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arXiv 2020年

作者： Aradnia, Amir Haeri, Maryam Amir Ebadzadeh, Mohammad Mehdi Department of Computer Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran Learning Data-Analytics and Technology Department University of Twente Enschede Netherlands

The K-means algorithm is among the most commonly used data clustering methods. However, the regular K-means can only be applied in the input space and it is applicable when clusters are linearly separable. The kernel K-means, which extends K-means into the kernel space, is able to capture nonlinear structures and identify arbitrarily shaped clusters. However, kernel methods often operate on the kernel matrix of the data, which scale poorly with the size of the matrix or suffer from the high clustering cost due to the repetitive calculations of kernel values. Another issue is that algorithms access the data only through evaluations of K(xi, xj), which limits many processes that can be done on data through the clustering task. This paper proposes a method to combine the advantages of the linear and nonlinear approaches by using driven corresponding approximate finite-dimensional feature maps based on spectral analysis. Applying approximate finite-dimensional feature maps were only discussed in the Support Vector Machines (SVM) problems before. We suggest using this method in kernel K-means era as alleviates storing huge kernel matrix in memory, further calculating cluster centers more efficiently and access the data explicitly in feature space. These explicit feature maps enable us to access the data in the feature space explicitly and take advantage of K-means extensions in that space. We demonstrate our Explicit Kernel Minkowski Weighted K-mean (Explicit KMWK-mean) method is able to be more adopted and find best-fitting values in new space by applying additional Minkowski exponent and feature weights parameter. Moreover, it can reduce the impact of concentration on nearest neighbour search by suggesting investigate among other norms instead of Euclidean norm, includes Minkowski norms and fractional norms (as an extension of the Minkowski norms with p © 2020, CC BY.

关键词： Matrix algebra

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Deep CNN: A machine learning approach for driver drowsiness detection based on eye state

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Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle 2019年第6期33卷 461-466页

作者： Reddy Chirra, Venkata Rami Uyyala, Srinivasulu Reddy Kishore Kolli, Venkata Krishna Department of Computer Applications National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli620015 India Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab Department of Computer Applications National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli620015 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering VFSTR Guntur522213 India

Driver drowsiness is one of the reasons for large number of road accidents these days. With the advancement in Computer Vision technologies, smart/intelligent cameras are developed to identify drowsiness in drivers, thereby alerting drivers which in turn reduce accidents when they are in fatigue. In this work, a new framework is proposed using deep learning to detect driver drowsiness based on Eye state while driving the vehicle. To detect the face and extract the eye region from the face images, Viola-Jones face detection algorithm is used in this work. Stacked deep convolution neural network is developed to extract features from dynamically identified key frames from camera sequences and used for learning phase. A SoftMax layer in CNN classifier is used to classify the driver as sleep or non-sleep. This system alerts driver with an alarm when the driver is in sleepy mood. The proposed work is evaluated on a collected dataset and shows better accuracy with 96.42% when compared with traditional CNN. The limitation of traditional CNN such as pose accuracy in regression is overcome with the proposed Staked Deep CNN. © 2019 Lavoisier. All rights reserved.

关键词： Face recognition

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SDCOR: Scalable density-based clustering for local outlier detection in massive-scale datasets

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Naghavi Nozad, Sayyed Ahmad Haeri, Maryam Amir Folino, Gianluigi Department of Computer Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran Learning Data-Analytics Technology Department University of Twente Enschede Netherlands ICAR-CNR Rende Italy

This paper presents a batch-wise density-based clustering approach for local outlier detection in massive-scale datasets. Unlike the well-known traditional algorithms, which assume that all the data is memory-resident, our proposed method is scalable and processes the input data chunk-by-chunk within the confines of a limited memory buffer. A temporary clustering model is built at the first phase;then, it is gradually updated by analyzing consecutive memory loads of points. Subsequently, at the end of scalable clustering, the approximate structure of the original clusters is obtained. Finally, by another scan of the entire dataset and using a suitable criterion, an outlying score is assigned to each object called SDCOR (Scalable Density-based Clustering Outlierness Ratio). Evaluations on real-life and synthetic datasets demonstrate that the proposed method has a low linear time complexity and is more effective and efficient compared to best-known conventional density-based methods, which need to load all data into the memory;and also, to some fast distance-based methods, which can perform on data resident in the disk. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Anomaly detection

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Four paradigms in learning analytics: Why paradigm convergence matters

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Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2021年 2卷

作者： Baker, Ryan S. Gašević, Dragan Karumbaiah, Shamya Graduate School of Education University of Pennsylvania 3700 Walnut Street PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Centre for Learning Analytics at Monash Faculty of Information Technology Monash University 20 Exhibition Walk ClaytonVIC3800 Australia Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Faculty of Information Technology Monash University 20 Exhibition Walk ClaytonVIC3800 Australia

learning analytics has matured significantly since its early days. The field has rapidly grown in terms of the reputation of its publication venues, established a vibrant community, and has demonstrated an increasing impact on policy and practice. However, the boundaries of the field are still being explored by many researchers in a bid to determine what differentiates a contribution in learning analytics from contributions in related fields, which also center around data in education. In this paper, we propose that instead of emphasizing the examination of differences, a healthy development of the field should focus on collaboration and be informed by the developments in related fields. Specifically, the paper presents a framework for analysis how contemporary fields focused on the study of data in education influence trends in learning analytics. The framework is focused on the methodological paradigms that each of the fields is primarily based on – i.e., essentialist, entatitive/reductionst, ontological/dialectical, and existentialist. The paper uses the proposed framework to analyze how learning analytics (ontological) is being methodologically influenced by recent trends in the fields of educational data mining (entatitive), quantitative ethnography (existentialist), and learning at scale (essentialist). Based on the results of the analysis, this paper identifies gaps in the literature that warrant future research. © 2021 The Author(s)

关键词： data mining

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Uncertainty Quantification in Machine learning for Engineering Design and Health Prognostics: A Tutorial

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Nemani, Venkat Biggio, Luca Huan, Xun Hu, Zhen Fink, Olga Tran, Anh Wang, Yan Zhang, Xiaoge Hu, Chao Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University AmesIA50011 United States Data Analytics Lab ETH Zürich Switzerland Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering University of Michigan-Dearborn DearbornMI48128 United States Intelligent Maintenance and Operations Systems EPFL Lausanne12309 Switzerland Scientific Machine Learning Sandia National Laboratories AlbuquerqueNM87123 United States George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGA30332 United States Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon Hong Kong New Territories Hong Kong Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Connecticut StorrsCT06269 United States

On top of machine learning (ML) models, uncertainty quantification (UQ) functions as an essential layer of safety assurance that could lead to more principled decision making by enabling sound risk assessment and management. The safety and reliability improvement of ML models empowered by UQ has the potential to significantly facilitate the broad adoption of ML solutions in high-stakes decision settings, such as healthcare, manufacturing, and aviation, to name a few. In this tutorial, we aim to provide a holistic lens on emerging UQ methods for ML models with a particular focus on neural networks and the applications of these UQ methods in tackling engineering design as well as prognostics and health management problems. Toward this goal, we start with a comprehensive classification of uncertainty types, sources, and causes pertaining to UQ of ML models. Next, we provide a tutorial-style description of several state-of-the-art UQ methods: Gaussian process regression, Bayesian neural network, neural network ensemble, and deterministic UQ methods focusing on spectral-normalized neural Gaussian process. Established upon the mathematical formulations, we subsequently examine the soundness of these UQ methods quantitatively and qualitatively (by a toy regression example) to examine their strengths and shortcomings from different dimensions. Then, we review quantitative metrics commonly used to assess the quality of predictive uncertainty in classification and regression problems. Afterward, we discuss the increasingly important role of UQ of ML models in solving challenging problems in engineering design and health prognostics. Two case studies with source codes available on GitHub are used to demonstrate these UQ methods and compare their performance in the life prediction of lithium-ion batteries at the early stage (case study 1) and the remaining useful life prediction of turbofan engines (case study 2). © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Machine learning

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learning with Group Noise

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Wang, Qizhou Yao, Jiangchao Gong, Chen Liu, Tongliang Gong, Mingming Yang, Hongxia Han, Bo Department of Computer Science Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of MoE School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Data Analytics and Intelligence Lab Alibaba Group China Department of Computing Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Trustworthy Machine Learning Lab School of Computer Science University of Sydney Australia School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Melbourne Australia

Machine learning in the context of noise is a challenging but practical setting to plenty of real-world applications. Most of the previous approaches in this area focus on the pairwise relation (casual or correlational relationship) with noise, such as learning with noisy labels. However, the group noise, which is parasitic on the coarse-grained accurate relation with the fine-grained uncertainty, is also universal and has not been well investigated. The challenge under this setting is how to discover true pairwise connections concealed by the group relation with its fine-grained noise. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel Max-Matching method for learning with group noise. Specifically, it utilizes a matching mechanism to evaluate the relation confidence of each object (cf. Figure 1) w.r.t. the target, meanwhile considering the Non-IID characteristics among objects in the group. Only the most confident object is considered to learn the model, so that the fine-grained noise is mostly dropped. The performance on a range of real-world datasets in the area of several learning paradigms demonstrates the effectiveness of Max-Matching. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Machine learning

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Lessons Learned from Assessing Trustworthy AI in Practice

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Digital Society 2023年第3期2卷 1-25页

作者： Vetter, Dennis Amann, Julia Bruneault, Frédérick Coffee, Megan Düdder, Boris Gallucci, Alessio Gilbert, Thomas Krendl Hagendorff, Thilo van Halem, Irmhild Hickman, Eleanore Hildt, Elisabeth Holm, Sune Kararigas, Georgios Kringen, Pedro Madai, Vince I. Wiinblad Mathez, Emilie Tithi, Jesmin Jahan Westerlund, Magnus Wurth, Renee Zicari, Roberto V. Computational Vision and Artificial Intelligence Lab Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Am Main Germany Z-Inspection® Initiative Venice Italy Health Ethics and Policy Lab ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Strategy and Innovation Careum Foundation Zurich Switzerland Philosophie Departement Collège André-Laurendeau Montréal Canada École Des Médias Université du Québec À Montréal Montréal Canada Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York City USA Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Digital Life Initiative Cornell Tech New York City USA Cluster of Excellence “Machine Learning: New Perspectives for Science” University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany School of Law University of Bristol Bristol UK Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA Department of Business Management and Analytics Arcada University of Applied Sciences Helsinki Finland Department of Food & Resource Economics University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland QUEST Centre for Responsible Research Berlin Institute of Health Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany Faculty of Computing Engineering and the Built Environment School of Computing and Digital Technology Birmingham City University Birmingham UK Parallel Computing Labs Intel Santa Clara USA School of Economics Innovation and Technology Kristiania University College Oslo Norway Data Science Graduate School Seoul National University Seoul South Korea

Building artificial intelligence (AI) systems that adhere to ethical standards is a complex problem. Even though a multitude of guidelines for the design and development of such trustworthy AI systems exist, these guidelines focus on high-level and abstract requirements for AI systems, and it is often very difficult to assess if a specific system fulfills these requirements. The Z-Inspection® process provides a holistic and dynamic framework to evaluate the trustworthiness of specific AI systems at different stages of the AI lifecycle, including intended use, design, and development. It focuses, in particular, on the discussion and identification of ethical issues and tensions through the analysis of socio-technical scenarios and a requirement-based framework for ethical and trustworthy AI. This article is a methodological reflection on the Z-Inspection® process. We illustrate how high-level guidelines for ethical and trustworthy AI can be applied in practice and provide insights for both AI researchers and AI practitioners. We share the lessons learned from conducting a series of independent assessments to evaluate the trustworthiness of real-world AI systems, as well as key recommendations and practical suggestions on how to ensure a rigorous trustworthiness assessment throughout the lifecycle of an AI system. The results presented in this article are based on our assessments of AI systems in the healthcare sector and environmental monitoring, where we used the framework for trustworthy AI proposed in the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI by the European Commission’s High-Level Expert Group on AI. However, the assessment process and the lessons learned can be adapted to other domains and include additional frameworks.

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Correction: contactless radar-based heart rate Estimation in palliative care- a feasibility study and possible use in symptom management

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BMC palliative care 2025年第1期24卷 113页

作者： Stefan G Grießhammer Anke Malessa Hui Lu Julia Yip Julie Leuschner Florian Christgau Nils C Albrecht Marie Oesten Thanh Truc Tran Robert Richer Maria Heckel Bjoern M Eskofier Alexander Koelpin Tobias Steigleder Christoph Ostgathe Department of Palliative Medicine Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany. stefan.griesshammer@uk-erlangen.de. Department of Palliative Medicine Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany. Institute of High-Frequency Technology Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Hamburg Germany. Chair of Electronics and Sensor Systems Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Cottbus Germany. Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab Friedrich-Alexander- Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany.

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The state-of-the-art in Cardiac MRI Reconstruction: Results of the CMRxRecon Challenge in MICCAI 2023

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Lyu, Jun Qin, Chen Wang, Shuo Wang, Fanwen Li, Yan Wang, Zi Guo, Kunyuan Ouyang, Cheng Tänzer, Michael Liu, Meng Sun, Longyu Sun, Mengting Li, Qin Shi, Zhang Hua, Sha Li, Hao Chen, Zhensen Zhang, Zhenlin Xin, Bingyu Metaxas, Dimitris N. Yiasemis, George Teuwen, Jonas Zhang, Liping Chen, Weitian Pang, Yanwei Liu, Xiaohan Razumov, Artem Dylov, Dmitry V. Dou, Quan Yan, Kang Xue, Yuyang Du, Yuning Dietlmeier, Julia Garcia-Cabrera, Carles Hemidi, Ziad Al-Haj Vogt, Nora Xu, Ziqiang Zhang, Yajing Chu, Ying-Hua Chen, Weibo Bai, Wenjia Zhuang, Xiahai Qin, Jing Wu, Lianmin Yang, Guang Qu, Xiaobo Wang, He Wang, Chengyan Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School 399 Revolution Drive BostonMA02215 United States Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & I-X Imperial College London United Kingdom Digital Medical Research Center School of Basic Medical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China Department of Bioengineering & I-X Imperial College London LondonW12 7SL United Kingdom Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit Royal Brompton Hospital Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust LondonSW3 6NP United Kingdom Department of Radiology Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China Department of Electronic Science Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine Institute of Artificial Intelligence Xiamen University Xiamen361102 China Department of Computing Department of Brain Sciences Imperial College London LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom Human Phenome Institute Fudan University 825 Zhangheng Road Pudong New District Shanghai201203 China Department of Radiology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Ruijin Hospital Lu Wan Branch Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence Fudan University Shanghai200433 China Department of Computer Science Rutgers University PiscatawayNJ08854 United States AI for Oncology Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 Amsterdam1066 CX Netherlands Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong TJK-BIIT Lab School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin300072 China Skolkovo Institute Of Science And Technology Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology 30/1 Bolshoy blvd. Moscow121205 Russia Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides detailed and quantitative evaluation of the heart’s structure, function, and tissue characteristics with high-resolution spatial-temporal imaging. However, its slow imaging speed and motion artifacts are notable limitations. Undersampling reconstruction, especially data-driven algorithms, has emerged as a promising solution to accelerate scans and enhance imaging performance using highly under-sampled data. Nevertheless, the scarcity of publicly available cardiac k-space datasets and evaluation platform hinder the development of data-driven reconstruction algorithms. To address this issue, we organized the Cardiac MRI Reconstruction Challenge (CMRxRecon) in 2023, in collaboration with the 26th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI). CMRxRecon presented an extensive k-space dataset comprising cine and mapping raw data, accompanied by detailed annotations of cardiac anatomical structures. With overwhelming participation, the challenge attracted more than 285 teams and over 600 participants. Among them, 22 teams successfully submitted Docker containers for the testing phase, with 7 teams submitted for both cine and mapping tasks. All teams use deep learning based approaches, indicating that deep learning has predominately become a promising solution for the problem. The first-place winner of both tasks utilizes the E2E-VarNet architecture as backbones. In contrast, U-Net is still the most popular backbone for both multi-coil and single-coil reconstructions. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the challenge design, presents a summary of the submitted results, reviews the employed methods, and offers an in-depth discussion that aims to inspire future advancements in cardiac MRI reconstruction models. The summary emphasizes the effective strategies observed in Cardiac MRI reconstruction, including backbone architecture, loss function, pre-processing techn

关键词： Mapping

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Evaluating the Accuracy and Reliability of Real-World Digital Mobility Outcomes in Older Adults After Hip Fracture: Cross-Sectional Observational Study

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JMIR Formative Research 2025年 9卷 e67792页

作者： Berge, Martin A. Paraschiv-Ionescu, Anisoara Kirk, Cameron Küderle, Arne Micó-Amigo, Encarna Becker, Clemens Cereatti, Andrea Del Din, Silvia Engdal, Monika Garcia-Aymerich, Judith Grønvik, Karoline B. Hansen, Clint Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. Helbostad, Jorunn L. Jansen, Carl-Philipp Johnsen, Lars Gunnar Klenk, Jochen Koch, Sarah Maetzler, Walter Megaritis, Dimitrios Müller, Arne Rochester, Lynn Schwickert, Lars Taraldsen, Kristin Vereijken, Beatrix Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne United Kingdom Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany Geriatric Center Medical Faculty Heidelberg Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Department of Geriatrics and Rehabilitation Robert Bosch Hospital Stuttgart Germany Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Politecnico di Torino Turin Italy National Institute for Health and Care Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre Newcastle University The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Newcastle Upon Tyne United Kingdom Barcelona Institute for Global Health Barcelona Spain Department of Medicine and Life Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra Catalonia Barcelona Spain CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública Madrid Spain Department of Neurology University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel University Kiel Germany Center for the Study of Movement Cognition and Mobility Neurological Institute Tel Aviv Medical Center Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center Rush University Medical Center Chicago IL United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Rush Medical College Rush University Chicago IL United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St. Olav’s Hospital Trondheim Norway Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry Ulm University Ulm Germany IB University of Health and Social Sciences Study Centre Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Department of Sport

Background: Algorithms estimating real-world digital mobility outcomes (DMOs) are increasingly validated in healthy adults and various disease cohorts. However, their accuracy and reliability in older adults after hip fracture, who often walk slowly for short durations, is underexplored. Objective: This study examined DMO accuracy and reliability in a hip fracture cohort considering walking bout (WB) duration, physical function, days since surgery, and walking aid use. Methods: In total, 19 community-dwelling participants were real-world monitored for 2.5 hours using a lower back wearable device and a reference system combining inertial modules, distance sensors, and pressure insoles. A total of 6 DMO estimates from 164 WBs from 58% (11/19) of the participants (aged 71-90 years;assessed 32-390 days after surgery;Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] scores of 3-12;gait speed range 0.39-1.34 m/s) were assessed against the reference system at the WB and participant level. We stratified by WB duration (all WBs, WBs of >10 seconds, WBs of 10-30 seconds, and WBs of >30 seconds) and lower versus higher SPPB scores and observed whether days since surgery and walking aid use affected DMO accuracy and reliability. Results: Across WBs, walking speed and distance ranged from 0.25 to 1.29 m/s and from 1.7 to 436.5 m, respectively. Estimation of walking speed, cadence, stride duration, number of steps, and distance stratified by WB duration showed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.50 to 0.99 and mean relative errors (MREs) from –6.9% to 12.8%. Stride length estimation showed poor reliability, with ICCs ranging from 0.30 to 0.49 and MREs from 6.1% to 13.2%. Walking speed and distance ICCs in the higher–SPPB score group ranged from 0.85 to 0.99, and MREs ranged from –10.1% to –1.7%. In the lower–SPPB score group, walking speed and distance ICCs ranged from 0.17 to 0.99, and MREs ranged from 13.5% to 32.6%. There was no discernible effect of time since s

关键词： active aging cadence digital mobility assessment distance free living gait walking speed wearable device

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