Yousaf, Balal Shaheen, Sabry M. Bolan, Nanthi Rinklebe, Jörg Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Sino-Danish College University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 Frederiksberg CDK-1871 Denmark School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Anhui Hefei230026 China University of Wuppertal School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute of Foundation Engineering Water- and Waste-Management Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management Pauluskirchstraße 7 Wuppertal42285 Germany King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Department of Arid Land Agriculture Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia University of Kafrelsheikh Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil and Water Sciences Kafr El-Sheikh33516 Egypt Faculty of Science University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia Department of Environment Department of Environment and Energy Sejong University Seoul05006 Korea Republic of

The potential toxicity and ecological risk of rare-earth nanoparticles in the environment have received increasing attention due to their extensive application and inevitable releases. In this work, the physiological toxicity of yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y2O3 NPs) at different levels (1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg·L -1 ) was investigated on the typical commercial crop - tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) seedlings. After the exposure of 15 days in Y2O3 NPs, the morphology, physiology, oxidative stress , and translocation mechanism were evaluated. Results revealed that Y2O3 NPs had phytotoxic impacts on germination of seeds and similar phytotoxic effects on morphology (i.e., bud elongation, root elongation and root activity), physiology (i.e., chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase and soluble protein content) and oxidative stress (proline, malondialdehyde). The inhibition rates of different concentrations of Y2O3 NPs in shoot biomass and root biomass varied from 0.2% to 6.3% and 1.0% to 11.3%, respectively. The translocation factor elucidated that Y2O3 NPs significantly suppressed tomato seedlings' shoot and root growth and transferred from root to shoot. These observations were consistent with the process of concentration-dependent uptake, bioaccumulation factor and confirmed by the transmission electron microscopy image. These results illustrated that Y2O3 NPs penetrated the epidermis and entered the cell wall, which occurred in intercellular space and cytoplasm of the mesophyll cell of tomato seedlings by endocytosis. Partial least squares structural equation modeling revealed that the concentration of NPs significantly negatively affects the morphology and physiology, leading to the change of biomass of plants. This study points out that the phytotoxic effect of Y2O3 NPs on morphology, physiology, oxidative stress, and translocation mechanism of tomatoes seedlings demonstrate the possible food chain transfer of Y 2 O 3 NPs. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved

关键词： Toxicity

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Corrigendum to "Potentially toxic elements exposure biomonitoring in the elderly around the largest polymetallic rare earth ore mining and smelting area in China" [Sci. Total Environ. 853 (2022) 158635]

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The Science of the total environment 2024年 926卷 172174页

作者： Lijun Dai Lingqing Wang Xiaoming Wan Jun Yang Yong Wang Tao Liang Hocheol Song Sabry M Shaheen Vasileios Antoniadis Jörg Rinklebe Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of Wuppertal School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute of Foundation Engineering Water- and Waste-Management Soil- and Groundwater-Management Pauluskirchstraße 7 42285 Wuppertal Germany. Electronic address: wanglq@***. Department of Environment Department of Environment and Energy Sejong University Seoul 05006 Republic of Korea. University of Wuppertal School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute of Foundation Engineering Water- and Waste-Management Soil- and Groundwater-Management Pauluskirchstraße 7 42285 Wuppertal Germany King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Department of Arid Land Agriculture 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia University of Kafrelsheikh Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil and Water Sciences 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh Egypt. Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment University of Thessaly Greece.

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Early- And in-season crop type mapping without current-year ground truth: generating labels from historical information via a topology-based approach

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Lin, Chenxi Zhong, Liheng Song, Xiao-Peng Dong, Jinwei Lobell, David B. Jin, Zhenong Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering University of Minnesota Twin Cities St PaulMN United States Ant Group Beijing China Department of Geosciences Texas Tech University LubbockTX United States Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Earth System Science Center on Food Security and the Environment Stanford University StanfordCA United States

land cover classification in remote sensing is often faced with the challenge of limited ground truth labels. Incorporating historical ground information has the potential to significantly lower the expensive cost associated with collecting ground truth and, more importantly, enable early- and in-season mapping that is helpful to many pre-harvest decisions. In this study, we propose a new approach that can effectively transfer knowledge about the topology (i.e. relative position) of different crop types in the spectral feature space (e.g. the histogram of SWIR1 vs RDEG1 bands) to generate labels, thereby support crop classification in a different year. Importantly, our approach does not attempt to transfer classification decision boundaries that are susceptible to inter-annual variations of weather and management, but relies on the more robust and shift-invariant topology information. We tested this approach for mapping corn/soybeans in the US Midwest and paddy rice/corn/soybeans in Northeast China using landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data. Results show that our approach automatically generates high-quality labels for crops in the target year immediately after each image becomes available. Based on these generated labels from our approach, the subsequent crop type mapping using a random forest classifier can reach the F1 score as high as 0.887 for corn as early as the silking stage and 0.851 for soybean as early as the flowering stage and the overall accuracy of 0.873 in the test state of Iowa. In Northeast China, F1 scores of paddy rice, corn and soybeans and the overall accuracy can exceed 0.85 two and half months ahead of harvest. Overall, these results highlight unique advantages of our approach in transferring historical knowledge and maximizing the timeliness of crop maps. Our approach supports a general paradigm shift towards learning transferrable and generalizable knowledge to facilitate land cover classification. © 2021, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Remote sensing

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The 2012 Flash Drought Threatened US Midwest Agroecosystems

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第5期29卷 768-783页

作者： JIN Cui LUO Xue XIAO Xiangming DONG Jinwei LI Xueming YANG Jun ZHAO Deyu College of Urban and Environment Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian116029China Department of Microbiology and PlantBiology Center for Spatial AnalysisUniversity of OklahomaNormanOK73019USA Ministry of Education Key Laboratory ofBiodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Institute of Biodiversity ScienceFudan UniversityShanghai200433China KeyLaboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academyof SciencesBeijing100101China

In the summer of 2012, the US Midwest, the most productive agricultural region in the world, experienced the most intense and widespread drought on record for the past hundred years. The 2012 drought, characterized as ‘flash drought’, developed in May with a rapid intensification afterwards, and peaked in mid-July. ~76% of crop region and 60% of grassland and pasture regions have been under moderate to severe dry conditions. This study used multiple lines of evidences, i.e., in-situ AmeriFlux measurements, spatial satellite observations, and scaled ecosystem modeling, to provide independent and complementary analysis on the impact of 2012 flash drought on the US Midwest vegetation greenness and photosynthesis carbon uptake. Three datasets consistently showed that 1) phenological activities of all biomes advanced 1–2 weeks earlier in 2012 compared to the other years of 2010–2014;2) the drought had a more severe impact on agroecosystems(crop and grassland) than on forests;3) the growth of crop and grassland was suppressed from June with significant reduction of vegetation index, sun-induced fluorescence(SIF) and gross primary production(GPP), and did not recover until the end of growing season. The modeling results showed that regional total GPP in 2012 was the lowest(1.76 Pg C/yr) during 2010–2014, and decreased by 63 Tg C compared with the other-year mean. Agroecosystems, accounting for 84% of regional GPP assimilation, were the most impacted by 2012 drought with total GPP reduction of 9%, 7%, 6%, and 29% for maize, soybean, cropland, and grassland, respectively. The frequency and severity of droughts have been predicted to increase in future. The results imply the importance to investigate the influences of flash droughts on vegetation productivity and terrestrial carbon cycling.

关键词： food security terrestrial carbon cycling eddy covariance Vegetation Photosynthesis Model sun-induced fluorescence(SIF)

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Analysis of differentiation effect of surface thermal environment in intensive mining areas based on NDVI-DFI model

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Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 2020年第3期36卷 160-168页

作者： Hou, Chunhua Li, Fuping Feng, Yifan Gu, Haihong Yuan, Xuetao Song, Wen Liu, Huixin College of Mining Engineering North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan063210 China Hebei Key Laboratory of Mining Developmeng and Security Technology Tangshan063210 China Hebei Industrial Technology Institute of Mine Ecological Remediation Tangshan063210 China Co. Ltd. Qingdao266109 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China North China University of Science and Technology Library Tangshan063210 China

Currently, the dimidiate pixel model is used in most studies to discuss vegetation fractional coverage (VFC) and explore its relationship with urban heat islands. Few studies have used the three-component pixel model to invert vegetation fractional coverage (VFC) and discuss the relationship between VFC and the differentiation effect of the surface thermal environment in mining-intensive areas. In this study, VFC was inverted based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)-dry fuel index (DFI) three-component pixel model using landsat satellite remote sensing images from 2000 to 2018. Mixed pixels were decomposed into photosynthetic vegetation (PV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and bare soil (BS). The radiative transfer equation (RTE) was used to invert the surface temperature. The basic principle of this method is to remove the atmospheric influence and use the atmospheric radiation transfer equation;surface heat radiation intensity observed by the satellite is converted to the corresponding surface temperature. The parameters involved are mainly atmospheric profile parameters and surface specific emissivity. Heat-island index (HI) was used to grade the mean LST of the 2000-2018 study area. The relationship between the spatial-temporal changes in VFC and the differentiation effect of the surface thermal environment in the study area was analyzed using hierarchical statistics, a red-blue difference image method, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. On this basis, the influence mechanism of spatial-temporal variation in the VFC on the differentiation effect of surface thermal environment was studied. The results showed that the NDVI-DFI feature space of the study area conformed to the basic assumption of the three-component pixel model. The correlation matrix showed that there was a strong correlation between the changes in land surface temperature (LST) and VFC (the fractional cover of PV, fractional cover of NPV, and fractional cover of

关键词： Remote sensing

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Monitoring Intra-annual Spatiotemporal Changes in Urban Heat Islands in 1449 Cities in China Based on Remote Sensing

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Chinese Geographical Science 2019年第6期29卷 905-916页

作者： LI Yuanzheng WANG Lan ZHANG Liping LIU Min ZHAO Guosong School of Resources and Environment Henan University of Economics and LawZhengzhou 450046China Academician Laboratory for Urban and Rural Spatial Data Mining of Henan Province Henan University of Economics and LawZhengzhou 450046China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China Center for Environmental Zoning Chinese Academy for Environmental PlanningMinistry of Environmental Protection of ChinaBeijing 100012China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101

This study aimed to accurately study the intra-annual spatiotemporal variation in the surface urban heat island intensities(SUHIIs) in 1449 cities in ***, China was divided into five environmental ***, the SUHIIs were accurately calculated based on the modified definitions of the city extents and their corresponding nearby rural ***, we explored the spatiotemporal variation of the mean, maximum, and minimum values, and ranges of SUHIIs from several *** results showed that larger annual mean daytime SUHIIs occurred in hot-humid South China and cold-humid northeastern China, and the smallest occurred in arid and semiarid west *** seasonal order of the SUHIIs was summer > spring > autumn > winter in all the temperate regions except west *** SUHIIs were obviously larger during the rainy season than the dry season in the tropical ***, significant differences were not observed between the two seasons within the rainy or dry *** the daytime, the maximum SUHIIs mostly occurred in summer in each region, while the minimum occurred in winter.A few cold island phenomena existed during the *** maximum SUHIIs were generally significantly positively correlated with the minimum SUHIIs during the daytime, nighttime and all-day in all environmental regions throughout the year and the four ***, significant correlation scarcely existed between the daytime and nighttime ranges of the *** addition, the daytime SUHIIs were also insignificantly correlated with the nighttime SUHIIs in half of the cases.

关键词： surface urban heat island intensities(SUHIIs) land surface temperature(LST) seasonal changes maximum and minimum SUHII cold island China

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Evaluating the accuracy of Chinese pasture data in global historical land use datasets

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第11期61卷 1685-1696页

作者： Fanneng HE Shicheng LI Fan YANG Meijiao LI Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Department of Land Resource Management School of Public Administration China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Global historical land use datasets are widely used in global environmental change studies; however, uncertainties in the included pasture data have not been evaluated. In this study, using trend, relative difference ratio(RDR), and spatial comparisons, we evaluated the accuracy of China pasture data in the HYDE(versions 3.1 and 3.2), SAGE, and PJ datasets using historical document-based reconstructions, including the land use datasets for China covering 1935–1997(hereafter Ge-dataset)and Northeast China covering the 1700 s–2000(hereafter Ye-dataset), and the satellite-based China's land-Use/cover Datasets(CLUDs) for 1980–2015. Four important results were obtained.(1) China pasture area in the HYDE, SAGE, and PJ datasets and grassland area in the Ge-dataset, Ye-dataset, and CLUDs show both disparate trends and large differences in absolute values.(2)Spatially, 50.9%, 52.8%, and 63.0% pasture/grassland grids in 2000 had RDRs greater than 60% between HYDE3.1, HYDE3.2,and SAGE datasets, and CLUDs, respectively. The percentage of grids with RDRs less than 20% were 24.9%, 26.7%, and 16.0%,respectively.(3) Based on HYDE3.2, the spatial distribution of pasture in Northeast China over the last 300 year has expanded,which is in contrast to the results from the Ye-dataset, which shows the spatial distribution of grassland shrinking because of human reclamation activities.(4) The large contrasts between the global datasets and Chinese native datasets are due to differences in pasture/grassland definitions, land use practices, and spatial reconstruction methods.

关键词： Historical pasture/grassland Global datasets Accuracy evaluation China

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Optimizing zonal management framework suitable for mountain ecosystems by linking landscape, ecosystem service capacities and bundles nested

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Journal of environmental management 2025年 389卷 125998页

作者： Yunqi Hao Yihe Lü Hui Dang Da Lü Chenjun Du Yi Wang Luning Wang Xiaofeng Wang Xuan Li Bojie Fu State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China. Electronic address: lyh@***. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China. Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China. Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security Yunnan University Kunming 650500 China. School of Land Engineering Chang'an University Xi'an 710054 China. State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China.

Ecosystem service (ES)-oriented spatial optimization can contribute to regional well-being, especially for mountain ecosystems carrying multiple ES capacities. However, existing studies on mountain ecosystem services (MESs) predominantly address gradient dynamics, yet fail to incorporate landscape as a socio-ecological nexus, which hinders their practical application in spatial planning. Therefore, we proposed a spatial optimization strategy, leveraging landscape to strengthen the process from ES science to practical management in the Qinling Mountain (QLM), China. landscape Naturalness Composite Index (LNCI) was drawn on as a continuous metric to symbolize the gradient of mountainous landscape configuration driven by social-ecological interaction. Spatiotemporal change and attribution analysis of MESs were also conducted to corroborate the final management, considering carbon sequestration (CS), modified habitat quality (HQ), and soil conservation (SC) from 1990 to 2020. We find that the three critical MESs synergistically increased over 31 years. Among them, HQ and CS increased stepwise under the context of ecological programs, but SC fluctuates dominated by rainfall. Holistically, agricultural intensification and urban development alleviated remote human-land conflicts, indicating that the improvement in MESs coincided with increases in the urban-rural population ratio and food production (FP). A mountain regulation baseline (MRB) was identified by landscape threshold, covering 44.39 % of the QLM, which can help to address a range of issues in mountain conservation. We proposed a two-tier nested zonal management framework, leveraging landscape to connect MRB and multifunctionality characterized by ES bundles. Our framework has benefits for informing adequate implications on management practices of global mountain ecosystems.

关键词： landscape management Mountain ecosystem service Qinling mountains Socio-ecological drivers

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