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OpenKBP-Opt: An international and reproducible evaluation of 76 knowledge-based planning pipelines

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Babier, Aaron Mahmood, Rafid Zhang, Binghao Alves, Victor G.L. Barragán-Montero, Ana Maria Beaudry, Joel Cardenas, Carlos E. Chang, Yankui Chen, Zijie Chun, Jaehee Diaz, Kelly Eraso, Harold David Faustmann, Erik Gaj, Sibaji Gay, Skylar Gronberg, Mary Guo, Bingqi He, Junjun Heilemann, Gerd Hira, Sanchit Huang, Yuliang Ji, Fuxin Jiang, Dashan Giraldo, Jean Carlo Jimenez Lee, Hoyeon Lian, Jun Liu, Shuolin Liu, Keng-Chi Marrugo, José Miki, Kentaro Nakamura, Kunio Netherton, Tucker Nguyen, Dan Nourzadeh, Hamidreza Osman, Alexander F.I. Peng, Zhao Muñoz, José Darío Quinto Ramsl, Christian Rhee, Dong Joo Rodriguez, Juan David Shan, Hongming Siebers, Jeffrey V. Soomro, Mumtaz H. Sun, Kay Hoyos, Andrés Usuga Valderrama, Carlos Verbeek, Rob Wang, Enpei Willems, Siri Wu, Qi Xu, Xuanang Yang, Sen Yuan, Lulin Zhu, Simeng Zimmermann, Lukas Moore, Kevin L. Purdie, Thomas G. McNiven, Andrea L. Chan, Timothy C.Y. Department Of Mechanical And Industrial Engineering University Of Toronto TorontoON Canada Vector Institute TorontoON Canada Department Of Radiation Oncology University Of Virginia Health System CharlottesvilleVA United States Department Of Molecular Imaging Radiation Oncology UCLouvain Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium Department Of Radiation Oncology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New YorkNY United States Department Of Radiation Oncology The University Of Alabama At Birmingham BirminghamAL United States Department Of Engineering And Applied Physics University Of Science And Technology Of China Hefei China Shenying Medical Technology Co. Ltd. Guangdong Shenzhen China Department Of Radiation Oncology Yonsei University Seoul Korea Republic of Department Of Physics National University Of Colombia Medellín Colombia Atominstitut Vienna University Of Technology Vienna Austria Department Of Biomedical Engineering Cleveland Clinic ClevelandOH United States Department Of Radiation Physics The University Of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center HoustonTX United States Department Of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Department Of Radiation Oncology Medical University Of Vienna Vienna Austria Department Of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University BaltimoreMD United States Department Of Radiation Oncology Peking University Cancer Hospital And Institute Beijing China Department Of Electrical Engineering And Automation Anhui University Hefei China Department Of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital BostonMA United States Department Of Radiation Oncology University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Chapel HillNC United States Department Of Medical Imaging Taiwan AI Labs Taipei Taiwan Department Of Biomedical And Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan Laboratory Department Of Radiation Oncology The University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center DallasTX United States Department Of Radiatio

We establish an open framework for developing plan optimization models for knowledge-based planning (KBP) in radiotherapy. Our framework includes reference plans for 100 patients with head-and-neck cancer and high-quality dose predictions from 19 KBP models that were developed by different research groups during the OpenKBP Grand Challenge. The dose predictions were input to four optimization models to form 76 unique KBP pipelines that generated 7600 plans. The predictions and plans were compared to the reference plans via: dose score, which is the average mean absolute voxel-by-voxel difference in dose a model achieved;the deviation in dosevolume histogram (DVH) criterion;and the frequency of clinical planning criteria satisfaction. We also performed a theoretical investigation to justify our dose mimicking models. The range in rank order correlation of the dose score between predictions and their KBP pipelines was 0.50 to 0.62, which indicates that the quality of the predictions is generally positively correlated with the quality of the plans. Additionally, compared to the input predictions, the KBPgenerated plans performed significantly better (P © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Forecasting

Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Kavur, A. Emre Rädsch, Tim Sudre, Carole H. Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Cheplygina, Veronika Chen, Jianxu Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kofler, Florian Kooi, Thijs Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. van Calster, Ben Varoquaux, Gaël Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul F. Maier-Hein, Lena Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany NCT Heidelberg A Partnership Between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montreal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Leuven Belgium partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany and Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for Statistics in Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Center for Biomedical In

Validation metrics are key for tracking scientific progress and bridging the current chasm between artificial intelligence (AI) research and its translation into practice. However, increasing evidence shows that particularly in image analysis, metrics are often chosen inadequately. While taking into account the individual strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of validation metrics is a critical prerequisite to making educated choices, the relevant knowledge is currently scattered and poorly accessible to individual researchers. Based on a multi-stage Delphi process conducted by a multidisciplinary expert consortium as well as extensive community feedback, the present work provides the first reliable and comprehensive common point of access to information on pitfalls related to validation metrics in image analysis. While focused on biomedical image analysis, the addressed pitfalls generalize across application domains and are categorized according to a newly created, domain-agnostic taxonomy. The work serves to enhance global comprehension of a key topic in image analysis validation. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： computer vision

Visualizing Functional Network Connectivity Difference between Healthy Control and Major Depressive Disorder Using an Explainable Machine-learning Method

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Visualizing Functional Network Connectivity Difference betwe...

Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： Ji Ye Chun Mohammad S. E. Sendi Jing Sui Dongmei Zhi Vince D. Calhoun Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science Georgia State University Georgia Institute of Technology Emory University Atlanta Georgia Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (数字)9781728119908

ISBN: (纸本)9781728119915

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex mental disorder characterized by a persistent sad feeling and depressed mood. Recent studies reported differences between healthy control (HC) and MDD by looking to brain networks including default mode and cognitive control networks. More recently there has been interest in studying the brain using advanced machine learning-based classification approaches. However, interpreting the model used in the classification between MDD and HC has not been explored yet. In the current study, we classified MDD from HC by estimating whole-brain connectivity using several classification methods including support vector machine, random forest, XGBoost, and convolutional neural network. In addition, we leveraged the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach as a feature learning method to model the difference between these two groups. We found a consistent result among all classification method in regard of the classification accuracy and feature learning. Also, we highlighted the role of other brain networks particularly visual and sensory motor network in the classification between MDD and HC subjects.

关键词： Radio frequency Support vector machines Visualization Functional magnetic resonance imaging Machine learning Hospitals Brain modeling

Underwater acoustic intensity field reconstruction by kriged compressive sensing 13

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Underwater acoustic intensity field reconstruction by kriged...

13th ACM International Conference on Underwater Networks and Systems, WUWNet 2018

作者： Sun, Jie Yu, Jiancheng Zhang, Aiqun Song, Aijun Zhang, Fumin State Key Laboratory of Robotics Shenyang Institute of Automation Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang110016 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Department of Electrical Engineering University of Alabama TuscaloosaAL35487 United States School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450361934

This paper presents a novel Kriged Compressive Sensing (KCS) approach for the reconstruction of underwater acoustic intensity fields sampled by multiple gliders following sawtooth sampling patterns. Blank areas in between the sampling trajectories may cause unsatisfying reconstruction results. The KCS method leverages spatial statistical correlation properties of the acoustic intensity field being sampled to improve the compressive reconstruction process. Virtual data samples generated from a kriging method are inserted into the blank areas. We show that by using the virtual samples along with real samples, the acoustic intensity field can be reconstructed with higher accuracy when coherent spatial patterns exist. Corresponding algorithms are developed for both unweighted and weighted KCS methods. By distinguishing the virtual samples from real samples through weighting, the reconstruction results can be further improved. Simulation results show that both algorithms can improve the reconstruction results according to the PSNR and SSIM metrics. The methods are applied to process the ocean ambient noise data collected by the Sea-Wing acoustic gliders in the South China Sea. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.

关键词： Kriging

Agile reactive navigation for a non-holonomic mobile robot using a pixel processor array

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Liu, Yanan Bose, Laurie Greatwood, Colin Chen, Jianing Fan, Rui Richardson, Thomas Carey, Stephen J. Dudek, Piotr Mayol-Cuevas, Walterio Bristol Robotics Laboratory University of Bristol BristolBS16 1QY United Kingdom Visual Information Laboratory University of Bristol BristolBS1 5DD United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Manchester ManchesterM13 9PL United Kingdom Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Ophthalmology University of California San DiegoCA92093 United States Hangzhou ATG Intelligent Technology Co. Ltd. Hangzhou China Amazon Seattle United States

This paper presents an agile reactive navigation strategy for driving a non-holonomic ground vehicle around a preset course of gates in a cluttered environment using a low-cost processor array sensor. This enables machine vision tasks to be performed directly upon the sensor’s image plane, rather than using a separate general-purpose computer. We demonstrate a small ground vehicle running through or avoiding multiple gates at high speed using minimal computational resources. To achieve this, target tracking algorithms are developed for the Pixel Processing Array and captured images are then processed directly on the vision sensor acquiring target information for controlling the ground vehicle. The algorithm can run at up to 2000 fps outdoors and 200fps at indoor illumination levels. Conducting image processing at the sensor level avoids the bottleneck of image transfer encountered in conventional sensors. The real-time performance of on-board image processing and robustness is validated through experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm’s ability to enable a ground vehicle to navigate at an average speed of 2.20 m/s for passing through multiple gates and 3.88 m/s for a ‘slalom’ task in an environment featuring significant visual clutter. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mobile robots

TransMut: a program to predict HLA-I peptide binding and optimize mutated peptides for vaccine design by the Transformer-derived self-attention model

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Research Square

Research Square 2021年

作者： Chu, Yanyi Zhang, Yan Wang, Qiankun Zhang, Lingfeng Wang, Xuhong Wang, Yanjing Wang, Jianmin Jiang, Xue Salahub, Dennis Russell Xiong, Yi Wei, Dong-Qing State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200030 China Department of Chemistry CMS - Centre for Molecular Simulation IQST - Institute for Quantum Science and Technology University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW CalgaryABT2N 1N4 Canada Department of Clinical Oncology The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital Shenzhen China School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Ottawa 75 Laurier Ave. OttawaONK1N 6N5 Canada The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of System control and information processing Department of Automation School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200030 China Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine Yonsei University Incheon21983 Korea Republic of Peng Cheng Laboratory Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8 Xili Street Nanshan District Guangdong Shenzhen518055 China

Computational prediction of the interaction between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and peptide (pHLA) can speed up epitope screening and vaccine design. Here, we develop the TransMut framework composed of TransPHLA for pHLA binding prediction and AOMP for mutated peptide optimization, which can be generalized to any binding and mutation task of biomolecules. Firstly, TransPHLA is developed by using a Transformer-derived self-attention model to predict pHLA binding, which is significantly superior to 11 previous methods on pHLA binding prediction, neoantigen and human papilloma virus vaccine identification. For vaccine design, the AOMP program is then developed to automatically optimize mutated peptides to search for mutant peptides with higher affinity to the target HLA and with high homology to the source peptide. Among 3660 non-binding pHLAs, 3630 were successfully mutated. Of these, 94% were verified by the IEDB recommended method, and 88% have homology higher than 80% to the source peptide. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Peptides

Designing and Training of A Dual CNN for Image Denoising

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Zuo, Wangmeng Zhang, David Lin, Chia-Wen Xu, Yong Tian, Chunwei Du, Bo Bio-Computing Research Center Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Visual Object Detection and Recognition ShenzhenGuangdong518055 China Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen518055 China School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology 150001 HarbinHeilongjiang China Peng Cheng Laboratory Shenzhen518055 China School of Computer Science Wuhan University 430072 WuhanHubei China Department of Electrical Engineering Institute of Communications Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 518172 ShenzhenGuangdong China Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society Shenzhen China

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image denoising have recently attracted increasing research interest. However, plain networks cannot recover fine details for a complex task, such as real noisy images. In this paper, we propose a Dual denoising Network (DudeNet) to recover a clean image. Specifically, DudeNet consists of four modules: a feature extraction block, an enhancement block, a compression block, and a reconstruction block. The feature extraction block with a sparse mechanism extracts global and local features via two sub-networks. The enhancement block gathers and fuses the global and local features to provide complementary information for the latter network. The compression block refines the extracted information and compresses the network. Finally, the reconstruction block is utilized to reconstruct a denoised image. The DudeNet has the following advantages: (1) The dual networks with a parse mechanism can extract complementary features to enhance the generalized ability of denoiser. (2) Fusing global and local features can extract salient features to recover fine details for complex noisy images. (3) A Small-size filter is used to reduce the complexity of denoiser. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of DudeNet over existing current state-of-the-art denoising methods. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Recovery

Why is the Winner the Best?

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Why is the Winner the Best?

Conference on computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

作者： M. Eisenmann A. Reinke V. Weru M. D. Tizabi F. Isensee T. J. Adler S. Ali V. Andrearczyk M. Aubreville U. Baid S. Bakas N. Balu S. Bano J. Bernal S. Bodenstedt A. Casella V. Cheplygina M. Daum M. De Bruijne A. Depeursinge R. Dorent J. Egger D. G. Ellis S. Engelhardt M. Ganz N. Ghatwary G. Girard P. Godau A. Gupta L. Hansen K. Harada M. Heinrich N. Heller A. Hering A. Huaulmé P. Jannin A. E. Kavur O. Kodym M. Kozubek J. Li H. Li J. Ma C. Martín-Isla B. Menze A. Noble V. Oreiller N. Padoy S. Pati K. Payette T. Rädsch J. Rafael-Patiño V. Singh Bawa S. Speidel C. H. Sudre K. Van Wijnen M. Wagner D. Wei A. Yamlahi M. H. Yap C. Yuan M. Zenk A. Zia D. Zimmerer D. Aydogan B. Bhattarai L. Bloch R. Brüngel J. Cho C. Choi Q. Dou I. Ezhov C. M. Friedrich C. Fuller R. R. Gaire A. Galdran Á. García Faura M. Grammatikopoulou S. Hong M. Jahanifar I. Jang A. Kadkhodamohammadi I. Kang F. Kofler S. Kondo H. Kuijf M. Li M. Luu T. Martinčič P. Morais M. A. Naser B. Oliveira D. Owen S. Pang J. Park S. Park S. Płotka E. Puybareau N. Rajpoot K. Ryu N. Saeed A. Shephard P. Shi D. Štepec R. Subedi G. Tochon H. R. Torres H. Urien J. L. Vilaça K. A. Wahid H. Wang J. Wang L. Wang X. Wang B. Wiestler M. Wodzinski F. Xia J. Xie Z. Xiong S. Yang Y. Yang Z. Zhao K. Maier-Hein P. F. Jäger A. Kopp-Schneider L. Maier-Hein Division of Intelligent Medical Systems German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Helmholtz Imaging German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Biostatistics German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Division of Medical Image Computing German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences School of Computing University of Leeds Leeds UK Institute of Informatics School of Management HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Sierre Switzerland Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Lausanne University Hospital Lausanne Switzerland Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt Ingolstadt Germany Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA) University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Radiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA Department of Computer Science Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences (WEISS) University College London London UK Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona & Computer Vision Center Barcelona Spain Division of Translational Surgical Oncology National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC) Dresden Dresden Germany Department of Advanced Robotics Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Italy Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of General Visceral and Transplantation Surgery Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany Department of Radiology and Nuc

International benchmarking competitions have become fundamental for the comparative performance assessment of image analysis methods. However, little attention has been given to investigating what can be learnt from these competitions. Do they really generate scientific progress? What are common and successful participation strategies? What makes a solution superior to a competing method? To address this gap in the literature, we performed a multicenter study with all 80 competitions that were conducted in the scope of IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021. Statistical analyses performed based on comprehensive descriptions of the submitted algorithms linked to their rank as well as the underlying participation strategies revealed common characteristics of winning solutions. These typically include the use of multi-task learning (63%) and/or multi-stage pipelines (61%), and a focus on augmentation (100%), image preprocessing (97%), data curation (79%), and post-processing (66%). The “typical” lead of a winning team is a computer scientist with a doctoral degree, five years of experience in biomedical image analysis, and four years of experience in deep learning. Two core general development strategies stood out for highly-ranked teams: the reflection of the metrics in the method design and the focus on analyzing and handling failure cases. According to the organizers, 43% of the winning algorithms exceeded the state of the art but only 11% completely solved the respective domain problem. The insights of our study could help researchers (1) improve algorithm development strategies when approaching new problems, and (2) focus on open research questions revealed by this work.

关键词：

Blockchain Technology Based Decentralized Energy Trading for Multiple-Microgrid Systems

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Blockchain Technology Based Decentralized Energy Trading for...

IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2)

作者： Ting Li Wei Zhang Ning Chen Minhui Qian Ying Xu School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China State Key Laboratory of Operation and Control of Renewable Energy & Storage Systems China EPRI Nanjing China Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science University of Central Florida Orlando USA

ISBN: (数字)9781728131375

ISBN: (纸本)9781728131382

With the emerging technology for distributed generation and urge of improving quality of service of power supply for energy users, more and more Microgrids (MGs) are integrated into the distributed networks to serve the energy users. These Microgrids are gradually formulating a Multi-Microgrid System (MMGS, Multi-Microgrid System), which will play an important role for the future energy supply. Building a centralized control center not only increases the expense of investment, but also brings the issues of maintaining fairness among energy users. To address these problems, this paper proposes a peer-to-peer method for energy trading of MMGS, based on the idea of decentralized trading. An auction-based trading mechanism suitable for peer-to-peer energy trading is proposed first. For this mechanism, the MGs firstly declare their energy buying bids or selling quotations. Then, the market-clearing price is determined by using a unified weight clearing algorithm in a decentralized manner. By applying the edge technology of Blockchain, the implementation of the proposed peer-to-peer energy trading method, including the architecture, procedures, security check, etc., is also discussed. The proposed Blockchain-based energy trading platform can realize the decentralized and autonomous energy trading of MGs within an MMGS. A case study with an MMGS with 10 MG units is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

关键词： Peer-to-peer computing Microgrids Blockchain Distributed power generation Electronic commerce Power distribution economics Pricing