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Midrapidity Neutral-Pion Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at s=200 GeV

Physical Review Letters 2003年第24期91卷 241803-241803页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba J. Alexander R. Amirikas L. Aphecetche S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes R. Azmoun V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov Y. Berdnikov S. Bhagavatula J. G. Boissevain H. Borel S. Borenstein M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard J.-S. Chai P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole P. Constantin D. G. d’Enterria G. David H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond O. Dietzsch O. Drapier A. Drees K. A. Drees R. du Rietz A. Durum D. Dutta Y. V. Efremenko K. El Chenawi A. Enokizono H. En’yo S. Esumi L. Ewell D. E. Fields F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley S.-Y. Fung S. Garpman T. K. Ghosh A. Glenn G. Gogiberidze M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp W. Guryn H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser M. Hibino J. C. Hill W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai D. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak W. Y. Jang Y. Jeong J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan S. Kametani N. Kamihara J. H. Kang S. S. Kapoor K. Katou S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. H. Kim D. J. Kim D. W. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi K. Kiyoyama C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov D. Koehler T. Kohama M. Kopytine D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg K. Kurita Y. Kuroki M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey V. Ladygin J. G. Lajoie A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee S. Lee M. J. Leitch X. H. Li H. Lim A. Litvinenko M. X. Liu Y. Liu C. F. Maguire Y. I. Makdisi A. Malakhov V. I. Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) Protvino Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California–Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) Beijing Peopleś Republic of China RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA St. Petersburg State Technical University St. Petersburg Russia Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet Ecole Polytechnique CNRS-IN2P3 Route de Saclay F-91128 Palaiseau France New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA KAERI Cyclotron Application Laboratory Seoul South Korea Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea Kangnung National University Kangnung 210-702 South Korea Universidade de São Paulo

The invariant differential cross section for inclusive neutral-pion production in p+p collisions at s=200 GeV has been measured at midrapidity (|η|<0.35) over the range 1<pT≲14 GeV/c by the PHENIX experiment... 详细信息

The invariant differential cross section for inclusive neutral-pion production in p+p collisions at s=200 GeV has been measured at midrapidity (|η|<0.35) over the range 1

关键词： Elementary particles

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Suppressed π0 Production at Large Transverse Momentum in Central Au+Au Collisions at sNN=200 GeV

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Physical Review Letters 2003年第7期91卷 072301-072301页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba J. Alexander R. Amirikas L. Aphecetche S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes R. Azmoun V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov Y. Berdnikov S. Bhagavatula J. G. Boissevain H. Borel S. Borenstein M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard J.-S. Chai P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole P. Constantin D. G. d’Enterria G. David H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond O. Dietzsch O. Drapier A. Drees K. A. Drees R. du Rietz A. Durum D. Dutta Y. V. Efremenko K. El Chenawi A. Enokizono H. En’yo S. Esumi L. Ewell D. E. Fields F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley S.-Y. Fung S. Garpman T. K. Ghosh A. Glenn G. Gogiberidze M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp W. Guryn H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser M. Hibino J. C. Hill W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai L. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak W. Y. Jang Y. Jeong J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan S. Kametani N. Kamihara J. H. Kang S. S. Kapoor K. Katou S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. H. Kim D. J. Kim D. W. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi K. Kiyoyama C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov D. Koehler T. Kohama M. Kopytine D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg K. Kurita Y. Kuroki M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey V. Ladygin J. G. Lajoie A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee S. Lee M. J. Leitch X. H. Li H. Lim A. Litvinenko M. X. Liu Y. Liu C. F. Maguire Y. I. Makdisi A. Malakhov V. I. Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722-44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) Protvino Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California–Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut fuer Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA St. Petersburg State Technical University St. Petersburg Russia Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet Ecole Polytechnique CNRS-IN2P3 Route de Saclay F-91128 Palaiseau France New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA KAERI Cyclotron Application Laboratory Seoul South Korea Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea Kangnung National University Kangnung 210-702 South Korea Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de Física

Transverse momentum spectra of neutral pions in the range 1<pT<10 GeV/c have been measured at midrapidity by the PHENIX experiment at BNL RHIC in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV. The π0 multiplicity in centra... 详细信息

Transverse momentum spectra of neutral pions in the range 1

关键词： High energy physics

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Elliptic Flow of Identified Hadrons in Au+Au Collisions at sNN=200 GeV

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Physical Review Letters 2003年第18期91卷 182301-182301页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba J. Alexander R. Amirikas L. Aphecetche S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes R. Azmoun V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov Y. Berdnikov S. Bhagavatula J. G. Boissevain H. Borel S. Borenstein M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard J.-S. Chai P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole P. Constantin D. G. d’Enterria G. David H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond O. Dietzsch O. Drapier A. Drees R. du Rietz A. Durum D. Dutta Y. V. Efremenko K. El Chenawi A. Enokizono H. En’yo S. Esumi L. Ewell D. E. Fields F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley S.-Y. Fung S. Garpman T. K. Ghosh A. Glenn G. Gogiberidze M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp W. Guryn H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser M. Hibino J. C. Hill W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai L. D. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak W. Y. Jang Y. Jeong J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan S. Kametani N. Kamihara J. H. Kang S. S. Kapoor K. Katou S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. H. Kim D. J. Kim D. W. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi K. Kiyoyama C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov D. Koehler T. Kohama M. Kopytine D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg K. Kurita Y. Kuroki M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey V. Ladygin J. G. Lajoie A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee S. Lee M. J. Leitch X. H. Li H. Lim A. Litvinenko M. X. Liu Y. Liu C. F. Maguire Y. I. Makdisi A. Malakhov V. I. Manko Y. Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) Protvino Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay Bâtiment 703 F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California–Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany Columbia University New York NY 10027 and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA St. Petersburg State Technical University St. Petersburg Russia Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet Ecole Polytechnique CNRS-IN2P3 Route de Saclay F-91128 Palaiseau France New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA KAERI Cyclotron Application Laboratory Seoul South Korea Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea Kangnung National University Kangnung 210-702 South Korea Universidade de São Paulo Instituto de

The anisotropy parameter (v2), the second harmonic of the azimuthal particle distribution, has been measured with the PHENIX detector in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV for identified and inclusive charged particle production at central rapidities (|η|<0.35) with respect to the reaction plane defined at high rapidities (|η|=3–4 ). We observe that the v2 of mesons falls below that of (anti)baryons for pT>2 GeV/c, in marked contrast to the predictions of a hydrodynamical model. A quark-coalescence model is also investigated.

关键词： High energy physics

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Low-frequency noise characteristics of self-aligned AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with a noise corner frequency below 3 kHz

Low-frequency noise characteristics of self-aligned AlGaAs/G...

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Microwave, MTT-S International Symposium

作者： Jin-Ho Shin Jiyoung Kim Yujin Chung Joonwoo Lee Kyu Hwan Ahn Bumman Kim Department of E.E.E. and Microwave Application Research Center POSTECH South Korea Advanced Devices Group Devices and Materials Laboratory LG Corporate Institute of Technology Seoul South Korea Photonics Device Laboratory System IC R&D Laboratory Hyundai Electronics Industries Company Limited Icheon Gyeonggi South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)0780338146

We have investigated the surface recombination and its 1/f noise properties of AlGaAs/GaAs HBT's as a function of the emitter-base structure and the surface passivation condition. It is found that the surface recombination 1/f noise can be significantly reduced by the heterojunction launcher of the abrupt junction with 30% Al mole fraction emitter. The depleted AlGaAs ledge surface passivation further suppresses the surface recombination currents. Consequently, we have achieved a very low 1/f noise corner frequency of 2.8 kHz at the collector current density of 10 kA/cm/sup 2/. The dominant noise source of the HBT is not a surface recombination current, but a bulk current noise. This is the lowest 1/f noise corner frequency among the III-V compound semiconductor devices, and comparable to those of low-noise Si BJTs.

关键词： Low-frequency noise Gallium arsenide Semiconductor device noise Radiative recombination Passivation Frequency Noise reduction Current density Heterojunction bipolar transistors III-V semiconductor materials

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Low-frequency noise characteristics of self-aligned AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with a noise corner frequency below 3 kHz

Low-frequency noise characteristics of self-aligned AlGaAs/G...

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IEEE Symposium on Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC)

作者： Jin-Ho Shin Jiyoung Kim Yujin Chung Joonwoo Lee Kyu Hwan Ahn Bumman Kim Department of E.E.E. and Microwave Application Research Center POSTECH Kyungpuk South Korea Advanced Devices Group Devices and Materials Laboratory LG Corporate Institute of Technology Seoul South Korea Photonics Device Laboratoryoratory System IC Research and Development Laboratory Hyundai Electronics Industries Company Limited Icheon Kyunggi South Korea

We have investigated the surface recombination and its 1/f noise properties of AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs as a function of the emitter-base structure and the surface passivation condition. It is found that the surface recombination 1/f noise can be significantly reduced by the heterojunction launcher of the abrupt junction with 30% Al mole fraction emitter. The depleted AlGaAs ledge surface passivation further suppresses the surface recombination currents. Consequently, we have achieved a very low 1/f noise corner frequency of 2.8 kHz at the collector current density of 10 kA/cm/sup 2/. The dominant noise source of the HBT is not a surface recombination current, but a bulk current noise. This is the lowest 1/f noise corner frequency among the III-V compound semiconductor devices, and comparable to those of low-noise Si BJTs.

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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Measuring system for diffusion length of photoactive compound in post-exposure bake process

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART II-ELECTRONICS 1996年第9期79卷 70-77页

作者： Sekiguchi, A Sensu, Y Matsuzawa, T Minami, Y Lithotech Japan Corporation Kawaguchi Japan 332 Received his B.S. degree from Shibaura Institute of Technology in 1982 and joined Japan Chemitech in 1983 where he worked on the development of an electroless Au plating. He joined Sumitomo GCA in 1985 where he was engaged in the development of photoresist application systems and the development of analysis system for photoresist processing. He is currently with Lithotech Japan Corporation. He is a member of the Japan Society of Applied Physics. Graduated from the Aircraft Maintenance Division of Nakanihon Aeronautics in 1985 and joined Sumisho Electronic Systems Inc. the same year. Following the merger of Sumisho Electronic Systems with Sumitomo G.C.A. in 1986 he was transferred to the latter where he worked on the development of an automatic end-point detector as well as analysis systems for development processes and a resist profile simulator. Mr. Sensu has been with Lithotech Japan Corporation since 1993. Received his M.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from Tohoku University in 1975 and joined Central Research Laboratory of Hitachi Ltd. the same year. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1985 from Tohoku University. He was engaged in the development of advanced photolithography processes and simulation technologies. In 1988 he resigned from Hitachi to found Technofront Inc. and then Lithotech Japan Corporation in 1993. Dr. Matsuzawa is a member of the Japan Chemical Society the Japan Society of Applied Physics and IEEE. Received his B.S. degree from Tokyo Denki University in 1979 and then joined Process System Co. There he was involved in field service for GCA Co. USA. He joined Sumitomo GCA Co. in 1983 where he was engaged in the development of photoresist coating and development systems and systems to detect the end-point of photoresist development. He also developed a photoresist development analysis system. He is currently the company executive Lithotech Japan Corporation.

The post-exposure bake (FEB) characteristics of a photoresist can be examined with a method that estimates the diffusion length of a photoactive compound (PAC) in the photoresist FEB process. Diffusion lengths are estimated with development rate measurement equipment using FEB conditions at temperatures of 50 degrees C, 100 degrees C, 110 degrees C, and 120 degrees C. An ultrahigh-resolution i-line photoresist THMR-iP3000 is used in the research. The obtained values are input into 61 photolithography simulator PROLITH/2 to calculate photoresist profiles. Using a 365-nm wavelength, 0.5 NA, and 0.6-coherence factor conditions, resist profiles for a 0.4-mu m line space feature are calculated with varied focus. The simulated results are compared with SEM observations to evaluate the validity of the estimation method;they are found to be substantially consistent with experimental results, thus confirming the validity of the method.

关键词： photoresist development rate diffusion length development parameter focus latitude profile simulation

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ACQUISITION REFORM AND BEST PRODUCT PROCUREMENT - AN ENGINEERING VIEW

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第6期106卷 41-57页

作者： FISHER, DA SKOLNICK, A He has been involved with several weapon system developments. Among these were the Trident II fire control and navigation systems the BSY-I Anti-Submarine Warfare System and the Navy standard computers (UYK44 and EMSP). He served as manager of the Digital Circuits Engineering Branch and was then appointed as manager of the Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) Technology Division. As manager of the ATE Technology Division he was responsible for the SP-23 Fire Control System Support Project the SP-24 Navigation Project and the Fleet Progressive Maintenance Program (2M/ATE). This Division was responsible for selection and application of electronic product technology and for developing fleet test and repair techniques. He holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Evansville and is currently pursuing a Masters of Public Administration at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. Dr. Alfred Skolnick:retired from the Navy in 1983 with the rank of captain. He is president of System Science Consultants (SSC) specializing in strategic planning technical program definition technology assessment and engineering analyses on selected matters of national interest. Dr. Skolnick taught mathematics and management sciences at University of Virginia and Marymount University. He is adjunct faculty at Northern Virginia Community College. From 1985 to 1989 he was president of the American Society of Naval Engineers. In the Navy he served at Applied Physics Laboratory/The Johns Hopkins University then aboard USSBoston(CAG-1) and played leading roles in several weapon system developments inertial navigation (Polaris) deep submergence (DSRV) and advanced ship designs (SES). He later was director Combat System Integration Naval Sea Systems Command and head Combat Projects Naval Ship Engineering Center. In 1975 he became a major project manager and led the Navy's High Energy Lasers Program in 1981 he was assigned all Navy Directed Energy Weapons development efforts. He was vice president advanced tech

The military services are being moved in the direction of performance-based specifications and standards. They are being steered against dictating ''how to'' produce an item since such action forecloses on the ability to gain access to components or technology that may have a commercial equivalent. Why should the engineering community embrace the new approach? Aside from the obvious weight of it being approved policy, therefore currently mandated, it warrants examination because it is the correct approach at this time when applied to appropriate products. Military specifications and standards are to be displaced then, by acceptable alternative contractor design solutions. Industry bidders will be allowed to propose the particular design details, permitting procurement flexibility by contractually citing only system level or interface requirements, both physical and functional. Hopefully, this can broaden the industrial base and increase competition with reduced costs to follow. Conceptually, the approach appears both performance-sensible and cost-attractive (there are, of course, consequent risks) but how does implementation proceed? Is it possible to pursue the goals envisioned along paths that are not in themselves experimental? Can the American postulate, minimal loss of life and limb to U.S. military people, continue to be honored? Experience and track record elsewhere imply encouraging possibilities in select situations-useful prospects are identified and discussed in practical terms.

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COMPUTER-system ARCHITECTURE CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE COMBAT systemS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 43-62页

作者： ZITZMAN, LH FALATKO, SM PAPACH, JL Dr. Lewis H. Zitzman:is the group supervisor of the Advanced Systems Design Group Fleet Systems Department The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). He has been employed at JHU/APL since 1972 performing applied research in computer science and in investigating and applying advanced computer technologies to Navy shipboard systems. He is currently chairman of Aegis Computer Architecture Data Bus and Fiber Optics Working Group from which many concepts for this paper were generated. Dr. Zitzman received his B.S. degree in physics from Brigham Young University in 1963 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Illinois in 1967 and 1972 respectively. Stephen M. Falatko:was a senior engineering analyst in the Combat Systems Engineering Department Comptek Research Incorporated for the majority of this effort. He is currently employed at ManTech Services Corporation. During his eight-year career first at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and currently with ManTech Mr. Falatko's work has centered around the development of requirements and specifications for future Navy systems and the application of advanced technology to Navy command and control systems. He is a member of both the Computer Architecture Fiber Optics and Data Bus Working Group and the Aegis Fiber Optics Working Group. Mr. Falatko received his B.S. degree in aerospace engineering with high distinction from the University of Virginia in 1982 and his M.S. degree in applied physics from The Johns Hopkins University in 1985. Mr. Falatko is a member of Tau Beta Pi Sigma Gamma Tau the American Society of Naval Engineers and the U.S. Naval Institute. Janet L. Papach:is a section leader and senior engineering analyst in the Combat Systems Engineering Department Comptek Research Incorporated. She has ten years' experience as an analyst supporting NavSea Spa War and the U.S. Department of State. She currently participates in working group efforts under Aegis Combat System Doctrin

This paper sets forth computer systems architecture concepts for the combat system of the 2010–2030 timeframe that satisfy the needs of the next generation of surface combatants. It builds upon the current Aegis computer systems architecture, expanding that architecture while preserving, and adhering to, the Aegis fundamental principle of thorough systems engineering, dedicated to maintaining a well integrated, highly reliable, and easily operable combat system. The implementation of these proposed computer systems concepts in a coherent architecture would support the future battle force capable combat system and allow the expansion necessary to accommodate evolutionary changes in both the threat environment and the technology then available to effectively counter that threat. Changes to the current Aegis computer architecture must be carefully and effectively managed such that the fleet will retain its combat readiness capability at all times. This paper describes a possible transition approach for evolving the current Aegis computer architecture to a general architecture for the future. The proposed computer systems architecture concepts encompass the use of combinations of physically distributed, microprocessor-based computers, collocated with the equipment they support or embedded within the equipment itself. They draw heavily on widely used and available industry standards, including instruction set architectures (ISAs), backplane busses, microprocessors, computer programming languages and development environments, and local area networks (LANs). In this proposal, LANs, based on fiber optics, will provide the interconnection to support system expandability, redundancy, and higher data throughput rates. A system of cross connected LANs will support a high level of combat system integration, spanning the major warfare areas, and will facilitate the coordination and development of a coherent multi-warfare tactical picture supporting the future combatant command st

关键词： Computer Architecture

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DOCTRINAL AUTOMATION IN NAVAL COMBAT systemS - THE EXPERIENCE AND THE FUTURE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 74-79页

作者： GERSH, JR The authoris a principal staff engineer at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory where he supervises the AAW Operations Section of the Combat Direction Group. Since joining JHU/APL in 1980 he has been involved in the specification development and testing of advanced surface combat direction systems specializing in the application of rule-based control mechanisms to command and control problems. In 1985-86 he chaired the Doctrine Working Group of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Combat Direction System Engineering Committee. Mr. Gersh served in the U.S. Navy from 1968 to 1977 as a sonar technician and as a junior officer (engineering and gunnery) aboard Atlantic Fleet frigates and as a member of the U.S. Naval Academy's Electrical Engineering faculty. He was educated at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology receiving S. B. S. M. and E. E. degrees in electrical engineering from the latter. He holds certificates as a commercial pilot and flight instructor and is a member of the U.S. Naval Institute the IEEE Computer Society and the American Association for Artificial Intelligence.

For the last four years the most advanced surface combat direction system (CDS) of the U.S. Navy has employed a limited knowledge-based control mechanism. Implemented in the Aegis Weapon system's command and decision element, this capability is called control by doctrine, and is a foundation for the Ticonderoga class cruisers' exceptional performance. Control by doctrine allows CIC personnel to direct that certain CDS functions be performed automatically upon tracks with specified characteristics. In effect, these CDS functions, from identification to engagement, can now be controlled through the specification and activation of general system response rules rather than by individual operator actions. The set of active rules, called doctrine statements, forms a system knowledge-base. The advanced Combat Direction system, Block 1, successor to today's Naval Tactical Data system, will also employ control by doctrine. As part of a larger effort investigating Aegis/ACDS commonality issues, a Doctrine Working Group was chartered to consider, among other things, implications for force-wide interoperability of multiple systems with such rule-based control mechanisms. The working group produced a set of design objectives for doctrine statement standardization across CDSs. Principal features of these objectives are described. The prospect of several such ships operating together in a battle group has raised questions as to the methods by which the actions of ships with those doctrinally-automated systems can best be coordinated. Related questions deal with specific design features for the support of such coordinated action. Work is now being carried out to investigate these questions. Combat system automation through doctrine statements is only one kind of rule-based control. Much work in the area of artificial intelligence deals with the use and maintenance of complex systems of rules, usually in non-real-time problem solving applications. Such systems are just now beginning

关键词： WARSHIPS

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