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Empirical relationship between significant wave period and wave energy period in the coastal waters of China

Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2025年第1期44卷 50-58页

作者： Yuhuan Xue Chuanjiang Huang Gang Wang Dejun Dai Fangli Qiao First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Qingdao Marine Science and Technology CenterQingdao 266237China Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China

Significant wave period is an important parameter in coastal and offshore engineering *** spectral wave models do not directly calculate this parameter,which means that it needs to be estimated from the spectral periods using empirical *** wave energy period is one of the wave periods directly output by many wave models and is often used in studies of wave *** study investigated the relationship between significant wave period and wave energy period using wave data measured at three stations in the coastal waters of *** observations recorded at these stations in the South China Sea,the East China Sea,and the Bohai Sea covered a wide range of surface wave *** indicated that the ratio of significant wave period to wave energy period is closely related to the Goda peakedness parameter of the wave ***,we proposed an empirical formula in which significant wave period is a function of wave energy period and the Goda peakedness *** results showed that the performance of this formula is substantially better than that of fitting formulas that use constant coefficients.

关键词： surface waves significant wave period wave energy period wave spectral parameter wave spectra

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Interannual variability of surface Indonesian Throughflow and its relationships with Pacific and Indian Oceans derived from satellite observation

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2025年第1期44卷 1-16页

作者： Yingyi Yang Tengfei Xu Zexun Wei Dingqi Wang Zhongrui Cai Yunzhuo Zhang Yongshun Ma First Institute of Oceanography and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical ModelingMinistry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Qingdao Marine Science and Technology CenterQingdao 266237China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266061China CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies School of Atmospheric SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences ThrustThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(Guangzhou)Guangzhou 511400China Zhonghai Yuntian(Guangdong)Marine Technology Co. LTDGuangzhou 510275China

The Indonesian Throughflow(ITF)plays important roles in global ocean circulation and climate *** studies suggested the ITF interannual variability is driven by both the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)and the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)*** detailed processes of ENSO and/or IOD induced anomalies impacting on the ITF,however,are still not *** this study,this issue is investigated through causal relation,statistical,and dynamical analyses based on satellite *** results show that the driven mechanisms of ENSO on the ITF include two ***,the ENSO related wind field anomalies driven anomalous cyclonic ocean circulation in the western Pacific,and off equatorial upwelling Rossby waves propagating westward to arrive at the western boundary of the Pacific,both tend to induce negative sea surface height anomalies(SSHA)in the western Pacific,favoring ITF reduction since the develop of the El Niño through the following ***,the ENSO events modulate equatorial Indian Ocean zonal winds through Walker Circulation,which in turn trigger eastward propagating upwelling Kelvin waves and westward propagating downwelling Rossby *** Rossby waves are reflected into downwelling Kelvin waves,which then propagate eastward along the equator and the Sumatra-Java coast in the Indian *** a result,the wave dynamics tend to generate negative(positive)SSHA in the eastern Indian Ocean,and thus enhance(reduce)the ITF transport with time lag of 0-6 months(9-12 months),*** the IOD condition,the wave dynamics also tend to enhance the ITF in the positive IOD year,and reduce the ITF in the following year.

关键词： Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) interannual variability information flow Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

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Regional Sea Surface Skin Temperature Retrieval from HY-1C and HY-1D COCTS

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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 2025年 18卷 11502-11511页

作者： Li, Zhuomin Chen, Rui Liu, Mingkun Guan, Lei Ocean University of China SANYA Oceanographic Laboratory Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Information of Hainan Province Sanya Oceanographic Institution Sanya572024 China Ocean University of China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center College of Marine Technology Faculty of Information Science and Engineering Qingdao266100 China

Haiyang-1C (HY-1C) and Haiyang-1D (HY-1D) areChinese satellites for marine observation. They operationallywork to form the networking of morning and afternoon satellites,improving the capacity of coverage in the temporal and spatialdimensions. These satellites carry Chinese Ocean Color andTemperature Scanners (COCTS), containing two thermal bandswith central wavelengths of 10.8 and 12.0 μm and enabling seasurface temperature (SST) observations. Herein, regionalalgorithms for SST retrieval are developed for the South ChinaSea (SCS) by applying radiative transfer modeling. The SCS hasunique atmospheric conditions characterized by high temperatureand humidity, particularly in the central and southern *** profiles sufficient to represent the atmosphericconditions of the SCS are selected. The relationship between thetop-of-the-atmosphere simulated brightness temperature and thereanalysis skin SST of the selected profiles is determined. The HY-1C and HY-1D COCTS SSTs in the SCS are retrieved utilizing theobtained algorithm. The HY-1C/COCTS SSTs are evaluated usingthe Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer SST, and theHY-1D/COCTS SSTs are evaluated using the Visible InfraredImaging Radiometer Suite SST. For the HY-1C/1D COCTS SSTs,the biases are around 0, and the standard deviations are around0.5°C. The differences between the HY-1C and HY-1D COCTSSSTs are analyzed to further validate the accuracy of the retrievalmethod. The difference is 0.38°C during the day and 0.03°C atnight, which indicates a diurnal warming phenomenon in the SCS. © 2008-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Atmospheric temperature

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Influences of Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation on the Southeastern China Heat Waves during Different ENSO Episodes

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Journal of Climate 2025年第7期38卷 1651-1666页

作者： Han, Yuting Yang, Yang Yu, Weidong Feng, Licheng Li, Kuiping National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Beijing China First Institute of Oceanography Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural Resources Qingdao China School of Atmospheric Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai Campus Zhuhai China Zhuhai China

Heat waves pose severe threats to human health and socioeconomic systems, and accurate short–medium-range forecasting is crucial for implementing effective mitigation strategies. During summer, the heat waves in southeastern China are significantly modulated by the 10–30-day quasi-biweekly oscillations (QBWOs) from the tropical northwestern Pacific. Accompanying the stepwise northwestward evolution of the QBWO dry phase, the heat wave day frequency (HWDF) in South China (SC) and middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR) increases by nearly 40% in phases 7–8 and 1–2, respectively. However, the above QBWO–HWDF relationship changes dramatically and exhibits distinction between the MYR and the SC in an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. In the MYR (SC), the QBWO induces a larger HWDF perturbation during El Niño developing (decaying) summers which is more than twice that during El Niño decaying (developing) summers in phases 1–2 (7–8). This difference regarding El Niño evolution is primarily due to the change of QBWO temperature anomalies in the MYR, while in the SC, it is attributed to changes in both QBWO temperature anomalies and summer mean temperature. Further examination indicates that the QBWO change between El Niño’s developing and decaying summers is likely related to the variation of mean vertical wind shear, which behaves differently between the MYR and the SC. The analysis of the HWDF difference between La Niña’s decaying and developing summers is similar to that between El Niño’s developing and decaying summers. The observed QBWO–HWDF relationship, particularly the varying quantitative statistics across different episodes of an ENSO cycle, establishes a benchmark for future operational heatwave prediction in southeastern China. © 2025 American Meteorological Society.

关键词： Heat wave Intraseasonal variability ENSO

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Intensified Tropical Cyclones in Global Climate Simulations Employing a High-Wind Drag Relation over Sea Surface

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Journal of Climate 2025年第10期38卷 2205-2223页

作者： Wei, Wei Lu, Yixiong Yang, Shunan Liu, Yiming Wu, Tongwen Song, Zhenya Qiao, Fangli Li, Yubin Wu, Fanghua Rong, Xinyao Li, Jianglong CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre China Meteorological Administration Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre Beijing China National Meteorological Centre China Meteorological Administration Beijing China First Institute of Oceanography Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural Resources Qingdao China School of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China

Accurate parameterization of momentum fluxes at high winds across the air–sea interface is crucial for realistically simulating the surface wind fields of tropical cyclones (TCs). Climate models often struggle to reproduce observed TC intensities, particularly surface wind speeds. This study evaluates the performance of a revised surface drag scheme with a capping drag coefficient at high wind speeds in global climate models (GCMs). Our results indicate that the revised surface drag scheme significantly improves the representation of TCs in a statistical sense: (i) Not only the mature intensity but also the maximum 10-m wind speeds throughout the TC life cycle are largely enhanced;(ii) biases in the pressure–wind relationship are notably alleviated, exhibiting reasonable agreement with observations;and (iii) other TC statistical features, such as TC number, central sea level pressure, individual lifetime, and intensification rate, show relatively minor sensitivity to the surface drag schemes. The main reason for the superiority of the revised high-wind drag relation is that the lower drag coefficient in high-wind conditions significantly increases the maximum potential intensity (MPI), indicating a higher theoretical limit for TC intensities. These findings are consistent across different model versions and resolutions, highlighting the robustness of the high-wind surface drag parameterization in controlling the simulated surface wind speeds of TCs in GCMs. © 2025 American Meteorological Society.

关键词： Tropical cyclone

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Observation and Assessment of Heat Transfer Coefficient of Thermal Discharge for Coastal Nuclear Power Plants

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2025年第2期24卷 281-288页

作者： ZHU Qichao HUANG Chuanjiang XIA Yuzhuo YANG Ying GUO Jingsong XIA Changshui QIAO Fangli State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Power Safety Technology and Equipment Shenzhen 518172China China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. Ltd.Shenzhen 518172China First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266061China

The heat transfer coefficient of the water surface is an important parameter in the design of thermal discharge in nuclear power plant *** this study,in situ observations were performed in the northwestern South China Sea near a coastal nuclear power plant to evaluate the applicability of heat transfer coefficient calculation algorithms commonly used in marine thermal discharge engineering in *** results show that the Regulation for Hydraulic and Thermal Model in Cooling Water Projects(SL 160-2012)is not applicable in calculating the heat transfer coefficient in offshore *** 160-2012 significantly overestimates the heat loss at the sea ***,Code for Design of Cooling for Industrial Recirculating Water(GB/T 50102-2014)performs well,and its estimation coefficient is roughly consistent with the estimations of the COARE 3.6 bulk algorithm,which is extensively used in physical oceanography for calculating air-sea heat fluxes,and the Gunneberg *** a 3-day observation,the average heat transfer coefficients estimated using these three algorithms were 50.4,48.5,and 48.8 W m^(-2)℃^(-1),respectively,with a deviation of less than 4% among them,whereas that estimated using SL 160-2012 was as high as 176.3 W m^(-2)℃^(-1).The abnormally large value of SL 160-2012 is due to its additional cooling term,which is artificially increased by 100 times because of the incorrect unit conversion used when developing the *** this error is corrected,the value will decrease to 50.5 W m^(-2)℃^(-1),which is very close to the estimation of GB/T 50102-2014.

关键词： heat transfer coefficient thermal discharge sea-air heat flux temperature rise nuclear power plant COARE algorithm

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Variation in the arrival time of internal solitary waves in the northern South China Sea

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Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 2025年 221卷

作者： Wang, Gang Fu, Dianfu Zhang, Yuanling Zhang, Peichao Jiang, Shumin Dai, Dejun Huang, Chuanjiang Qiao, Fangli The First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources Qingdao266061 China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center Qingdao266061 China CNOOC Research Institute LTD. Beijing100025 China Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Ministry of Natural Resources Qingdao266061 China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao266061 China

Mooring observations conducted at a station in the northern South China Sea (SCS) in 2019 and 2020 revealed two daily packets of internal solitary waves (ISWs) during spring tides, a finding consistent with previous reports. On the basis of arrival time, ISWs in the northern SCS are usually classified into two types: type-a waves that appear at 24-h intervals and type-b waves that appear at approximately 25-h intervals. However, the two daily ISW packets observed in this study exhibited no notable differences in arrival time intervals. Instead, their arrival times mutually transitioned;that is, the arrival time of the two ISW packets interchanged during two consecutive neap-spring cycles, demonstrating that ISW arrival time is modulated by the tide itself rather than by a tidal constituent of specific frequency. In addition to the transition phenomenon, daily deviations were found between the arrival time interval of the ISWs and the background tidal peak intervals. The daily deviations were modulated by the tidal inequality of the neap-spring cycle, whereby stronger tides generate larger ISWs with higher phase speeds. The difference in phase speed resulted in the different arrival time intervals recorded at the observing station. Furthermore, daily deviation magnitudes increased with the distance between the observing station and the ISW generation site. These findings highlight the challenges in classifying field-observed ISWs into type-a or type-b categories. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Tides

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Applying the Radial Basis Function Method to Estimate the Distribution of Total Suspended Matter Concentration in Hangzhou Bay

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2025年第3期24卷 557-568页

作者： Chen, Wanqian Gao, Jinpeng Xu, Minjie Liu, Zezheng Li, Bingtian Lv, Jing Li, Shujiang Sun, Junchuan College of Ocean Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China School of Basic Sciences for Aviation Naval Aviation University Yantai 264001 China School of Ocean Yantai University Yantai 264005 China Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling First Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources Qingdao 266075 China Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Laoshan Laboratory Qingdao 266061 China Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling Qingdao 266075 China

Ocean remote sensing satellites provide observations with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the influence of clouds, fog, and haze frequently leads to significant data gaps. Accurate and effective estimation of these missing data is highly valuable for engineering and scientific research. In this study, the radial basis function (RBF) method is used to estimate the spatial distribution of total suspended matter (TSM) concentration in Hangzhou Bay using remote sensing data with severe data gaps. The estimation precision is validated by comparing the results with those of other commonly used interpolation methods, such as the Kriging method and the basic spline (B-spline) method. In addition, the applicability of the RBF method is explored. Results show that the estimation of the RBF method is significantly close to the observation in Hangzhou Bay. The average of the mean absolute error, mean relative error, and root mean square error in all the experiments is evidently smaller than those of the Kriging and B-spline interpolations, indicating that the proposed method is more appropriate for estimating the spatial distribution of the TSM in Hangzhou Bay. Finally, the TSM distribution in the blank observational area is predicted. This study can provide some reference values for handling watercolor remote sensing data. © Ocean University of China, science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2025.

关键词： basic spline method interpolation Kriging method ocean remote sensing satellite radial basis function total suspended matter concentration

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Deep Learning-based Bias Correction Method for Seasonal Prediction of Summer Rainfall in China

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2025年第1期31卷 64-74页

作者： QU An-kang BAO Qing ZHU Tao LUO Zhao-ming State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 China School of Emergency Management Science and Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408 China

Seasonal prediction of summer rainfall in China plays a crucial role in decision-making,environmental protection,and socio-economic development,while it currently has a low prediction *** developed a deep learning-based seasonal prediction bias correction method for summer rainfall in *** on prediction fields from the flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model finite volume version 2(FGOALS-f2),we optimized the loss function of U-Net,trained with different hyperparameters,and selected the optimum model.U-Net model can extract multi-scale feature information and preserve spatial information,making it suitable for processing meteorological *** this endto-end model,the precipitation distribution can be obtained directly without using the traditional method of data dimensionality reduction(e.g.,Empirical Orthogonal Function),which could maximize the retention of spatio-temporal information of the input *** of the loss function enhances the prediction results and mitigates model *** independent prediction shows a significant skill improvement measured by the anomalous correlation coefficient *** skill has an average value of 0.679 in China(0°–63°N,73°–133°E)and 0.691 in the region of the Chinese mainland,which significantly improves the dynamical prediction skill by 1357%and 4836%.This study suggests that the deep learning(U-Net)-based seasonal prediction bias correction method is a promising approach for improving rainfall prediction of the dynamical model.

关键词： seasonal prediction rainfall statistical-dynamical model deep learning

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Eigen microstate analysis unveils climate dynamics

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science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2025年第4期68卷 91-100页

作者： Hua Tu Shang Wang Jun Meng Yongwen Zhang Xiaosong Chen Deliang Chen Jingfang Fan School of Systems Science/Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Data Science Research Center Faculty of ScienceKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650500China Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Earth Sciences University of GothenburgGothenburg 40530Sweden Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Potsdam 14412Germany

The Earth's climate operates as a complex,dynamically interconnected system,driven by both anthropogenic and natural forcings and modulated by nonlinear interactions and feedback *** study employs a theoretical framework and the Eigen Microstate(EM)approach of statistical physics to examine global surface temperature variations since 1948,as revealed by a global *** identified EMs significantly correlated with key climate phenomena such as the global monsoon system,tropical climates,and El Niñ*** analysis reveals that these EMs have increasingly influenced global surface temperature variations over recent decades,highlighting the critical roles of hemispheric differences,land-sea contrasts,and tropical climate fluctuations in a warming ***,we used model simulations from more than 10 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)under three future climate scenarios to perform a comparative analysis of the changes in each EM *** results indicate that under future warming scenarios,tropical climate fluctuations will become increasingly dominant,while traditional hemispheric and monsoonal patterns may *** shift underscores the importance of understanding tropical dynamics and their impact on global climate from a physics-based *** study provides a new perspective on understanding and addressing global climate change,enhancing the theoretical foundation of this critical field,and yielding findings with significant practical implications for improving climate models and developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.

关键词： statistical physics nonlinear dynamics complex systems climate change

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