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American Gear Manufacturers Association Fall Technical Meeting 2023, FTM 2023

作者： Willecke, Marius Brimmers, Jens Brecher, Christian Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering

ISBN: (纸本)9781643531465

In the series production of gearboxes, most gearboxes are usually tested in an end-of-line test after assembly. Among other things, the noise of the gearbox is checked during such tests. A reason for an acoustical failure can be an unlucky combination of the manufacturing deviation of two meshing gears. If a gearbox appears faulty, it has to be disassembled again, which is labor and cost intensive. To reduce the number of gearboxes sorted out for acoustics reasons, the gearbox acoustic behavior can be simulated prior to its assembly. The simulation considers the specific deviated gears of the unit. This allows the detection of the combination of unfavorable manufacturing deviations. A simulation model domain, generally used to calculate the acoustic behavior of the whole gearbox, is an elastic multi body system model. This model type calculates the acoustic behavior in time domain to consider the nonlinear meshing behavior of gears and other components. The major challenge using this model type is the tremendous amount of calculation time needed to produce suitable results. That is why a method to predict the acoustic behavior of the gears faster than with the currently used simulation models is needed. Otherwise, the simulation cannot be performed in parallel to gearbox manufacturing. To achieve calculation speedup, the size of the mathematical problem is reduced by introducing the sum deviation surface as a generalization of gear topographies. It allows reducing the number of necessary input parameters for the new model. Using the sum deviation surface, variants within a given deviation space are calculated as training dataset. This dataset is utilized to develop a deep neural network model of the gearbox. The network then predicts the acoustic behavior of a whole gearbox based on the topography deviations faster than real-time. Prediction is verified by an independent test data set. Copyright © 2023.

关键词： Topography

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Influence of Axis Misalignments in Stepped Planetary Gear Stages on the Excitation Behavior – Test Rig Development and Simulative Analysis

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VDI Berichte 2023年第2422期 175-190页

作者： Westphal, Christian Brimmers, Jens Brecher, Christian Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL Gear Department RWTH Aachen University Germany

One challenge in the design of automotive gearboxes is the combination of high power density, high efficiency and low noise emission. With the electrification of the powertrain, the requirements in terms of noise emission and efficiency increase additionally. Stepped planetary gear stages are a potential topology to solve the current challenges in gearbox technology. Current research shows the pronounced misalignment behavior of planetary gear stages, especially with manufacturing or assembly deviations. However, the effects of dynamic misalignment behavior on tooth contacts in stepped planetary gear stages have not been adequately investigated. This paper presents a test rig that allows the investigation of the excitation and displacement behavior of stepped planetary gear stages taking into account adjustable axis misalignments. The axis misalignment of the stepped planetary shafts is introduced with eccentric bushings in this test rig concept. To evaluate the excitation and displacement behavior the transmission error and the displacements of different components can be measured. The test rig is modeled in the dynamic multibody simulation. The tooth contact is modeled using the force module GEARFORCE6D. The axis misalignment is varied in the simulation model and the influence on the excitation and displacement behavior is evaluated. The simulation results show that planet pin position errors have the highest influence on the sun trajectory and the load sharing. The misalignments occurring in the tooth contacts due to inclination and skew of the stepped planetary shaft lead to higher tooth flank pressures and an increase in the total transmission error. © 2023 The Authors.

关键词： Efficiency

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Modeling of Load-dependent Friction in Robot Joints Using Long Short-term Memory Networks 56

Modeling of Load-dependent Friction in Robot Joints Using Lo...

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56th International Symposium on Robotics, ISR Europe 2023

作者： Trinh, Minh Pellenz, Yannick Gründel, Lukas Petrovic, Oliver Brecher, Christian Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783800761418

The application of industrial robots (IR) in machining has many potential advantages such as flexibility and a large workspace. However, due to their functional structure, IR show weaknesses in absolute and path accuracy compared to machine tools. Model-based compensation techniques can be used as a solution for which precise modeling of the robot dynamics and its influences is required. Friction is responsible for a large portion of the total torque, especially at low speeds for which it shows a highly nonlinear behavior. Friction possesses many influencing variables that are not considered in simple analytical models, such as temperature or load. This paper addresses the latter in analyzing models that are able to model the influence of the load on the IR. For this purpose, analytical models are considered and validated using the first and second axis of an IR. In addition, Long Short-term Memory networks are analyzed as a data-driven technique in order to assess its ability to model highly nonlinear friction behavior, while being able to incorporate many input variables. © VDE VERLAG GMBH Berlin Offenbach.

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Network Aspects of Virtualized Industrial Control from the Edge Cloud Enabled by COTS Hardware 7

Network Aspects of Virtualized Industrial Control from the E...

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7th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robots, ICACR 2023

作者： Susen, Christoph Von Horn, Bjarne Petrovic, Oliver Herfs, Werner Rwth Aachen University Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350302882

Challenges faced by manufacturing industry due to shorter product life cycles, globalization, rising raw material costs and increasing diversity of product variants are addressed by the transformation to Industry 4.0 and Software-Defined Manufacturing. Data availability and flexibly scalable control systems are essential so that software can take over the central and steering role. This required flexibility can be achieved with the help of the principle of virtualization that has become established in information technology, which enables hardware, platforms or entire services to be scaled as required and reduces administrative effort. In automation technology, however, there are additional requirements for real-time, availability and security compared to IT, which require special consideration. In this paper, we elaborate intensively on the current state of the art with respect to technologies relevant for the establishment of an industrial control cloud. We present a concept that enables the virtualization and consolidation of industrial control systems based entirely on open-source software and commercial off-the-shelf server and network hardware. In this context, we investigate different approaches for the network connection of field devices to virtualized controllers. To validate our approach, we perform a sample implementation and present results from both response time measurements and a two-channel measurement to precisely quantify the latency induced by virtualization and networking. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Life cycle

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Quantification of sustainability in production systems through a conceptual input-output model 16

Quantification of sustainability in production systems throu...

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16th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing engineering, CIRP ICME 2022

作者： Sohnius, Felix Iglauer, Martin Gussen, Lars C. Schmitt, Robert H. Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL RWTH Aachen University Germany

This paper presents an input-output model for measuring sustainability performance in production systems based on key performance indicators (KPIs). Sustainability is one of the most pressing issues of our time. Experts (e.g., Larry Fink, CEO of BlackRock) and management consultancies (e.g., McKinsey) are warning not only about the ecological consequences of climate change, but also about the socio-economic consequences. In this context, companies are challenged to define KPIs for sustainability. The input-output model presented in this paper supports production management to detect trends of sustainability factors at an early stage in order to derive actions and achieve strategic sustainability goals. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

关键词： Sustainable development

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Clock Synchronization for Virtualized Numerical Control from the Edge Cloud using EtherCAT and COTS Hardware 57

Clock Synchronization for Virtualized Numerical Control from...

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18th IFAC Workshop on Time Delay Systems, TDS 2024

作者： Susen, Christoph Schoofs, Nico Petrovic, Oliver Herfs, Werner Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering of RWTH Aachen University Steinbachstraße 19 Aachen52074 Germany

This paper proposes a concept for virtualized numerical control from the edge cloud. It focuses on precise clock synchronization between numerical controllers in the edge cloud and field devices as this crucial aspect is not addressed by current research. Leveraging EtherCAT and commercial off-the-shelf hardware for compute and networking, the proposed concept is implemented and extensively validated. For this purpose, response time, frame delay, clock synchronization accuracy and cyclictest measurements are carried out in a setup with multiple virtualized controllers and under heavy load of the entire system. The results support the realization of real-time-capable industrial control from the edge cloud with current IT hardware and open-source software even under the highest real-time requirements of a numerical controller. Future work will involve refining our concept and implementing it on a real machine tool. © 2024 The Authors.

关键词： Mechanical clocks

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Systematic Evaluation of Hybrid Portfolios for Solution Providers in machinery engineering

Systematic Evaluation of Hybrid Portfolios for Solution Prov...

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2024 Portland International Conference on Management of engineering and Technology, PICMET 2024

作者： Riesener, Michael Keuper, Alexander Bobmann, Carsten Schulz-Isenbeck, Timm Schuh, Gunther RWTH Aachen University Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL Aachen Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781890843458

The change from traditional manufacturers to solution providers represents a comprehensive business reorientation. As a solution provider, manufacturing companies emphasize on the customer's benefit. Through the combination of physical prod-ucts, software and services, individual solutions are provided for the customer in order to achieve the greatest possible added value. The transformation has a particular impact on the structure and composition of traditional portfolios in machinery engineering, since new software and service components are gradually added. Therefore, portfolio evaluation methods need to address hybrid portfolios in order to manage the transformation effectively. Ex-isting portfolio management approaches are limited to structuring physical product portfolios only. Thus, this paper develops a new methodology to evaluate hybrid portfolios. A comprehensive framework is employed integrating portfolio evaluation techniques and technology management principles to analyze and op-timize hybrid portfolios. The evaluation comprises two principal evaluation fields, which consider both external market and inter-nal perspectives to identify strategic directions for portfolio and technology management. By systematizing the portfolio evaluation, the results contribute to the transformation into solution pro-viders, encompassing increasing software and services. © 2024 PICMET.

关键词： Investments

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Establishing Sustainable Business Models Through Subscription in machinery and Plant engineering

Establishing Sustainable Business Models Through Subscriptio...

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2024 Portland International Conference on Management of engineering and Technology, PICMET 2024

作者： Riesener, Michael Keuper, Alexander Bobmann, Carsten Smerz, Jonathan Schulz-Isenbeck, Timm Schuh, Gunther RWTH Aachen University Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL Aachen Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781890843458

Companies in machinery and plant engineering make a significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and the use of raw materials. Therefore, they have decisive poten-tial to make better use of resources, increase efficiency and avoid overproduction with regard to a more sustainable economy. How-ever, sustainability is not necessarily an end in itself for companies and must therefore be motivated by incentives. In addition to po-litical legislation and its mandatory implementation of sustainabil-ity initiatives, there must also be financial incentives for compa-nies. In this way, sustainable companies can be successful in a competitive environment in the long term. By using subscription mod-els, companies can establish a long-term and stronger connection to the products and customers. The resulting longer and more in-tensive use of the utilized resources or the extension of the life cycle through upgrades make a significant contribution to sustainabil-ity. This paper therefore examines the effect of subscription mod-els on the establishment of sustainable business models. On the one hand, interdependencies between subscription models and sus-tainable business models are determined. On the other hand, these interdependencies are analyzed concerning influencing factors for sustainability. © 2024 PICMET.

关键词： Kyoto Protocol

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Derivation of Targets for the Portfolio Planning of a Solution Provider in machinery engineering

Derivation of Targets for the Portfolio Planning of a Soluti...

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2024 Portland International Conference on Management of engineering and Technology, PICMET 2024

作者： Riesener, Michael Keuper, Alexander Bobmann, Carsten Schuh, Gunther RWTH Aachen University Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL Aachen Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Aachen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781890843458

Companies in the machinery engineering sector are increasingly forced to make a strategic decision to transform from product to solution providers. Increasing competitive pressure from international competitors, fewer technological differentiation options for mechatronic products, increased establishment of software applications and increasingly individualized customer requirements are posing challenges for companies. The transformation into a solution provider is one way to address these challenges. In addition, the transformation promises stable sales in the long term and the opportunity to use the resources utilized longer and more intensively in terms of the circular economy. Accordingly, solution providers are no longer selling products, but rather individualized bundles of products, services and software applications in result-oriented business models. However, companies lack a suitable target system for the planning of the portfolio for this transformation. The target system provides a framework to make decisions about the necessary products, services and software applications in the portfolio as well as the most reasonable composition of portfolio elements for individualized solutions. To this end, this paper derives and describes the corresponding targets and associated target dimensions for planning the portfolio of solution providers. © 2024 PICMET.

关键词： Sales

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ML-Pipeline for the Quality Assessment of Screwdriving Processes 17

ML-Pipeline for the Quality Assessment of Screwdriving Proce...

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17th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing engineering, CIRP ICME 2023

作者： Wende, Martin Bender, Marcel Frye, Maik Grunert, Dennis Schmitt, Robert H. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Aachen Germany Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany

Current quality assessment methods of screwdriving processes evaluate the final torque-angle combination only. Consequently, anomalies and errors during the screwdriving process may remain unnoticed. Furthermore, the cause of an error cannot always be determined. We present an ML-pipeline for the assessment of screwing operations based on time series data of the entire process. The analysis is performed using the publicly available AURSAD dataset. The transfer onto screwdriving processes of the commercial vehicle production is likewise discussed. We find that the ML-pipeline performance is highly dependent on the combined consideration of preprocessing methods and model training. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

关键词： Time series

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