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FUTURE-AI: International consensus guideline for trustworthy and deployable artificial intelligence in healthcare

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Lekadir, Karim Feragen, Aasa Fofanah, Abdul Joseph Frangi, Alejandro F. Buyx, Alena Emelie, Anais Lara, Andrea Porras, Antonio R. Chan, An-Wen Navarro, Arcadi Glocker, Ben Botwe, Benard O. Khanal, Bishesh Beger, Brigit Wu, Carol C. Cintas, Celia Langlotz, Curtis P. Rueckert, Daniel Mzurikwao, Deogratias Fotiadis, Dimitrios I. Zhussupov, Doszhan Ferrante, Enzo Meijering, Erik Weicken, Eva González, Fabio A. Asselbergs, Folkert W. Prior, Fred Krestin, Gabriel P. Collins, Gary S. Tegenaw, Geletaw S. Kaissis, Georgios Misuraca, Gianluca Tsakou, Gianna Dwivedi, Girish Kondylakis, Haridimos Jayakody, Harsha Woodruf, Henry C. Mayer, Horst Joachim Aerts, Hugo JWL Walsh, Ian Chouvarda, Ioanna Buvat, Irène Tributsch, Isabell Rekik, Islem Duncan, James Kalpathy-Cramer, Jayashree Zahir, Jihad Park, Jinah Mongan, John Gichoya, Judy W. Schnabel, Julia A. Kushibar, Kaisar Riklund, Katrine Mori, Kensaku Marias, Kostas Amugongo, Lameck M. Fromont, Lauren A. Maier-Hein, Lena Alberich, Leonor Cerdá Rittner, Leticia Phiri, Lighton Marrakchi-Kacem, Linda Donoso-Bach, Lluís Martí-Bonmatí, Luis Cardoso, M. Jorge Bobowicz, Maciej Shabani, Mahsa Tsiknakis, Manolis Zuluaga, Maria A. Bielikova, Maria Fritzsche, Marie-Christine Camacho, Marina Linguraru, Marius George Wenzel, Markus De Bruijne, Marleen Tolsgaard, Martin G. Ghassemi, Marzyeh Ashrafuzzaman, Md Goisauf, Melanie Yaqub, Mohammad Abadía, Mónica Cano Mahmoud, Mukhtar M.E. Elattar, Mustafa Rieke, Nicola Papanikolaou, Nikolaos Lazrak, Noussair Díaz, Oliver Salvado, Olivier Pujol, Oriol Sall, Ousmane Guevara, Pamela Gordebeke, Peter Lambin, Philippe Brown, Pieta Abolmaesumi, Purang Dou, Qi Lu, Qinghua Osuala, Richard Nakasi, Rose Zhou, S. Kevin Napel, Sandy Colantonio, Sara Albarqouni, Shadi Joshi, Smriti Carter, Stacy Klein, Stefan Petersen, Steffen E. Aussó, Susanna Awate, Suyash Raviv, Tammy Riklin Cook, Tessa Mutsvangwa, Tinashe E.M. Rogers, Wendy A. Niessen, Wiro J. Puig-Bosch, Xènia Zeng, Yi Mohammed, Yunusa G. Aquino, Yves Saint James Salahuddin, Zohaib Starmans, Martijn P.A. Department de Matemàtiques i Informàtica Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Barcelona Spain DTU Compute Technical University of Denmark Kgs Lyngby Denmark Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty of Science and Technology Milton Margai Technical University Freetown Sierra Leone Center for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine Schools of Computing and Medicine University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom Cardiovascular Science and Electronic Engineering Departments KU Leuven Leuven Belgium Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine Technical University of Munich Munich Germany Faculty of Engineering of Systems Informatics and Sciences of Computing Galileo University Guatemala City Guatemala Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Colorado School of Public Health University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus AuroraCO United States Department of Medicine Women’s College Research Institute University of Toronto Toronto Canada Universitat Pompeu Fabra BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center Barcelona Spain Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical & Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana Accra Ghana Department of Midwifery & Radiography School of Health & Psychological Sciences City University of London United Kingdom Kathmandu Nepal European Heart Network Brussels Belgium Department of Thoracic Imaging University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston United States IBM Research Africa Nairobi Kenya Departments of Radiology Medicine and Biomedical Data Science Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford United States Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University Munich Munich Germany Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania United Republic of Ioannina Greece Almaty AI Lab Almaty Kazakhstan

Background: Despite major advances in artificial intelligence (AI) research for healthcare, the deployment and adoption of AI technologies remain limited in clinical practice. In recent years, concerns have been raised about the clinical, technical, ethical and legal risks associated with healthcare AI. To increase adoption in the real world, it is essential that AI technologies are trusted and accepted by patients, clinicians, health organisations and authorities. This paper describes the FUTURE-AI framework as the first international consensus guideline for trustworthy AI in healthcare. Methods: The FUTURE-AI consortium was founded in 2021 and now comprises 117 interdisciplinary experts from 50 countries representing all continents, including AI scientists, clinical researchers, biomedical ethicists, and social scientists. Over a two-year period, the consortium established guiding principles and best practices for trustworthy and deployable AI through an iterative process comprising an in-depth literature review, a modified Delphi survey, and online consensus meetings. Findings: The FUTURE-AI framework was established based on six guiding principles for trustworthy AI in healthcare, i.e. Fairness, Universality, Traceability, Usability, Robustness and Explainability. Through consensus, a set of 30 best practices were defined, addressing technical, clinical, socio-ethical and legal dimensions of trustworthy AI. The recommendations cover the entire lifecycle of healthcare AI, from design, development and validation to regulation, deployment, and monitoring. Interpretation: FUTURE-AI is a structured, risk-informed framework which provides guidance for constructing healthcare AI tools that will be trusted, deployed and adopted in real-world clinical practice. researchers are encouraged to take the recommendations into account in proof-of-concept stages to facilitate future translation towards clinical practice of healthcare AI. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights

关键词： Clinical research

Near-Space Communications: the Last Piece of 6G Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integrated Network Puzzle

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Liu, Hongshan Qin, Tong Gao, Zhen Mao, Tianqi Ying, Keke Wan, Ziwei Qiao, Li Na, Rui Li, Zhongxiang Hu, Chun Mei, Yikun Li, Tuan Wen, Guanghui Chen, Lei Wu, Zhonghuai Liu, Ruiqi Chen, Gaojie Wang, Shuo Zheng, Dezhi School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China MIIT Key Laboratory of Complex-Field Intelligent Sensing Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences 100081 Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Jiaxing314000 China Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science Beijing Institute of Technology Jinan250307 China Department of Mathematics Southeast University Nanjing210096 China Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Beijing Key Laboratory for Precision Optoelectronic Measurement Instrument and Technology School of Optics and Photonics Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing100081 China Wireless and Computing Research Institute ZTE Corporation Beijing100029 China 5GIC & 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems University of Surrey GuildfordGU2 7XH United Kingdom China Academy of Space Technology Beijing100094 China

This article presents a comprehensive study on the emerging near-space communications (NS-COM) within the context of space-air-ground-sea integrated network (SAGSIN). Specifically, we firstly explore the recent technical developments of NS-COM, followed by the discussions about motivations behind integrating NS-COM into SAGSIN. To further demonstrate the necessity of NS-COM, a comparative analysis between the NS-COM network and other counterparts in SAGSIN is conducted, covering aspects of deployment, coverage, channel characteristics and unique problems of NS-COM network. Afterwards, the technical aspects of NS-COM, including channel modeling, random access, channel estimation, array-based beam management and joint network optimization, are examined in detail. Furthermore, we explore the potential applications of NS-COM, such as structural expansion in SAGSIN communication, civil aviation communication, remote and urgent communication, weather monitoring and carbon neutrality. Finally, some promising research avenues are identified, including stratospheric satellite (StratoSat) -to-ground direct links for mobile terminals, reconfigurable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and holographic MIMO, federated learning in NS-COM networks, maritime communication, electromagnetic spectrum sensing and adversarial game, integrated sensing and communications, StratoSat-based radar detection and imaging, NS-COM assisted enhanced global navigation system, NS-COM assisted intelligent unmanned system and free space optical (FSO) communication. Overall, this paper highlights that the NS-COM plays an indispensable role in the SAGSIN puzzle, providing substantial performance and coverage enhancement to the traditional SAGSIN architecture. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Navigation systems

Quantifying Hierarchical Selection

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Rajpal, Hardik von Stengel, Clem Mediano, Pedro A.M. Rosas, Fernando E. Viegas, Eduardo Marquet, Pablo A. Jensen, Henrik J. Centre for Complexity Science Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Mathematics Imperial College London London United Kingdom The Alan Turing Institute London United Kingdom Alignment of Complex Systems Centre for Theoretical Study Charles University Prague Czech Republic Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Brain Sciences Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Informatics University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom Centre for Eudaimonia and human flourishing University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Ecology Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile The Santa Fe Institute 1399 Hyde Park Rd Santa FeNM87501 United States Universidad de Chile International Research Laboratory 2807 CNRS SantiagoCP 8370456 Chile ValparaísoCP 2340000 Chile Department of Computer Science Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan

At what level does selective pressure effectively act? When considering the reproductive dynamics of interacting and mutating agents, it has long been debated whether selection is better understood by focusing on the individual or if hierarchical selection emerges as a consequence of joint adaptation. Despite longstanding efforts in theoretical ecology there is still no consensus on this fundamental issue, most likely due to the difficulty in obtaining adequate data spanning sufficient number of generations and the lack of adequate tools to quantify the effect of hierarchical selection. Here we capitalise on recent advances in information-theoretic data analysis to advance this state of affairs by investigating the emergence of high-order structures — such as groups of species — in the collective dynamics of the Tangled Nature model of evolutionary ecology. Our results show that evolutionary dynamics can lead to clusters of species that act as a selective group, that acquire information-theoretic agency. Overall, our results provide quantitative evidence supporting the relevance of high-order structures in evolutionary ecology. © 2023, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Dynamics

One pathogen does not an epidemic make: A review of interacting contagions, diseases, beliefs, and stories

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent Ahn, Yong-Yeol Allard, Antoine Crothers, Jessica W. Dodds, Peter Sheridan Galesic, Mirta Ghanbarnejad, Fakhteh Gravel, Dominique Hammond, Ross A. Lerman, Kristina Lovato, Juniper Openshaw, John J. Redner, S. Scarpino, Samuel V. St-Onge, Guillaume Tangherlini, Timothy R. Young, Jean-Gabriel Vermont Complex Systems Institute University of Vermont BurlingtonVT United States Translational Global Infectious Disease Research Center University of Vermont BurlingtonVT United States Department of Computer Science University of Vermont BurlingtonVT United States Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research Luddy School of Informatics Computing and Engineering Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Département de physique de génie physique et d’optique Université Laval QuébecQC Canada Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Robert Larner M.D. College of Medicine University of Vermont BurlingtonVT United States Santa Fe Institute Santa FeNM United States Complexity Science Hub Vienna Austria School of Technology and Architecture SRH University of Applied Sciences Heidelberg Leipzig Germany Département de biologie Université de Sherbrooke SherbrookeQC Canada Brown School Washington University in St. Louis St. LouisMO United States The Brookings Institution WashingtonDC United States Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California United States Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Stanford University StanfordCA United States Institute for Experiential AI Northeastern University BostonMA United States Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems Northeastern University BostonMA United States The Roux Institute Northeastern University PortlandME United States Department of Scandinavian School of Information University of California Berkeley BerkeleyCA United States Department of Mathematics & Statistics University of Vermont BurlingtonVT United States

From pathogens and computer viruses to genes and memes, contagion models have found widespread utility across the natural and social sciences. Despite their success and breadth of adoption, the approach and structure of these models remain surprisingly siloed by field. Given the siloed nature of their development and widespread use, one persistent assumption is that a given contagion can be studied in isolation, independently from what else might be spreading in the population. In reality, countless contagions of biological and social nature interact within hosts (interacting with existing beliefs, or the immune system) and across hosts (interacting in the environment, or affecting transmission mechanisms). Additionally, from a modeling perspective, we know that relaxing these assumptions has profound effects on the physics and translational implications of the models. Here, we review mechanisms for interactions in social and biological contagions, as well as the models and frameworks developed to include these interactions in the study of the contagions. We highlight existing problems related to the inference of interactions and to the scalability of mathematical models and identify promising avenues of future inquiries. In doing so, we highlight the need for interdisciplinary efforts under a unified science of contagions and for removing a common dichotomy between social and biological contagions. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Histology

Predicting extreme events from data using deep machine learning: when and where

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Jiang, Junjie Huang, Zi-Gang Grebogi, Celso Lai, Ying-Cheng The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education Institute of Health and Rehabilitation Science School of Life Science and Technology Research Center for Brain-inspired Intelligence Xi’an Jiaotong University The Key Laboratory of Neuro-informatics & Rehabilitation Engineering of Ministry of Civil Affairs Shaanxi Xi’an China School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology School of Natural and Computing Sciences King’s College University of Aberdeen AB24 3UE United Kingdom Department of Physics Arizona State University TempeAZ85287 United States

We develop a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) based framework for model-free prediction of the occurrence of extreme events both in time ("when") and in space ("where") in nonlinear physical systems of spatial dimension two. The measurements or data are a set of two-dimensional snapshots or images. For a desired time horizon of prediction, a proper labeling scheme can be designated to enable successful training of the DCNN and subsequent prediction of extreme events in time. Given that an extreme event has been predicted to occur within the time horizon, a space-based labeling scheme can be applied to predict, within certain resolution, the location at which the event will occur. We use synthetic data from the 2D complex Ginzburg-Landau equation and empirical wind speed data of the North Atlantic ocean to demonstrate and validate our machine-learning based prediction framework. The trade-offs among the prediction horizon, spatial resolution, and accuracy are illustrated, and the detrimental effect of spatially biased occurrence of extreme event on prediction accuracy is discussed. The deep learning framework is viable for predicting extreme events in the real world. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Forecasting

Green IoT using UAVs in B5G networks: A review of applications and strategies

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Alsamhi, Saeed H. Afghah, Fatemeh Sahal, Radhya Hawbani, Ammar Al-Qaness, A.A. Lee, B. Guizani, Mohsen Software Research Institute Athlone Institute of Technology Athlone Ireland IBB University Ibb Yemen School of Informatics Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University United States Hudaidah University Hudaida Yemen School of Computer Science and Technology University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing Wuhan University China Department of Computer Science and Engineering Qatar University Qatar

Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present a promising advanced technology that can enhance people life quality and smartness of cities dramatically and increase overall economic efficiency. UAVs have attained a significant interest in supporting many applications such as surveillance, agriculture, communication, transportation, pollution monitoring, disaster management, public safety, healthcare, and environmental preservation. Industry 4.0 applications are conceived of intelligent things that can automatically and collaboratively improve beyond 5G (B5G). Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) is required to ensure collaboration between the vast multitude of things efficiently anywhere in real-world applications that are monitored in real-time. However, many IoT devices consume a significant amount of energy when transmitting the collected data from surrounding environments. Due to a drone's capability to fly closer to IoT, UAV technology plays a vital role in greening IoT by transmitting collected data to achieve a sustainable, reliable, eco-friendly Industry 4.0. This survey presents an overview of the techniques and strategies proposed recently to achieve green IoT using UAVs infrastructure for a reliable and sustainable smart world. This survey is different from other attempts in terms of concept, focus, and discussion. Finally, various use cases, challenges, and opportunities regarding green IoT using UAVs are presented. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Energy efficiency

Roadmap on Data-Centric Materials science

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Bauer, Stefan Benner, Peter Bereau, Tristan Blum, Volker Boley, Mario Carbogno, Christian Catlow, C.A. Richard Dehm, Gerhard Eibl, Sebastian Ernstorfer, Ralph Fekete, Ádám Foppa, Lucas Fratzl, Peter Freysoldt, Christoph Gault, Baptiste Ghiringhelli, Luca M. Giri, Sajal K. Gladyshev, Anton Goyal, Pawan Hattrick-Simpers, Jason Kabalan, Lara Karpov, Petr Khorrami, Mohammad S. Koch, Christoph Kokott, Sebastian Kosch, Thomas Kowalec, Igor Kremer, Kurt Leitherer, Andreas Li, Yue Liebscher, Christian H. Logsdail, Andrew J. Lu, Zhongwei Luong, Felix Marek, Andreas Merz, Florian Mianroodi, Jaber R. Neugebauer, Jörg Pei, Zongrui Purcell, Thomas A.R. Raabe, Dierk Rampp, Markus Rossi, Mariana Rost, Jan-Michael Saal, James Saalmann, Ulf Sasidhar, Kasturi Narasimha Saxena, Alaukik Sbailò, Luigi Scheidgen, Markus Schloz, Marcel Schmidt, Daniel F. Teshuva, Simon Trunschke, Annette Wei, Ye Weikum, Gerhard Xian, R. Patrick Yao, Yi Yin, Junqi Zhao, Meng Scheffler, Matthias School of Computation Information and Technology Technical University of Munich & Helmholtz AI Munich Germany Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Magdeburg Germany Institute for Theoretical Physics Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Duke University DurhamNC United States Monash University Department of Data Science and AI Melbourne Australia The NOMAD Laboratory The FHI of the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft IRIS-Adlershof of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Düsseldorf Germany Max Planck Computing and Data Facility Garching Germany Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany Physics Department and IRIS-Adlershof Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam Germany Department of Materials Imperial College London United Kingdom Department of Materials Science and Engineering Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Germany Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Illinois United States Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Department of Physics Berlin Germany Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Canada STFC Hartree Centre Daresbury Laboratory Daresbury Warrington United Kingdom Molecular Simulations from First Principles e.V. Berlin Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Department of Computer Science Berlin Germany Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz Germany ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Castelldefels Barcelona Spain Lenovo HPC Innovation Center Stuttgart Germany New York University New York United States University of Arizona Biochemistry Department Arizona United States Max Planck Institute for the Structure an

science is and always has been based on data, but the terms ‘data-centric’ and the ‘4th paradigm’ of materials research indicate a radical change in how information is retrieved, handled and research is performed. It signifies a transformative shift towards managing vast data collections, digital repositories, and innovative data analytics methods. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its subset Machine Learning (ML), has become pivotal in addressing all these challenges. This Roadmap on Data-Centric Materials science explores fundamental concepts and methodologies, illustrating diverse applications in electronic-structure theory, soft matter theory, microstructure research, and experimental techniques like photoemission, atom probe tomography, and electron microscopy. While the roadmap delves into specific areas within the broad interdisciplinary field of materials science, the provided examples elucidate key concepts applicable to a wider range of topics. The discussed instances offer insights into addressing the multifaceted challenges encountered in contemporary materials research. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Data Analytics

The Quantum Internet (Technical Version)

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Rohde, Peter P. Huang, Zixin Ouyang, Yingkai Huang, He-Liang Su, Zu-En Devitt, Simon Ramakrishnan, Rohit Mantri, Atul Tan, Si-Hui Liu, Nana Harrison, Scott Radhakrishnan, Chandrashekar Brennen, Gavin K. Baragiola, Ben Q. Dowling, Jonathan P. Byrnes, Tim Munro, William J. Centre for Quantum Software and Information Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology University of Technology Sydney SydneyNSW Australia Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics Louisiana State University Baton Rouge United States School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences Macquarie University NSW2109 Australia School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences University of Sheffield SheffieldS3 7RH United Kingdom Henan Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Cryptography Henan Zhengzhou450000 China Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale Department of Modern Physics University of Science & Technology of China Hefei China CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science & Technology of China Hefei China CAS-Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory Shanghai China InstituteQ Aalto University Espoo02150 Finland Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Singapore University of Technology & Design Singapore Centre for Quantum Technologies National University of Singapore Singapore Horizon Quantum Ireland 24 Fitzwilliam Place Dublin 2 D02 T296 Ireland Institute of Natural Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China School of Mathematical Sciences Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory in Scientific and Engineering Computing Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai China University of Michigan Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai200240 China Leibniz Institute for Research & Information in Education Frankfurt am Main Germany Department of Computer Science and Engineering NYU Shanghai 567 West Yangsi Road Shanghai200124 China Centre of Excellence in Engineered Quantum Systems Macquarie University NSW Australia Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology School of Science RMIT University VIC

The desire to share and unite remote digital assets motivated the development of the classical internet, the enabler of the entire 21st century economy and our modern way of life. As we enter the quantum era, it is to be expected there will be a similar demand for networking quantum assets, motivating a global quantum internet for bringing together the world's quantum resources, leveraging off their exponential trajectory in capability. We present models for quantum networking, how they might be applied in the future, and the implications they will have. Socially, economically, politically and geostrategically, the upcoming era of quantum supremacy will be as significant for the 21st century as the transistor was for the 20th. The inherently different scaling in the computational power of quantum computers fundamentally changes the dynamics of how they will operate in the future. Given their high expected initial cost, a client/server model for outsourcing computation will be essential for enabling the accessibility and proliferation of this technology, and ensuring its economic viability. We therefore anticipate the emergence of cloud quantum computing, a model for outsourcing quantum computations to the network. We argue that economic efficiency will mandate that all future quantum computers be united into a single global virtual quantum computer, offering exponentially more power to all network participants than if they were to keep their resources to themselves. This model for the allocation of computational resources is uniquely quantum, with no classical analogue, completely altering the economic landscape for the future of computation. Given the sensitivity of much of the data to which future quantum computers are going to foreseeably be applied, protocols for encrypted quantum computation will be essential - the outsourcing of computations that neither an eavesdropper nor even the server performing the computation can spy upon. This will enable new models fo

关键词： Outsourcing

Spin Fluctuations in Sr1.8La0.2RuO4

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arXiv 2023年

作者： He, Zheng Wang, Qisi Feng, Yu Kim, Chul Kyung, Wonshik Kim, Changyoung Wo, Hongliang Ding, Gaofeng Hao, Yiqing Liu, Feiyang Walker, Helen C. Adroja, Devashibhai T. Schneidewind, Astrid Wang, Wenbin Zhao, Jun Yoshida, Yoshiyuki State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics Department of Physics Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Department of Physics The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong Beijing100049 China Dongguan523803 China Institute of Physics and Applied Physics Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of Center for Correlated Electron Systems Institute for Basic Science Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Department of Physics and Astronomy Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Tsukuba305-8568 Japan Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute Shanghai200232 China ISIS Facility STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot OxfordshireOX11 0QX United Kingdom Highly Correlated Matter Research Group Physics Department University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park2006 South Africa Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Lichtenbergstr.1 Garching85748 Germany Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences Shanghai201315 China

We use inelastic neutron scattering to study spin fluctuations in Sr1.8La0.2RuO4, where Lanthanum doping triggers a Lifshitz transition by pushing the van Hove singularity in the γ band to the Fermi energy. Strong spin fluctuations emerge at an incommensurate wave vector Qic = (0.3, 0.3), corresponding to the nesting vector between α and β Fermi sheets. The incommensurate antiferromagnetic fluctuations shift toward (0.25, 0.25) with increasing energy up to ∼110 meV. By contrast, scatterings near the ferromagnetic wave vectors Q = (1, 0) and (1, 1) remain featureless at all energies. This contradicts the weak-coupling perspective that suggests a sharp enhancement of ferromagnetic susceptibility due to the divergence of density of states in the associated γ band. Our findings imply that ferromagnetic fluctuations in Sr2RuO4 and related materials do not fit into the weak-coupling paradigm, but instead are quasi-local fluctuations induced by Hund’s coupling. This imposes significant constraints for the pairing mechanism involving spin fluctuations. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spin fluctuations