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'On/Off'-Switchable Crosslinked PTX-Nanoformulation with Improved Precise Delivery for NSCLC Brain Metastases and Restrained Adverse Reaction Over Nab-PTX

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Li, Shuaijun Meng, Caiting Hao, Qian Zhou, Ruina Dai, Luyao Guo, Yucheng Zhao, Sitong Zhou, Xin Lou, Chunju Xu, Ji Xu, Peng Yang, Jinfan Ding, Yifan Lv, Yanni Han, Shengli Kang, Huafeng Xiao, Zhengtao Tan, Mingqian Ma, Xiaobin Wu, Hao School of Basic Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710061 China Department of Oncology the Second Affiliated Hospital Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710061 China College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Shaanxi Xi’an710021 China School of Pharmacy Health Science Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Xi’an710061 China Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science School of Food Science and Technology Dalian Polytechnic University Qinggongyuan1 Ganjingzi District Liaoning Dalian116034 China

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases present a significant treatment challenge due to limited drug delivery efficiency and severe adverse reactions. In this study, we address these challenges by designing a "on/off" switchable crosslinked paclitaxel (PTX) nanocarrier, BPM-PD, with novel ultra-pH-sensitive linkages (pH 6.8 to 6.5). BPM-PD demonstrates a distinct "on/off" switchable release of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) in response to the acidic extratumoral microenvironment. The "off" state of BPM-PD@PTX effectively prevents premature drug release in the blood circulation, blood-brain barrier (BBB)/blood-tumor barrier (BTB), and normal brain tissue, surpassing the clinical PTX-nanoformulation (nab-PTX). Meanwhile, the "on" state facilitates precise delivery to NSCLC brain metastases cells. Compared to nab-PTX, BPM-PD@PTX demonstrates improved therapeutic efficacy with a reduced tumor area (only 14.6%) and extended survival duration, while mitigating adverse reactions (over 83.7%) in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), offering a promising approach for the treatment of NSCLC brain metastases. The precise molecular switch also helped to increase the PTX maximum tolerated dose from 25 mg/kg to 45 mg/kg This research contributes to the field of cancer therapeutics and has significant implications for improving the clinical outcomes of NSCLC patients. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Efficiency

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Analysis of Absorption and Regeneration Performance Changes of Diethylenetriamine in Carbon Capture environments with Functionalized Alcohols and Mixed Amines

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jin, Lijian Hou, Xueyan Zhan, Lingxiao Hou, Dawei Gu, Lina Zhang, Daguang Shen, Jianchong Zheng, Zhihao Lv, Chao Liu, Shaoqing Yang, Linjun Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry Education School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing210096 China East China Electric Power Test & Researcher Institute China Datang Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute Co. LTD Hefei230088 PR China Hangzhou Kuaikai Hi-Tech Co. LTD Hangzhou310051 PR China Guangxi Colleges University Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University Nanning530004 China

Reducing energy consumption in carbon capture using two-phase solvents hinges on the occurrence of phase separation phenomena. In this investigation, we systematically assessed the absorption, regeneration, and phase separation capabilities of five distinct alcohols (n-propanol, n-butanol(-CH3), 3-Methoxy-1-propanol(-OCH3), 3-Chloro-1-propanol(-Cl), and 3-Methyl thiopropanol(-SCH3)) featuring diverse hydrophobicity levels and functional groups, in conjunction with three active amines (DETA, AMP, MEA). The results showed that, in addition to -Cl being influenced by strong forces between the alcohol-active amine, the greater the hydrophobicity of the alcohol (log P), the shorter the phase separation time, and the change in the carbon capture environment of the organic amine after the phase separation resulted in a rapid decrease in the absorption rate, so that the solvent absorption load was higher for alcohol phase separators with low log P values. Moreover, augmenting the alcohol content in the rich phase facilitates superior regeneration performance. Notably, -Cl benefits from potent amine-alcohol interactions, resulting in a significantly enhanced cycling capacity compared to the other four amines. The larger dipole moment of the DETA product emerges as a potential candidate for the primary component in the mixed amine phase separation. Synergistic effects between MEA and DETA are evident, as the partial substitution of DETA with MEA yields no substantial changes in phase separation performance. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations were employed to validate the reaction mechanism of mixed amines and the influence of product interactions on viscosity. Molecular dynamics simulations were also conducted to corroborate the alterations in phase separation performance and the interplay between components in different alcohol phase separation agents. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Molecular dynamics

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The Synthesis of an Acrylamide Copolymer and its Synergistic Effects on Clay Flocculation of Red Tide Organisms

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Yu, Qi Yu, Zhiming Song, Xiuxian Cao, Xihua Jiang, Wenbin Chu, Yanyang School of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Shandong266042 China CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao266071 China Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao266237 China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences 7 Nanhai Road Qingdao266071 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China

The modified clay (MC) method is a common emergency treatment technology for red tides. The selection of surface modifiers is the key to the MC technology, and the organic polymer modifiers have great application potential, such as Polyacrylamide (PAM). There is, however, a general issue with traditional PAM polymers in that coil up in marine circumstances and are less suitable for use at low dosages. To solve this problem, the copolymer of dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide (PDA) was synthesized via a visible-light-induced free radical polymerization technique, which carries greater positive charges and retains viscosity in seawater. The PDA was utilized as a surface modifier and experiments were conducted to investigate its synergistic effect on clay flocculation of red tide organisms. The PDA-modified clay (PDAMC) exhibited strong salt tolerance and excellent flocculation ability;50 mg·L-1 PDAMC was used for flocculation of Heterosigma akashiwo with a 3-h efficiency of 85.9%, which was 90% lower than flocculation using traditional aluminum polychloride modified clay(PACMC) at dosage. According to the analysis of flocculation parameters and spatial conformation of PDAMC, its strong flocculation impact on microalgae is primarily due to the association of its polymer chains with clay through hydrogen bonds and strong electrostatic interaction to form the three-dimensional network structure, which greatly improves its performance. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Flocculation

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Advancements in understanding emission characteristics, data-driven olfactory-chemical measurements, and health impacts of the emerging odor pollution

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environment international 2025年 201卷 109596页

作者： Xinyuan Xu Haixin Gu Zihao Zhang Yantong Liu Lingling Zhang Junfeng Wang Mindong Chen Yu Huang Junji Cao Shun-Cheng Lee Haiwei Li Xinlei Ge Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 PR China. Department of Environmental Engineering of Oulu School Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 PR China. Jiangsu Academy of Environmental Industry and Technology Corp. Nanjing 210019 PR China. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710061 PR China. Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 PR China. Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) Guangzhou 511453 PR China. Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 PR China. Electronic address: haiwei.li@***. Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology School of Environmental Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 PR China School of Environment and Energy Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei 230601 PR China. Electronic address: caxinra@***.

Odor pollution presents a multi-scale challenge to global environmental governance, with significant gaps in measurement reliability, temporal mismatches between emission patterns and regulatory standards, and acknowledgment of the undervaluation of its associated health risks. Analytical data reveal that odor concentrations vary over three to four orders of magnitude across different emission sources. These discrepancies are exacerbated by inconsistencies in measurement protocols, which hinder the establishment of standardized regulatory benchmarks. At present, there are inherent uncertainties in human olfactory thresholds and variability in sensor responses. To address this, recent field studies in hybrid monitoring methodologies, integrating human sensory evaluation with instrumental analysis, have improved predictive accuracy by 30-50 %. Notably, municipal waste disposal facilities are identified as primary contributors to odor emissions, often exhibiting pronounced diurnal peaks. Monitoring data show that 65-80 % of landfills exceed permissible odor thresholds, correlating with odor complaints representing ‌∼30 % of urban environmental grievances‌.Health risk assessments further indicate that 15-25 % of industrial odor sources‌ emit carcinogenic compounds exceeding the acceptable risk threshold(e.g., a lifetime cancer risk of 1 × 10), equating to at least one case per million exposed individuals. Despite this, fewer than 10 % of regulatory frameworks explicitly prioritize odor-related carcinogens,underscoringa critical disconnect between risk quantification and policy implementation. To address these gaps, this work advocates for the development of high-sensitivity sensor networks for real-time detection of trace-level odorants, establishment of health-based exposure limits for prioritized carcinogenic odorants, and implementation of predictive models to quantify the synergistic effects of odorant mixtures.

关键词： Chemical complexity Emission profiles Health risk assessment Measurements Odor pollution

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Controlling Nucleophilic Emerging Organic Contaminants (Eocs) Using an Inorganic Oxidizing Coagulant (Ioc) Based on the Synergistic Oxidation-Induced Coagulation Mechanisms

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Wang, Lili Xu, Weiying Xu, Zhenghe Zhu, Yuanji Song, Yan Wang, Dongsheng Xin, Xiaodong Jia, Ruibao Xu, Xing School of Water Conservancy and Environment University of Jinan No. 336 Nanxinzhuang Western Road Shandong Jinan250022 China Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science Chinese Academy of Science No. 18 Shuangqing Road Beijing100085 China Economic & Technology Research Institute of State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company No. 111 Weishi Road Shandong Jinan250021 China Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center No 5111 Aoti Middle Road Shandong Jinan250013 China Department of Environmental Engineering College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang University No 866 Yuhangtang Road Zhejiang Hangzhou310013 China Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shandong University Shandong Qingdao266237 China Shandong Jianzhu University China

Coagulation is not effective in treatment of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) contaminated water and wastewater, and many researches focus on the hybrid technologies. In this study, a multifunctional inorganic oxidizing coagulant (IOC) was developed by a simple alkaline co-polymerization method to increase the efficiency and feasibility of coagulation in elimination of low molecular weight (MW) organic compounds, which were demonstrated by eight kinds of representative EOCs. The IOC present exceptional removal capabilities for hydrophilic with low logKow and nucleophilic (high NI) EOCs, like sulfamethazine (SMZ), tetracycline (TC), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), achieving removal efficiencies of 45-95%. The dynamic coagulation investigation conducted through continuous monitor on floc formation and growth demonstrated that large floc played minor role in EOCs removal. Instead, an obvious positive correlation between removal efficiency (REOCs) and floc growth rate (Sfloc), which was associated with the reactivity of EOCs with coagulant, was observed. Combined with the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) results, an innovative coagulation mechanism for EOCs abatement by IOC, namely oxidation-induced coagulation was proposed. Oxidizing agent in IOC promoted the formation of activate intermediates through nonradical pathway, which were more prone to complexation with aluminum than their original condition. Comparatively, traditional charge neutralization, adsorption and sweeping mechanisms involved in the aluminum sulfate (AS) and poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) coagulation systems, which generally lead to large but invalid flocs, turned out to inapplicable to EOCs removals. This study provides a novel strategy and inorganic coagulant for EOCs-contained water and wastewater treatments based on the oxidation-induced complexation mechanism, which was demonstrated to be a promisin

关键词： Aluminum chloride

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Capturing CO2 Using Novel Nonaqueous Biphasic Solvent Tmeda/Mea/Dmso: Absorption and Phase Splitting Mechanism

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jin, Lijian Hou, Xueyan Zhan, Lingxiao Xie, Shangzhi Gu, Lina Yang, Hangqi Wang, Xin Qian, Xinfeng Shen, Jianchong Yang, Linjun Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversionand Control Ministry Education School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing210096 China Guangxi Colleges and University Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University Nanning530004 China East China Electric Power Test & Researcher Institute China Datang Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd Hefei230088 China Hangzhou Kuaikai Hi-Tech Co. Ltd Hangzhou310051 China

In order to ameliorate the issues of corrosion and high regeneration energy associated with traditional biphasic solvents, a nonaqueous biphasic solvent has been proposed as a potential alternative. This study introduces Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) as a phase splitter within the Ethanolamine (MEA)/ Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) system, resulting in a novel nonaqueous biphasic solvent, TMEDA/MEA/DMSO. The highly polarity of TMEDA facilitates mutual solubility with MEA/DMSO while lacking robust hydrogen bonding interactions with DMSO, enabling the facile separation of polar CO2 products from the vicinity of TMEDA, thus forming a liquid-liquid biphasic system. When the mass ratio of TMEDA/MEA/DMSO is maintained at 3:3:4, the CO2 loading attains 0.54 mol (CO2)/mol (MEA), with the rich phase comprising 75% of the total. 13C NMR and FT-IR characteristics showed that the absorbent product is mainly in the form of MEACOO-/MEAH+. Absorption and phase separation mechanisms of absorbent elucidated by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. The limited opportunity for TMEDA to interact with MEA molecules emerges as the primary reason for its reduced involvement in the reaction, with the inclusion of TMEDA intensifying the aggregation of MEACOO-/MEAH+ and triggering phase transition. In comparison to a 30 wt% MEA water-based absorbent, TMEDA/MEA/DMSO exhibits a 40% reduction in regeneration energy and possesses energy-saving attributes, rendering it a promising candidate for CO2 capture. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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An Investigation on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Metakaolin Reinforced Modified Recycled Concrete

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Zhong, Chuheng Zhang, Lijuan Zhou, Jinzhi Mao, Weiqi Xing, Sijia Chen, Jinhui School of Civil Engineering Architecture and Environment Hubei University of Technology Wuhan430068 China Key Laboratory of Health Intelligent Perception and Ecological Restoration of River and Lake Ministry of Education Hubei University of Technology Wuhan430068 China China Railway Major Bridge Engineering Group Co. Ltd. Wuhan430050 China School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China High-Tech Research and Development Center Ministry of Science and Technology Beijing100044 China

This study examined the impact of various combinations of metakaolin and 15% fly ash mix (M) on the mechanical properties and durability of recycled fine aggregate concrete (RFAC), aiming to enhance the performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of cementitious materials, while also determining the optimal metakaolin admixture. Concrete (M/RFA) was tested by replacing natural fine aggregate with 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% recycled fine aggregate, and cement was prepared by replacing cement with 5%, 10%, and 15% metakaolin mixed with 15% fly ash, respectively. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and carbonation resistance of M/RFA were used as evaluation indexes, while scanning electron microscopy also provided a better understanding at the microstructural level to analyze the carbonation mechanism of M/RFA. The findings of the research indicated that the combination of metakaolin and fly ash could make up for the negative impacts of RFAC and dramatically enhance the mechanical characteristics and carbonation resistance of M/RFA. The introduction of RFA to 15% fly ash in a 1:1 ratio of metakaolin (M15) had the greatest impact on the mechanical properties and carbonation resistance of concrete. The addition of RFA affected the compactness of concrete and reduced the mechanical properties and carbonation resistance of concrete, but the cubic compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of the recycled concrete with 90% RFA were only reduced by 1.3% and 8.1% after the incorporation of M15, and the flexural strength was only reduced by 11.8% compared to the same condition of the unadulterated RFA concrete, and the depth of carbonation was only increased by 1.4 times. At long last, the cubic compressive strength relationship equation and the concrete carbonation depth prediction model were created for M and RFA admixture, respectively. Furthermore, a more accurate empirical model for the carbonation depth of recycled fine aggrega

关键词： Fly ash

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The crucial role of iron minerals in the treatment of sulfur-containing wastewater in constructed wetland

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Chemical engineering Journal 2025年 518卷

作者： Yu Wang Zizhang Guo Haiming Wu Zhen Hu Huijun Xie Jian Zhang Hangzhou Xu Yan Kang Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China

The prevalence of sulfate in diverse natural environments often leads to environmental pollution. While iron mineral-enhanced constructed wetlands (CWs) represent an effective strategy for treating sulfur-containing wastewater, the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. This study investigates the use of goethite, hematite, and magnetite as supplementary fillers to improve sulfur removal in CWs and elucidate the associated mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of iron minerals enhances sulfate removal efficiency by approximately 3 % to 10 %, promoting its transformation into S-SO 3 2− and S 2− . Mass balance analysis highlights microbial degradation as the predominant contributor (24.4–44.2 %) to sulfur removal in CWs. The presence of iron minerals significantly enhanced the abundance (16.2–26.4 %) and diversity of functional genes (K01011, K00392, K00370) associated with metabolic pathways involved in the Fe/S cycle by Actinobacteria . Furthermore, the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ cycle played a crucial role in promoting sulfate degradation and facilitating direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between Deltaproteobacteria and Micrococcales . The Fe/S cycle and extracellular polymeric substances enhance the electron transfer capacity and promote the interaction between electrons and microorganisms in iron mineral-based CWs, thereby facilitating efficient sulfate removal. This study provides deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying sulfate removal in iron mineral-based CWs.

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Enhanced removal of tetracycline and doxycycline in aquaculture pond sediments via synthetic bacterial consortium: Efficacy and ecological risk assessment

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Journal of Hazardous Materials 2025年 495卷

作者： Xiuli Chen Xiaoling Lei Ying Zhu Shuang Yan Yangyang Li Luyao Zhang Shuguang Xie State Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Sustainability College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China Chongqing Academy of Science & Technology Chongqing 401123 China

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs), extensively used in aquaculture and livestock production, pose significant ecological risks due to their accumulation in aquatic sediments. This study investigated the efficacy and ecological implications of bioaugmentation with a synthetic microbial consortium for the remediation of TCs-contaminated aquaculture pond sediment. Sediment microcosms were amended with tetracycline (TC) and doxycycline (DOX) at different dosages, with or without consortium inoculation. Bioaugmentation markedly enhanced antibiotic removal, achieving complete degradation within 5–12 days, depending on the dosage. However, both high antibiotic exposure and exogenous microbial introduction lowered microbial alpha diversity. The inoculated strains, Sphingobacterium and Chryseobacterium , were selectively enriched in bioaugmented treatments, indicating a strong adaptability to elevated antibiotic pressure. Notably, bioaugmentation markedly decreased the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), as well as the number of ARG-hosting taxa. These findings underscored the potential of bioaugmentation as an effective and environmentally compatible strategy for mitigating antibiotic pollution and limiting ARG dissemination in sediment environments.

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Solubilizer Reconstructs the Influences of the Hydrogen-Bond Network of Nonaqueous Biphasic Solvent on the Adsorption, Phase Splitting and Desorption

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jin, Lijian Zhan, Lingxiao Hou, Xueyan Xie, Shangzhi Gu, Lina Yang, Hangqi Wang, Xin Hou, Dawei Shen, Jianchong Zhang, Liqun Yang, Linjun Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control Ministry of Education School of Energy and Environment Southeast University Nanjing210096 China Guangxi Colleges and University Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangxi University Nanning530004 China East China Electric Power Test & Researcher Institute China Datang Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd Hefei230088 PR China Hangzhou Kuaikai Hi-Tech Co. Ltd Hangzhou310051 PR China

Nonaqueous biphasic solvent has remarkable energy-saving potential has remarkable energy-saving potential. The absence of strong hydrogen bonding interactions between N, N, N', N'', N''-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) facilitates the facile separation of polar CO2 products from the DMSO molecules surrounding PMDETA, thereby enabling efficient liquid-liquid biphasic behavior. Nevertheless, the weak interactions of PMDETA with other solvent molecules pose considerable challenges in the formulation of fresh homogeneous phase solutions. This study proposes a strategy to enhance PMDETA dissolution by introducing a solubilizer into a hybrid phase splitter, thereby increasing the concentration of PMDETA in the solvent. With the addition of a small quantity of solubilizer, the absorption, regeneration, and phase separation performance among the absorbents are comparable. The phase separation performance is influenced by the number of hydrogen bonds formed by the solubilizer, and the concentration of solubilizer in the lower phase is dependent on its hydrophobicity. Characterization using 13C NMR and FT-IR indicates that CO2 products primarily exist in the form of MEACOO-/MEAH+. Through DFT and molecular dynamics simulations, the impact of the solvent environment surrounding Ethanolamine (MEA) on the MEA+COO- deprotonation reaction is analyzed. While PMDETA offers a more favorable proton acceptance energy compared to MEA, the limited opportunities for PMDETA to come into contact with MEA molecules may be the primary hindrance to its participation in the reaction. Significantly lower corrosivity and regeneration energy requirements for non-aqueous biphasic solvents compared to 30 wt.% MEA, making them ideal candidates for energy-efficient, low-corrosivity CO2 capture. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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