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arXiv 2023年

作者： Benz, Thomas Ottaviano, Alessandro Balas, Robert Garofalo, Angelo Restuccia, Francesco Biondi, Alessandro Benini, Luca Integrated Systems Laboratory ETH Zurich Switzerland Department of Electrical Electronic and Information Engineering University of Bologna Italy Department of Computer Science and Engineering UC San Diego San DiegoCA United States Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa Italy

The increasing demand for heterogeneous functionality in the automotive industry and the evolution of chip manufacturing processes have led to the transition from federated to integrated critical real-time embedded systems (CRTESs). This leads to higher integration challenges of conventional timing predictability techniques due to access contention on shared resources, which can be resolved by providing system-level observability and controllability in hardware. We focus on the interconnect as a shared resource and propose AXI-REALM, a lightweight, modular, and technology-independent real-time extension to industry-standard AXI4 interconnects, available open-source. AXI-REALM uses a credit-based mechanism to distribute and control the bandwidth in a multi-subordinate system on periodic time windows, proactively prevents denial of service from malicious actors in the system, and tracks each manager’s access and interference statistics for optimal budget and period selection. We provide detailed performance and implementation cost assessment in a 12nm node and an end-to-end functional case study implementing AXI-REALM into an open-source Linux-capable RISC-V SoC. In a system with a general-purpose core and a hardware accelerator’s DMA engine causing interference on the interconnect, AXI-REALM achieves fair bandwidth distribution among managers, allowing the core to recover 68.2 % of its performance compared to the case without contention. Moreover, near-ideal performance (above 95 %) can be achieved by distributing the available bandwidth in favor of the core, improving the worst-case memory access latency from 264 to below eight cycles. Our approach minimizes buffering compared to other solutions and introduces only 2.45 % area overhead compared to the original SoC. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Embedded systems

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Edge Detectors Can Make Deep Convolutional Neural Networks More Robust

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Ding, Jin Zhao, Jie-Chao Sun, Yong-Zhi Tan, Ping Wang, Jia-Wei Ma, Ji-En Fang, You-Tong School of Automation and Electrical Engineering Key Institute of Robotics of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Hangzhou310023 China State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China School of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN for short) are vulnerable to examples with small perturbations. Improving DCNN’s robustness is of great significance to the safety-critical applications, such as autonomous driving and industry automation. Inspired by the principal way that human eyes recognize objects, i.e., largely relying on the shape features, this paper first employs the edge detectors as layer kernels and designs a binary edge feature branch (BEFB for short) to learn the binary edge features, which can be easily integrated into any popular backbone. The four edge detectors can learn the horizontal, vertical, positive diagonal, and negative diagonal edge features, respectively, and the branch is stacked by multiple Sobel layers (using edge detectors as kernels) and one threshold layer. The binary edge features learned by the branch, concatenated with the texture features learned by the backbone, are fed into the fully connected layers for classification. We integrate the proposed branch into VGG16 and ResNet34, respectively, and conduct experiments on multiple datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the BEFB is lightweight and has no side effects on training. And the accuracy of the BEFB integrated models is better than the original ones on all datasets when facing FGSM, PGD, and C&W attacks. Besides, BEFB integrated models equipped with the robustness enhancing techniques can achieve better classification accuracy compared to the original models. The work in this paper for the first time shows it is feasible to enhance the robustness of DCNNs through combining both shape-like features and texture features. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Structural controllability on graphs for drifted bilinear systems over Lie groups

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Wang, Xing Li, Bo Li, Jr-Shin Petersen, Ian R. Shi, Guodong Key Laboratory of Mathematics Mechanization Institute of Systems Science Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Mathematical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Key Laboratory of Mathematics Mechanization Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering Washington University St. LouisMO63130 United States Research School of Engineering Australian National University CanberraACT0200 Australia Australian Center for Field Robotics School of Aerospace Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering The University of Sydney NSW2006 Australia

In this paper, we study graphical conditions for structural controllability and accessibility of drifted bilinear systems over Lie groups. We consider a bilinear control system with drift and controlled terms that evolves over the special orthogonal group, the general linear group, and the special unitary group. Zero patterns are prescribed for the drift and controlled dynamics with respect to a set of base elements in the corresponding Lie algebra. The drift dynamics must respect a rigid zero-pattern in the sense that the drift takes values as a linear combination of base elements with strictly non-zero coefficients;the controlled dynamics are allowed to follow a free zero pattern with potentially zero coefficients in the configuration of the controlled term by linear combination of the controlled base elements. First of all, for such bilinear systems over the special orthogonal group or the special unitary group, the zero patterns are shown to be associated with two undirected or directed graphs whose connectivity and connected components ensure structural controllability/accessibility. Next, for bilinear systems over the special unitary group, we introduce two edge-colored graphs associated with the drift and controlled zero patterns, and prove structural controllability conditions related to connectivity and the number of edges of a particular color. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Lie groups

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Organic Heterojunction Enabled Near 1% H2o2 Photoproduction with Ultrafast Charge Separation

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Liu, Jingjing Hu, Qiushi Liu, Shang Lin, Meng Zhang, Xiaosa Xie, Ying Chen, Xihan Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics and Flexible Manufacturing Systems SUSTech Energy Institute for Carbon Neutrality Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Guangdong Shenzhen518055 China Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Chemistry and Application of Liaoning Province College of Science Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Liaoning Shenyang China

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) finds wide application in disinfection, chemical production, and bleaching owing to its sustainability, stability, and ease of storage compared to hydrogen. However, the current industrial engineering practices for producing photocatalysts used in H2O2 generation face challenges such as low yields with organic catalysts and high costs associated with inorganic catalysts. In light of these challenges, we investigate a viable method utilizing a simple condensation reflux technique to synthesize pure organic heterojunction photocatalysts featuring a π-π stacked structure derived from graphitized carbon nitride (melem) and meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin. This approach enables efficient H2O2 production from water, seawater, and oxygen without the necessity of sacrificial agents. In this study, the synthesized catalyst demonstrates an impressive H2O2 production rate of 106 mmol/h.g.L under seawater conditions and 77.67 mmol/h.g.L under pure water conditions in ambient air. Following a reaction time of 4.5 hours, the H2O2 concentration reaches 0.88 wt% with a volume of 5.0 mL. Transient absorption spectroscopy validates the formation of a heterojunction between melem and porphyrin. Notably, this heterogeneous catalyst efficiently facilitates water oxidation and oxygen reduction while suppressing both H2O2 decomposition and subsequent photodecomposition reactions, thereby addressing the challenges associated with organic catalyst yield. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Absorption spectroscopy

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A novel swarm intelligence algorithm and its application in solving wireless sensor networks coverage problems

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Journal of Networks 2012年第12期7卷 2037-2043页

作者： Mo, Yuanbin Liu, Jizhong Wang, Baolei Jonathan Wu, Q.M. College of Mathematics and Computer Science Guangxi University for Nationalities Nanning 530006 China School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute of Robotics of Nanchang University Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Computer Vision and Sensing Systems Laboratory University of Windsor Windsor N9B3P4 Canada

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted a great deal of research due to their wide-range of potential applications. Sensor deployment and coverage problems are their important issues. This article briefly introduces the principle of swarm intelligence (SI). A novel SI algorithm based on information sharing of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and diversity maintenance mechanism of Artificial Immune System (AIS) is designed and the model of coverage problems is given. Its applications in solving different deterministic and random coverage problems are given. The algorithm used in obtaining maximum coverage probability with given number of sensor nodes and minimum number of sensor nodes with required coverage probability of WSNs deterministic coverage, and determining the selected sensor nodes with coverage probability and connectivity requirement of WSNs random coverage, are analyzed in detail. The simulation results show the algorithm is practical. The applications of SI on K- coverage and connectivity problems in the future are also projected in the article. © 2012 ACADEMY PUBLISHER.

关键词： Swarm intelligence

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Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation for open loop unstable plants

Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation for open loop unstable pl...

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European Control Conference (ECC)

作者： Vahid Hassani António M. Pascoal A. Pedro Aguiar Michael Athans LARSyS Portugal Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute (MARINTEK) Trondheim Norway The Laboratory of Robotics and Systems in Engineering and Science (LARSyS) Univ. Técnica de Lisboa (UTL) Lisbon Portugal LARSyS and the Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Porto (FEUP) Porto Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781479901890

This paper addresses the problem of adaptive state and parameter estimation of open loop unstable plants using a multiple model structure. A state estimate is obtained as a probabilistically weighted sum of the estimates produced by a bank of individual observers. Model identification and convergence of the dynamic weights in the Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation (MMAE) for open-loop unstable plants are analyzed and the effect of the control action (by a controller in the loop) is studied. In the present paper we show that the techniques introduced in MMAE for open-loop stable plants and in the absence of control action are applicable to open-loop unstable plants with a stabilizing controller in the loop. A distance-like pseudo norm between the true plant and the identified model is developed and furthermore we show that the model identified is the one that is the closest to the true plant model in the defined norm among all models in the bank. The performance and convergence of the MMAE procedure are illustrated with Monte-Carlo simulation runs using the model of an inverted pendulum installed on a system of masses, springs, and dampers.

关键词： Adaptation models Mathematical model Observers Silicon Adaptive estimation

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Adaptive Wave Filtering for Dynamic Positioning of Marine Vessels using Maximum Likelihood Identification: Theory and Experiments

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2013年第33期46卷 203-208页

作者： Vahid Hassani Asgeir J. Sørensen Antonio M. Pascoal Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute (MARINTEK) Trondheim Norway Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS) and Dept. of Marine Technology Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Laboratory of Robotics and Systems in Engineering and Science (LARSyS) Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) University of Lisbon Portugal Adjunct Scientist National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Goa India Adjunct Scientist National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) Goa India

This paper addresses a filtering problem that arises in the design of dynamic positioning systems for ships and offshore rigs subjected to the influence of sea waves. The dynamic model of the vessel captures explicitly the sea state as an uncertain parameter. The proposed adaptive wave filter borrows from maximum likelihood identification techniques. The general form of the logarithmic likelihood function is derived and the dominant wave frequency (the uncertain parameter) is identified by maximizing this function. To this effect, a bank of Kalman filters is used to evaluate the log-likelihood function for different values of the uncertain parameter. After each identification step a new set of Kalman filters is designed to estimate the dominant wave frequency with better accuracy. The proposed sea state identification technique enables adaptive Wave Filtering (WF) and Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems to operate in different operational conditions and hence, it is a step forward to the development of a so-called all-year marine estimation and control system. The results are experimentally verified by model testing a DP operated ship, the Cybership III, under different sea conditions in a towing tank equipped with a hydraulic wave maker.

关键词： Adaptive wave filtering dynamic positioning marine vessels maximum likelihood identification

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Adaptive Neural Admittance Control for Collision Avoidance in Human-Robot Collaborative Tasks

Adaptive Neural Admittance Control for Collision Avoidance i...

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2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and systems (IROS)

作者： Xinbo Yu Wei He Chengqian Xue Bin Li Long Cheng Chenguang Yang School of Automation and Electrical Engineering Institute of Artificial Intelligence University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Bristol Robotics Laboratory University of the West of England Bristol U.K

This paper proposed an adaptive neural admittance control strategy for collision avoidance in human-robot collaborative tasks. In order to ensure that the robot end-effector can avoid collisions with surroundings, robot should be operated compliantly by human within a constrained task space. An impedance model and a soft saturation function are employed to generate a differentiable reference trajectory. Then, adaptive neural network control with position constraint, based on integral barrier Lyapunov function (IBLF), is designed to achieve precise tracking while guaranteeing constrained satisfaction. Utilizing Lyapunov stability principles, we prove that semi-globally uniformly bounded stability is guaranteed for all states of the closed-loop system. At last, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified on a Baxter robot experimental platform. Collisions with surroundings can be avoided in human-robot collaborative tasks.

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Design and Experiment of a Soft Gripper Based on Cable-Driven Continuum Structures

Design and Experiment of a Soft Gripper Based on Cable-Drive...

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IEEE International Conference on robotics and Biomimetics

作者： Qiong Wu Zhenglong Yi Hongqiang Wang Han Yuan School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen University Town of Shenzhen Shenzhen P.R. China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen P.R. China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665405362

Soft grippers can be used as the end effectors of robots due to their good adaptability to the object being grasped. This is because of the passive compliance of the material. However, for this reason, the grippers have difficulties applying enough forces to the objects. Therefore, how to design the grippers to realize universal adaptive and compliant grasping of the object is worthy of study. In this paper, we design a novel cable-driven soft gripper, the shape and function of which are similar to a human hand. It is able to realize a stable self-adaptive grasp. Kinematic and kinetic models of the finger are established, simulation analysis and finite element analysis are carried out to optimize the finger. Experimental validation proves that the gripper designed can realize stable self-adaptive grasping.

关键词： Analytical models Shape Prototypes Grasping Bending Numerical simulation Mathematical models

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Overcoming Occlusions in Eye-in-Hand Visual Search

Overcoming Occlusions in Eye-in-Hand Visual Search

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American Control Conference

作者： Sina Radmard David Meger Elizabeth A. Croft James J. Little Collaborative Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department University of British Columbia V6T1Z4 Canada Laboratory for Computational Intelligence Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia V6T1Z4 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781457710957

In this paper we propose a method for handling persistent visual occlusions that disrupt visual tracking for eye-in-hand systems. This approach provides an efficient strategy for the robot to "look behind" the occlusion while respecting the robot's physical constraints. Specifically, we propose a decoupled search strategy combining a naive pan tilt search with a sensor placement approach, to reduce the strategy's computational cost. We proceed by mapping limited environmental data into the robot configuration space and then planning within a constrained region. We use a particle filter to continuously estimate the target location, while our configuration-based cost function plans a goal location for the camera frame, taking into account robot singularity, self-collision and joint limit constraints. To validate our algorithm, we implemented it on an eye-in-hand robot system. Experimental results for various situations support the feasibility of our approach for quickly recovering fully occluded moving targets. Finally we discuss the implications of this approach to mobile robot platforms.

关键词： Joints Cameras Robot vision systems Target tracking Planning

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