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The Quantum Internet (Technical Version)

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Rohde, Peter P. Huang, Zixin Ouyang, Yingkai Huang, He-Liang Su, Zu-En Devitt, Simon Ramakrishnan, Rohit Mantri, Atul Tan, Si-Hui Liu, Nana Harrison, Scott Radhakrishnan, Chandrashekar Brennen, Gavin K. Baragiola, Ben Q. Dowling, Jonathan P. Byrnes, Tim Munro, William J. Centre for Quantum Software and Information Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney SydneyNSW Australia Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge United States School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Macquarie University NSW2109 Australia School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences University of Sheffield SheffieldS3 7RH United Kingdom Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography Henan Zhengzhou450000 China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Department of Modern Physics University of Science & Technology of China Hefei China CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science & Technology of China Hefei China CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory Shanghai China InstituteQ Aalto University Espoo02150 Finland Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Singapore University of Technology & Design Singapore Centre for Quantum Technologies National University of Singapore Singapore Horizon Quantum Ireland 24 Fitzwilliam Place Dublin 2 D02 T296 Ireland Institute of Natural Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China School of Mathematical Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory in Scientific and Engineering Computing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai China University of Michigan Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai200240 China Leibniz Institute for Research & Information in Education Frankfurt am Main Germany Department of Computer Science and Engineering NYU Shanghai 567 West Yangsi Road Shanghai200124 China Centre of Excellence in Engineered Quantum Systems Macquarie University NSW Australia Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology School of Science RMIT University VIC

The desire to share and unite remote digital assets motivated the development of the classical internet, the enabler of the entire 21st century economy and our modern way of life. As we enter the quantum era, it is to be expected there will be a similar demand for networking quantum assets, motivating a global quantum internet for bringing together the world's quantum resources, leveraging off their exponential trajectory in capability. We present models for quantum networking, how they might be applied in the future, and the implications they will have. Socially, economically, politically and geostrategically, the upcoming era of quantum supremacy will be as significant for the 21st century as the transistor was for the 20th. The inherently different scaling in the computational power of quantum computers fundamentally changes the dynamics of how they will operate in the future. Given their high expected initial cost, a client/server model for outsourcing computation will be essential for enabling the accessibility and proliferation of this technology, and ensuring its economic viability. We therefore anticipate the emergence of cloud quantum computing, a model for outsourcing quantum computations to the network. We argue that economic efficiency will mandate that all future quantum computers be united into a single global virtual quantum computer, offering exponentially more power to all network participants than if they were to keep their resources to themselves. This model for the allocation of computational resources is uniquely quantum, with no classical analogue, completely altering the economic landscape for the future of computation. Given the sensitivity of much of the data to which future quantum computers are going to foreseeably be applied, protocols for encrypted quantum computation will be essential - the outsourcing of computations that neither an eavesdropper nor even the server performing the computation can spy upon. This will enable new models fo

关键词： Outsourcing

CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS FOR MINIMUM ACTION METHODS COUPLED WITH A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Hong, Jialin Jin, Diancong Sheng, Derui Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Mathematical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China School of Mathematics and Statistics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China Department of Applied Mathematics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong

The minimum action method (MAM) is an effective approach to numerically solving minimums and minimizers of Freidlin–Wentzell (F-W) action functionals, which is used to study the most probable transition path and probability of the occurrence of transitions for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with small noise. In this paper, we focus on MAMs based on a finite difference method, and present the convergence analysis of minimums and minimizers of the discrete F-W action functional. The main result shows that the convergence orders of the minimum of the discrete F-W action functional in the cases of multiplicative noises and additive noises are 1/2 and 1, respectively. Our main result also reveals the convergence of the stochastic θ-method for SDEs with small noise in terms of large deviations. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Finite difference method

Efficient Verification of Continuous-Variable Quantum States and Devices without Assuming Identical and Independent Operations

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Physical Review Letters 2021年第24期126卷 240503-240503页

作者： Ya-Dong Wu Ge Bai Giulio Chiribella Nana Liu QICI Quantum Information and Computation Initiative Department of Computer Science The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation 5/F Key Laboratory Platform Building No. 6 Yuexing 2nd Road Nanshan Shenzhen 518057 China Department of Computer Science Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QD United Kingdom Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo Ontario N2L 2Y5 Canada Institute of Natural Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory in Scientific and Engineering Computing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai 200240 China

Continuous-variable quantum information, encoded into infinite-dimensional quantum systems, is a promising platform for the realization of many quantum information protocols, including quantum computation, quantum metrology, quantum cryptography, and quantum communication. To successfully demonstrate these protocols, an essential step is the certification of multimode continuous-variable quantum states and quantum devices. This problem is well studied under the assumption that multiple uses of the same device result in identical and independently distributed (i.i.d.) operations. However, in realistic scenarios, identical and independent state preparation and calls to the quantum devices cannot be generally guaranteed. Important instances include adversarial scenarios and instances of time-dependent and correlated noise. In this Letter, we propose the first set of reliable protocols for verifying multimode continuous-variable entangled states and devices in these non-i.i.d scenarios. Although not fully universal, these protocols are applicable to Gaussian quantum states, non-Gaussian hypergraph states, as well as amplification, attenuation, and purification of noisy coherent states.

关键词： Quantum benchmarking Quantum cryptography Quantum information processing with continuous variables

Multipliers correction methods for optimization problems over the stiefel manifold

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Wang, Lei Gao, Bin Liu, Xin State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences China Institute of Information and Communication Technologies Electronics and Applied Mathematics Uni-versité catholique de Louvain Belgium ICTEAM institute UCLouvain Belgium

We propose a class of multipliers correction methods to minimize a differentiable function over the Stiefel manifold. The proposed methods combine a function value reduction step with a proximal correction step. The former one searches along an arbitrary descent direction in the Euclidean space instead of a vector in the tangent space of the Stiefel manifold. Meanwhile, the latter one minimizes a first-order proximal approximation of the objective function in the range space of the current iterate to make Lagrangian multipliers associated with orthogonality constraints symmetric at any accumulation point. The global convergence has been established for the proposed methods. Preliminary numerical experiments demonstrate that the new methods significantly outperform other state-of-the-art first-order approaches in solving various kinds of testing problems. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lagrange multipliers

Light Cone Distribution Amplitude for the Λ Baryon from Lattice QCD

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Chu, Min-Huan Bai, Haoyang Hua, Jun Liang, Jian Ji, Xiangdong Schäfer, Andreas Su, Yushan Wang, Wei Yang, Yi-Bo Zeng, Jun Zhang, Jian-Hui Zhang, Qi-An Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Yang Yuanqing Scientific Computering Center Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Faculty of Physics Adam Mickiewicz University ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 Poznań61-614 Poland Institute of High Energy Physics CAS Beijing100049 China School of Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter Institute of Quantum Matter South China Normal University Guangzhou510006 China Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science Southern Nuclear Science Computing Center South China Normal University Guangzhou510006 China Department of Physics University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Institut für Theoretische Physik Universität Regensburg RegensburgD-93040 Germany Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong Province Huizhou516000 China CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study UCAS Hangzhou 310024 China International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific Hangzhou Beijing China School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen518172 China School of Physics Beihang University Beijing102206 China

We calculate the leading-twist light-cone distribution amplitudes of the light Λ baryon using lattice methods within the framework of large momentum effective theory. Our numerical computations are conducted employing Nf = 2 + 1 stout smeared clover fermions and a Symanzik gauge action on a lattice with spacing a = 0.077 fm, and a pion mass of 303 MeV. To approach the large momentum regime, we simulate the equal-time correlations with the hadron momentum Pz = {2.52,3.02,3.52} GeV. By investigating the potential analytic characteristics of the baryon quasi-distribution amplitude in coordinate space, we validate these findings through our lattice calculations. After renormalization and extrapolation, we present results for the three-dimensional distribution of momentum fractions for the two light quarks. Based on these findings the paper briefly discusses the phenomenological impact on weak decays of Λb, and outlines potential systematic uncertainties that can be improved in the future. This work lays the theoretical foundation for accessing baryon LCDAs from lattice QCD. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Momentum

Lattice Boltzmann simulations of melting in a rectangular cavity heated locally from below at high Rayleigh number

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Zhao, Yong Wu, Yao Chai, Zhenhua Shi, Baochang Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing School of Mathematics and Statistics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China

This work presented a block triple-relaxation-time (B-TriRT) lattice Boltzmann model for simulating melting in a rectangular cavity heated from below at high Rayleigh (Ra) number (Ra = 108). The test of benchmark problem show that present B-TriRT can dramatically reduce the numerical diffusion across the phase interface. In addition, the influences of location of the heated region are investigated. The results indicate that the location of heated region plays an essential role in melting rate and the full melting occur earliest when the heated region is located at the middle region. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Melting

Many-body Hilbert space scarring on a superconducting processor

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Zhang, Pengfei Dong, Hang Gao, Yu Zhao, Liangtian Hao, Jie Desaules, Jean-Yves Guo, Qiujiang Chen, Jiachen Deng, Jinfeng Liu, Bobo Ren, Wenhui Yao, Yunyan Zhang, Xu Xu, Shibo Wang, Ke Jin, Feitong Zhu, Xuhao Zhang, Bing Li, Hekang Song, Chao Wang, Zhen Liu, Fangli Papić, Zlatko Ying, Lei Wang, H. Lai, Ying-Cheng Department of Physics ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leeds LeedsLS2 9JT United Kingdom Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies Hangzhou310027 China QuEra Computing Inc. BostonMA02135 United States School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering Department of Physics Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States

Quantum many-body scarring (QMBS) – a recently discovered form of weak ergodicity breaking in strongly-interacting quantum systems – presents opportunities for mitigating thermalization-induced decoherence in quantum information processsing. However, the existing experimental realizations of QMBS are based on kinetically-constrained systems where an emergent dynamical symmetry "shields" such states from the thermalizing bulk of the spectrum. Here, we experimentally realize a distinct kind of QMBS phenomena by approximately decoupling a part of the many-body Hilbert space in the computational basis. Utilizing a programmable superconducting processor with 30 qubits and tunable couplings, we realize Hilbert space scarring in a non-constrained model in different geometries, including a linear chain as well as a quasi-one-dimensional comb geometry. By performing full quantum state tomography on 4-qubit subsystems, we provide strong evidence for QMBS states by measuring qubit population dynamics, quantum fidelity and entanglement entropy following a quench from initial product states. Our experimental findings broaden the realm of QMBS mechanisms and pave the way to exploiting correlations in QMBS states for applications in quantum information technology. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vector spaces

Existence and asymptotic behavior of large axisymmetric solutions for steady navier-stokes system in a pipe

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Wang, Yun Xie, Chunjing School of Mathematical Sciences Center for dynamical systems and differential equations Soochow University Suzhou China School of mathematical Sciences Institute of Natural Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing SHL-MAC Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai China

In this paper, the existence and uniqueness of strong axisymmetric solutions with large flux for the steady Navier-Stokes system in a pipe are established even when the external force is also suitably large in L2. Furthermore, the exponential convergence rate at far fields for the arbitrary steady solutions with finite H2distance to the Hagen- Poiseuille flows is established as long as the external forces converge exponentially at far fields. The key point to get the existence of these large solutions is the refined estimate for the derivatives in the axial direction of the stream function and the swirl velocity, which exploits the good effect of the convection term. An important observation for the asymptotic behavior of general solutions is that the solutions are actually small at far fields when they have finite H2distance to the Hagen-Poiseuille flows. This makes the estimate for the linearized problem play a crucial role in studying the convergence of general solutions at far fields. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Asymptotic analysis

A note on the ill-posedness of shear flow for the MHD boundary layer equations

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Science China Mathematics 2018年第11期61卷 2065-2078页

作者： Cheng-Jie Liu Feng Xie Tong Yang Institute of Natural Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Mathematical Sciences and Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing(Ministry of Education) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Department of Mathematics City University of Hong Kong

For the two-dimensional Magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)boundary layer system,it has been shown that the non-degenerate tangential magnetic field leads to the well-posedness in Sobolev spaces and high Reynolds number limits without any monotonicity condition on the velocity field in our previous *** paper aims to show that sufficient degeneracy in the tangential magnetic field at a non-degenerate critical point of the tangential velocity field of shear flow indeed yields instability as for the classical Prandtl equations without magnetic field studied by G′erard-Varet and Dormy(2010).This partially shows the necessity of the non-degeneracy in the tangential magnetic field for the stability of the boundary layer of MHD in 2D at least in Sobolev spaces.

关键词： MHD boundary layer Prandtl equations shear flows ill-posedness Sobolev spaces