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Testing and analysis of the plastic scintillator units for LHAASO-ED

Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2021年第4期5卷 513-519页

作者： Ya-Ping Wang Chao Hou Xiang-Dong Sheng Shao-Hui Feng Hong-Kui Lv Jia Liu Jing Zhao Xiao-Peng Zhang Quan-Bu Gou Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics&Experimental Physics Division&Computing Center Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center ChengduSichuanChina

Background A total of 5195 electromagnetic particle detectors(EDs)are used in the 1-square-kilometer extensive air shower array(KM2A),which is a subarray of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO).Purpose As the detection sensitive medium of the EDs,more than 20,000 plastic scintillator units(BC-408),produced by Saint-Gobain,are used in *** is important to monitor the light output of the scintillator units among the *** To improve the efficiency,a sampling inspection scheme(misjudgment rate of less than 5%)was designed,and a batch test system was *** units of scintillator units can be measured at a *** test system selects the single muon events of cosmic rays to measure the light output values of the plastic scintillator *** The measurement has an uncertainty of less than 2%.By pretest calibration,the difference between different channels can be *** calibration was implemented approximately every 3 months,and the test system had been running stably for 28 *** measuring the ratio of the signals of selected far and near probe events,the changes in the quality of different batches of plastic scintillator units can be *** The test system realized accurate measurement of the light output,and all batches satisfied the requirements of the experiment.

关键词： LHAASO ED Plastic scintillator unit Light output

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Chapter 1 LHAASO Instruments and Detector technology

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Chinese physics C 2022年第3期46卷 1-35页

作者： Xin-Hua Ma Yu-Jiang Bi Zhen Cao Ming-Jun Chen Song-Zhan Chen Yao-Dong Cheng Guang-Hua Gong Min-Hao Gu Hui-Hai He Chao Hou Wen-Hao Huang Xing-Tao Huang Cheng Liu Oleg Shchegolev Xiang-Dong Sheng Yuri Stenkin Chao-Yong Wu Han-Rong Wu Sha Wu Gang Xiao Zhi-Guo Yao Shou-Shan Zhang Yi Zhang Xiong Zuo Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics&Experimental Physics Division&Computing Center Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center ChengduSichuanChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237ShandongChina Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 117312Russia Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Moscow 141700Russia Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy Purple Mountain ObservatoryChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210023JiangsuChina

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO)(Fig.1)is located at ***(4410 m a.s.l.,600 g/cm^(2),29°21'27.56"N,100°08'19.66"E)in Daocheng,Sichuan province,*** consists of 1.3 km^(2) array(KM2A)of electromagnetic particle detectors(ED)and muon detectors(MD),a water Cherenkov detector array(WCDA)with a total active area of 78,000 m^(2),18 wide field-of-view air Cherenkov telescopes(WFCTA)and a newly proposed electron-neutron detector array(ENDA)covering 10,000 m^(2).Each detector is synchronized with all the other through a clock synchronization network based on the White Rabbit *** observatory includes an IT center which comprises the data acquisition system and trigger system,the data analysis *** this Chapter,all the above-mentioned components of LHAASO as well as infrastructure are described.

关键词： LHAASO gamma ray astronomy cosmic ray physics

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LHAASO First >25 TeV Gamma-ray Source Catalog 38

LHAASO First >25 TeV Gamma-ray Source Catalog

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Xi, Shaoqiang Chen, Songzhan Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu China

We present the first LHAASO catalog of -ray sources with energies above 25 TeV. The catalog covers the northern -ray sky from declination −20◦ to 80◦, and it is based on data collected by the LHAASO 1 km2 array (LHAASO-KM2A) from January 2020 to September 2022. It represents the most sensitive survey of these sources in this energy range, including 75 detections with an extended size of less than 2◦. Among them, 43 sources have been detected with ultra-high energy (>100 TeV) emissions with a significance level higher than 4 (TS > 25). The position, extension and power-law spectral characteristics of each source are reported. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Tellurium compounds

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A compensation circuit for the gain temperature drift of silicon photomultiplier tube

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Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 2023年第4期7卷 571-577页

作者： Chang-ge Zi Jin-fan Chang Ming-jie Yang Feng-fan Yang Yu-Sheng Wang Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics of China Beijing100049China Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics&Experimental Physics Division&Computing Center Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center Chengdu610213SichuanChina

Background Silicon photomultiplier tube(SiPM)has been widely applied in high energy physics *** wide field of view Cherenkov telescope array of Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO)consists of 12 arrays of *** of the array includes 32*32 *** Array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes(LACT),the next generation of particle astrophysics experiment,will also adopt SiPM *** LACT will located at a high altitude,leading to a significant operating temperature variation of the *** the gain of SiPM is temperature-sensitive,in order to keep it stable,compensation for the gain is necessary by adjusting the bias voltage of *** The compensation circuit provides the bias voltage of SiPM by using a high-voltage output Digital-to-Analog Converter and several high-voltage output *** reduce the temperature drift of the gain,the compensation circuit adjust the bias voltage of SiPM according to the operating *** The compensation circuit supplies SiPM with an adjustable bias voltage from 0 to 80 V,and the adjustment step is 1.22 *** the output voltage of the compensation circuit is 64 V,the voltage ripple is 2.59 mV,and the temperature drift is 0.17 mV/℃.In the temperature range from−20 to 30℃,the compensation circuit reduces the gain temperature drift of SiPM to within 2%.

关键词： SiPM Gain Compensation LACT

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The research on the measurement of water quality based on reflection cavity 38

The research on the measurement of water quality based on re...

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Tang, Yiyue Chen, Xinxin Zhang, Juntao Zhang, Qinghong Li, Xiurong Zhu, Fengrong Chen, Long School of Physical Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Province Chengdu611756 China Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics Experimental Physics Division Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China

The passage of high-energy particles through water, air, and some other similar media produces Cherenkov light. Cherenkov detectors are widely used for detecting primary high-energy cosmic rays or gamma rays. The quality of the media is important for the experiments because the contaminants can absorb the light and reduce the precision of the reconstruction of the extensive air showers. Here we developed a method, similar to the integrating ring-down spectroscopy for evaluating the water quality. This method induced the laser as light source, the bucket with high reflective diffused material in the inner wall to reflect the light, photomultiplier tube (PMT) to record the waveform of light signal. We choose copper sulfate solution to find the relationship between solution concentration, the attenuation length of water, and the reflectivity of inner-wall material. The results proved the feasibility of the reflection cavity. This method can also be applied on the monitor of atmosphere, water pollution and cave safety, etc. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Cosmic ray detectors

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Search for very high energy gamma-ray bursts based on LHAASO-WCDA triggered data 38

Search for very high energy gamma-ray bursts based on LHAASO...

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Huang, Y. Liu, C. Yao, Z.G. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics Experimental Physics Division Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu610000 China

Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA), a part of Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO), is a very sensitive gamma source detector in hundreds GeV to dozens TeV due to its effectvie gamma-proton discriminating capability. Triggered data is always preserved for long term, which makes long time analysis for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) possible. Based on LHAASO-WCDA triggerd data, we searched GRB signal using location and corresponding time extracted from GCN website if GRB bursts in view from March 5, 2021 to February 1, 2023 manually. Alert automatic analysis program is deployed in April, 2023, which will give analysis results within 2 days automatically. Trial number is considered to avoiding misjudging. In this contribution we will introduce searching strategy, alert automatic analysis workflow and present the total searching results. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Cosmic ray detectors

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Proposal for the High Energy Neutrino Telescope 38

Proposal for the High Energy Neutrino Telescope

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Huang, Tian-Qi Cao, Zhen Chen, Mingjun Liu, Jiali Wang, Zike You, Xiaohao Qi, Ying Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu610000 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) has observed tens of gamma-ray sources with significant emission above 100 TeV. These gamma-ray sources are probably the Galactic accelerators of PeV cosmic-rays. Thus, high energy neutrinos above 100 TeV are expected to be observed from these PeVatron candidates. We propose the Huge Underwater high-energy Neutrino Telescope (HUNT) with instrumented volume up to 30 km3 to search for neutrino sources above 100 TeV, which will help us to identify the PeVatrons in our Galaxy and understand the acceleration of PeV cosmic-rays in the deep universe. Here, we present some preliminary results of the telescope simulation, the performance evaluation and the pathfinder experiment. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Cosmology

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由超拍电子伏特加速器产生的超高能伽马射线气泡

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Science Bulletin 2024年第4期69卷 449-457页

作者： LHAASO Collaboration Zhen Cao Chuandong Gao Cong Li Ruo-Yu Liu Ruizhi Yang 不详 Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics&Experimental Physics Division&Computing Center Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center ChengduChina Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science Shandong UniversityQingdao 266237China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026China

We report the detection of aγ-ray bubble spanning at least 100deg2 in ultra-high energy(UHE)up to a few PeV in the direction of the star-forming region Cygnus X,implying the presence super PeVatron(s)accelerating protons to at least 10 PeV.A log-parabola form with the photon indexΓ(E)=(2.71±0.02)+(0.11±0.02)×log10(E/10 TeV)is found fitting the gamma-ray energy spectrum of the bubble *** sources,“hot spots”correlated with very massive molecular clouds,and a quasi-spherical amorphousγ-ray emitter with a sharp central brightening are observed in the *** the core of~0.5°,spatially associating with a region containing massive OB association(Cygnus OB2)and a microquasar(Cygnus X-3),as well as previously reported multi-TeV sources,an enhanced concentration of UHEγ-rays is observed with 2 photons at energies above 1 *** general feature of the bubble,the morphology,and the energy spectrum,are reasonably reproduced by the assumption of a particle accelerator in the core,continuously injecting protons into the ambient medium.

关键词： Cosmic rays γ-rays Interstellar medium Star cluster

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The First LHAASO Catalog of Gamma-ray Sources below 25TeV 38

The First LHAASO Catalog of Gamma-ray Sources below 25TeV

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Hu, S.C. Xiang, G.M. Zha, M. Yao, Z.G. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu610000 China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200030 China

We report the first catalog of TeV gamma-ray sources realized with the most sensitive wide field-of-view TeV telescope ever built. Since March 2021, it continuously surveys the northern sky with field of view ∼ 2 sr and >90% duty cycle. Using 508 days data collected by full array of LHAASO-WCDA, 69 sources were detected significantly, including 5 extra-galactic sources. 19 of these sources have no known TeV counterpart within 0.5 degree. In this paper, detailed analysis will be presented including background estimation, searching strategy and summary of the catalog. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Galaxies

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Discovery of the Ultra-High-Energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J2002+3238 spatially associated with SNR G69.7+1.0 38

Discovery of the Ultra-High-Energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J...

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38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Hou, B.W. Zhang, R. Xi, S.Q. Chen, S.Z. He, H.N. Xia, Z.Q. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu610000 China University of Science and Technology of China Hefei230026 China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210023 China

The origin of Galactic PeV cosmic rays is still under debate. Shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs) are proposed to be one of the candidate sources of Galactic PeV cosmic rays, but observational evidence is lacking. Here we report LHAASO’s detection on a point source J2002+3238 with a significance of 5.8 sigma above 25 TeV and 6.8 sigma above 100 TeV. The spectrum is consistent with a power-law spectrum with no cutoff. Inside the error region of the source, a shell-type SNR G69.7+1.0 is found locating only 0.07◦away from the best-fit location of the source, suggesting a strong association between the UHE gamma-ray source and the SNR. This provides strong evidence on SNRs as possible PeV accelerators. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Cosmic rays

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