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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning

作者： Feiran Li Qianqian Xu Shilong Bao Zhiyong Yang Runmin Cong Xiaochun Cao Qingming Huang Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China and School of Cyber Security University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Computer Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Institute of Information Science Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China and School of Control Science and Engineering Shandong University Jinan China and Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and System Control Ministry of Education Jinan China School of Cyber Science and Tech. Shenzhen Campus Sun Yat-sen University School of Computer Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China and Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China and Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Knowledge Management Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

This paper explores the size-invariance of evaluation metrics in Salient Object Detection (SOD), especially when multiple targets of diverse sizes co-exist in the same image. We observe that current metrics are size-sensitive, where larger objects are focused, and smaller ones tend to be ignored. We argue that the evaluation should be size-invariant because bias based on size is unjustified without additional semantic information. In pursuit of this, we propose a generic approach that evaluates each salient object separately and then combines the results, effectively alleviating the imbalance. We further develop an optimization framework tailored to this goal, achieving considerable improvements in detecting objects of different sizes. Theoretically, we provide evidence supporting the validity of our new metrics and present the generalization analysis of SOD. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The code is available at https://***/Ferry-Li/SI-SOD.

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Effect of Protonation and Deprotonation on Oxygen-Containing Groups Functionalized Graphene for Boron Adsorption Removal

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Yao, Jingjing Zhang, Shidong Li, Dong-Sheng Wang, Ye An, Wengang Yang, Hui Ying Pillar of Engineering Product Development Singapore University of Technology and Design 8 Somapah Road 487372 Singapore Institute of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials and Technology College of Big Data and Information Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang550025 China Singapore University of Technology and Design [SUTD Singapore Central South University China Key Laboratory of Material Physics Ministry of Education School of Physics and Microelectronics Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou450052 China College of New Energy and Environment Jilin University Changchun130021 China

This study investigated the adsorption mechanisms of B(OH)3 (B3) and B(OH)4- (B4) on protonated and deprotonated graphene with oxygen-containing functional groups. Protonation or deprotonation conditions were found to significantly influence boron adsorption. Deprotonation of hydroxyl-modified graphene with 20 carbon rings (G20-OH) and carboxyl-modified graphene with 20 carbon rings (G20-COOH) led to decreased adsorption capacities for both B3 and B4. Protonation of G20-OH enhanced B3 adsorption. The adsorption interface, mainly around hydrogen atoms associated with protonated groups, exhibited a sharp gradient, likely due to increased electron density from O-H bond formation. B3 showed stronger electron sharing, emphasizing robust interactions. Hydrogen bonding dominated in G20-OH2-B3, while G20-O-B4 exhibited more substantial hydrogen bond interactions. In summary, hydrogen bond strength played a crucial role in B3 adsorption, while electrostatic repulsion hindered B4 adsorption on deprotonated graphene. This highlights the importance of graphene protonated and deprotonated states in effectively removing various pKa contaminants. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Density functional theory

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Research Artifacts in Software engineering Publications: Status and Trends

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Liu, Mugeng Huang, Xiaolong He, Wei Xie, Yibing Zhang, Jie M. Jing, Xiang Chen, Zhenpeng Ma, Yun Ministry of Education School of Computer Science Peking University Beijing China School of Software and Microelectronics Peking University Beijing China Department of Informatics King’s College London London United Kingdom National Key Laboratory of Data Space Technology and System Beijing China School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore Institute for Artificial Intelligence Peking University Beijing China

The Software engineering (SE) community has been embracing the open science policy and encouraging researchers to disclose artifacts in their publications. However, the status and trends of artifact practice and quality remain unclear, lacking insights on further improvement. In this paper, we present an empirical study to characterize the research artifacts in SE publications. Specifically, we manually collect 1,487 artifacts from all 2,196 papers published in top-tier SE conferences (ASE, FSE, ICSE, and ISSTA) from 2017 to 2022. We investigate the common practices (e.g., URL location and format, storage websites), maintenance activities (e.g., last update time and URL validity), popularity (e.g., the number of stars on GitHub and characteristics), and quality (e.g., documentation and code smell) of these artifacts. Based on our analysis, we reveal a rise in publications providing artifacts. The usage of Zenodo for sharing artifacts has significantly increased. However, artifacts stored in GitHub tend to receive few stars, indicating a limited influence on real-world SE applications. We summarize the results and provide suggestions to different stakeholders in conjunction with current guidelines. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Software engineering

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Spiking-Detr: A Spike-Driven End-to-End Object Detection Framework on Spike-Form data Streams Using Spiking-Transformer and Spiking Residual Learning

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Ouyang, Hanyu Jiang, Jie School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering Beihang University 37 Xueyuan Road Haidian District Beijing100191 China The Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology Key Laboratory of Education Ministry Beihang University 37 Xueyuan Road Haidian District Beijing100191 China The Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine Beihang University 37 Xueyuan Road Haidian District Beijing100191 China

In the domain of object detection, deep Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) present a potential alternative to its CNNs counterpart due to its energy-efficient property. However, performance of state-of-the-art deep SNNs-based object detection approaches suffer from information loss during the event-to-tensor projection and redundant computations introduced by the artificial post-processing modules. To improve the information richness during data transformation and reduce computation cost, we propose a novel spike-driven object detection framework named Spiking-DETR on spike-form data streams by introducing Spiking-Transformer and DETR architecture. It consists of four modules, namely Mixed Time Bin Cube (MTB Cube) module for event-tensor transformation, Spatio-temporal Feature Extraction module for spatio-temporal features extraction, Spiking-Transformer-based Encoder-Decoder module for object pattern and location learning and Post-Processing module for loss computation. We evaluate the proposed model on two public event-based object detection datasets: GEN1 and 1Mpx. Comprehensive experiments show that Spiking-DETR achieves state-of-the-art performance while maintaining relatively low number of parameters and low computation cost. Additionally, it is the first model fully composed of SNNs and achieving end-to-end object detection. The code for this work can be found on the project page here: https://***/JosephBH0622/Spiking-DETR. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Object detection

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Effect of Functional Groups of Hydration Heat Controlling Materials on Cement Hydration and its Mechanism

SSRN

引用

SSRN 2022年

作者： Liu, Xiao Xie, Hui Luo, Qifeng Xia, Chunlei Ding, Yungchin Chen, Yichen Gao, Ruijun Wei, Zhongyuan Bai, Xiabing He, Rui Zhou, Wu Zhou, Xiangzheng Wang, Ziming Cui, Suping Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Ministry of Education Beijing University of Technology Beijing100024 China Beijing Municipal Engineering Research Institute Beijing100037 China Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei10608 Taiwan China Building Materials Academy Beijing100024 China Tangshan Longyi Tech. Co. Ltd. Tangshan063004 China Beijing NAURA Microelectronics Equipment Co. Ltd. Beijing100176 China Engineering Research Center of Transportation Materials of Ministry of Education Chang’ an University Xi'An710061 China Guangxi Keda Building Material Chemicals Co. Ltd. Nanning530221 China Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-data Application Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China

Severe temperature rise of mass concrete caused by cement hydration can lead to thermal cracks which further reduce the durability of concrete. In this study, three types of hydration heat controlling materials (HHCMs) respectively containing pure hydroxyl (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA), carboxyl (polyacrylic acid, PAA) and ester groups (maleic acid-ethylene glycol ester, P(MA-EG)) were synthesized and mixed with cement-based materials, and the hydration heat and setting time of cement pastes and the adiabatic temperature rise and strength of mortars were tested. The results showed that PAA and P(MA-EG) reduced the peak value of hydration heat release rate of cement paste by 77.45% and 62.28% respectively, and prolonged 54.14h and 15.56h respectively. The cumulative heat release within 72h decreased by 42.42% and 64.50% respectively, and the central temperatures of mortars containing PAA and P(MA-EG) decreased by 11.9 °C and 18.5 °C respectively. The mechanism of HHCMs was further revealed in terms of adsorption capacity, hydrodynamic radius, and conductivity and hydration products of cement pastes. The HHCMs containing carboxyl or hydroxyl groups, adsorbed on cement particles by Ca 2+ complexation, while the HHCMs containing ester groups, i.e. P(MA-EG), continuously hydrolyzed to carboxyl groups in alkaline cement pastes, which hydrolysis rate changed with the hydration temperature of cement-based materials to further regulate the hydration process. This study aims to provide technical feasibility and theoretical basis for exploring new avenues of synthesizing HHCMs with different functional groups. These novel HHCMs with great potentials can be as new admixtures to reduce thermal cracks in concrete. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ethylene glycol

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Preparation of Tungsten Molybdenum Oxide from Secondary Resources by a Facile Heat-Treatment Process and its Superior Selective Adsorption Properties

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Liu, Yanan Liu, Yangsi Ma, Liwen Xi, Xiaoli Nie, Zuoren Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Ministry of Education Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-data Application Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China Beijing Guyue New Materials Research Institute Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China

Tungsten molybdenum oxide was prepared by a facile heat-treatment process using ion exchange resins as the template. The morphology and crystallinity of the product can be controlled via varying the calcination temperature. The products show excellent selective adsorption properties for methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) model dyes with different molecular sizes and charges, especially for MB. The kinetic data show that the product accords with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherm can be described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. When the concentration of MB is 100 mg/L, the adsorption capacity of the product for MB can be 833.43 mg/g, which is higher than that reported in many works of literature. Electrostatic adsorption was found to be the main adsorption mechanism. The heat-treatment method was successfully used to obtained tungsten molybdenum oxide from W-Mo alloy scrap. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Tungsten compounds

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Novel trusted authentication and evaluation framework in VANET

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Tongxin Xuebao/Journal on Communications 2009年第1 A期30卷 107-113页

作者： Wu, Jing Liu, Yan-Heng Wang, Jian Li, Wei-Ping College of Computer Science and Technology Jilin University Changchun 130012 China Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun 130012 China Changchun Jilin University Information Technologies Co. Ltd. Changchun 130012 China

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) have many new characteristics unlike tranditional network, such as centriclessness, mobility and multi-hop transmission, which invalidate conventional key managements. The fast development and successful application of trusted computing technology provide a potential solution to achieve effective authentication and trust evaluation. According to the VANET with self-organization, a new authentication and trust evaluation framework was proposed based on trusted computing technology, the concepts of "trusted attribute" and "trusted grade" were introduced, and the key management architecture as well as authentication process of mobile node were explained in detail. Moreover, the potential real application of the presented framework was discussed, and the trust evaluation method and its argumentation in the presented framework were given.

关键词： Authentication

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Multi-Label Out-of-Distribution Detection Via Exploiting Sparsity and Co-Occurrence of Labels

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Wang, Lei Huang, Sheng Huangfu, Luwen Liu, Bo Zhang, Xiaohong School of Big Data and Software Engineering Chongqing University Chonqqing 400044 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society Chongqing 400044 China Fowler College of Business Center for Human Dynamics in the Mobile Age San Diego State University San DiegoCA92182 United States JD Finance America Corporation Mountain ViewCA94043 United States

Although Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has been extensively studied, the OOD detection under multi-label settings, which is closer to the real world, is still in its infancy. The pioneer work ignores some unique properties of multi-label images, such as the sparsity and co-occurrence of labels. Here, we empirically observe that these properties readily distinguish OOD and in-distribution data. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel multi-label OOD detection approach named Sparse Label Co-occurrence Scoring (SLCS) to exploit the sparsity and co-occurrence information of labels. SLCS follows conventions and deems the logits outputted by the penultimate layer of the trained multi-label image classification model as the prediction confidences of a sample to categories in the training label set. A logit sparse filtering process is employed to filter out the low-confidence logits for avoiding the interference of low-confidence predictions while preserving the high-confidence logits to obtain the label sparsity. Then, the label co-occurrence pairs are counted for each sample based on its predicted categories and the label co-occurrence matrix constructed on the training set. Finally, the preserved logits are weighted by the label co-occurrence information and accumulated to produce the OOD detection score for each sample. Extensive experimental results on three well-known multi-label image datasets demonstrate the discriminating power of SLCS, which achieves greatly improved performances compared with the only multi-label OOD detection approach - JointEnergry and the state-of-the-art single-label OOD detection approaches. The performance improvements of SLCS over JointEnergy in FPR95 are 12.85%, 12.41%, and 9.50% on MS-COCO, VOC 2012, and NUS-WIDE datasets *** Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has been extensively studied, the OOD detection under multi-label settings, which is closer to the real world, is still in its infancy. The pione

关键词： Image classification

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All-electric mimicking synaptic plasticity based on the noncollinear antiferromagnetic device

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Cao, Cuimei Duan, Wei Feng, Xiaoyu Xu, Yan Wang, Yihan Yang, Zhenzhong Zhan, Qingfeng You, Long School of Integrated Circuits Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China School of Physics and Electronic Science East China Normal University Shanghai200241 China Key Laboratory of Information Storage System Engineering Research Center of Data Storage Systems and Technology Ministry of Education of China Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen518000 China

Neuromorphic computing, which seeks to replicate the brain’s ability to process information, has garnered significant attention due to its potential to achieve brain-like computing efficiency and human cognitive intelligence. Spin-orbit torque (SOT) devices can be used to simulate artificial synapses with non-volatile, high-speed processing and endurance characteristics. Nevertheless, achieving energy-efficient all-electric synaptic plasticity emulation using SOT devices remains a challenge. We chose the noncollinear antiferromagnetic Mn3Pt as spin source to fabricate the Mn3Pt-based SOT device, leveraging its unconventional spin current resulting from magnetic space breaking. By adjusting the amplitude, duration, and number of pulsed currents, the Mn3Pt-based SOT device achieves nonvolatile multi-state modulated by all-electric SOT switching, enabling emulate synaptic behaviors like excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), long-term depression (LTD) and the long-term potentiation (LTP) process. In addition, we show the successful training of an artificial neural network based on such SOT device in recognizing handwritten digits with a high recognition accuracy of 94.95 %, which is only slightly lower than that from simulations (98.04 %). These findings suggest that the Mn3Pt-based SOT device is a promising candidate for the implementation of memristor-based brain-inspired computing systems. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multicarrier modulation

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Synthesis of Flower-Like Bi/Bi2o3/Wo3 Tri-Composites and the Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Property

SSRN

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SSRN 2022年

作者： Xi, Xiaoli Zhao, Linyan Liu, Yangsi Cheng, Jiali Nie, Zuoren Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials Ministry of Education Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-data Application Technology Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China Beijing Guyue New Materials Research Institute Beijing University of Technology Beijing100124 China

A novel tri-composite Bi/Bi2O3/WO3 product was fabricated via a facile and green hydrothermal-solvothermal method, and the morphology structure was tailored by adjusting the dosage of EDTA. The final three-dimensional (3D) flower-like Bi/Bi2O3/WO3 is in structure with one-dimensional (1D) nanorods surrounded by two-dimensional (2D) nanoflakes and zero-dimensional (0D) Bi spheres dispersed around randomly. Moreover, the growth mechanism of the flower-like Bi/Bi2O3/WO3 was clarified and illustrated, where the functions of organic ethylene glycol and EDTA were considered, and a coordination and epitaxy growth process was proposed. The Bi/Bi2O3/WO3 composite performed highest visible-light photocatalytic activities to organic pollutant methylene blue (MB) of up to 95% degradation rate, and impressive photocatalytic efficiency to methyl orange (MO) in a tri-pollutants system, indicating the application potential in wastewater treatment. The superior photocatalytic performance could mainly contribute to the large proportion of flower-like structure and the synergy effect of the dual-path transfer process of charges, where the Z-scheme structure and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon is involved and discussed. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bismuth compounds

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