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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and dom.s.ic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola solorio, Juan stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca s. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelm.s.eh, michael Abdulah, Deldar morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.s. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, michael R.m. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, mohammed Hussien Afzal, muhammad sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad m.s.hour Alanzi, Turki m. Al-Hanawi, mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, syed mohamed Alm.s.anyir, sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa m. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, m.s.afa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, seyyed shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, martin Amogre Azari, samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, sanjay Batiha, Abdul-monim mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, sonu Boachie, micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, simiao Chukwu, Isaac sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, milad dos santos, Wendel mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El sayed Zaki, maysaa El Tantawi, maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LmICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting system (CRs) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Us$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 tim.s.the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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Luminescence phenomena: An introduction

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Defect and Diffusion Forum 2014年 347卷 1-34页

作者： murthy, K.V.R. Virk, H.s. Display Materials Laboratory Applied Physics Department M.S. University of Baroda Vadodara-390001 India Emeritus Eternal University Baru Sahib HP India

ISBN: (纸本)9783037859582

Luminescence phenomena have fascinated mankind since the earliest tim.s. The light from the aurora borealis, glow worms, luminescent wood, rotting fish and meat are all examples of naturally occurring luminescence. E. Newton Harvey's 770 page volume, 'A History of Luminescence: From the Earliest Tim.s.until 1900' published by American Physical society (1957) is a classic which documents history of luminescence from antiquity to modern tim.s. The purpose of this review is to highlight the basic concepts of luminescence phenomenon, which has been achieved by a detailed discussion of mechanism of luminescence based on Cofiguration Co-ordinate model and Jablonski diagrams. There are several varieties of luminescence, each named according to what the source of energy is, or what the trigger for the luminescence is. The phenomenon of luminescence can be classified into various categories depending on the mode of excitation. more importance is given to Photoluminescence (PL) and Thermoluminescence (TL) due to their vide variety of applications. PL, TL, OsL, and PCTL are discussed briefly along with bioluminescence and other luminescence processes. Applications of fluorescence in a variety of fields, and description of phosphors have also been discussed in some detail in this Chapter. Copyright © 2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fluorescence

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Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

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scientific data 2021年第1期8卷 72页

作者： Gilberto Pastorello Carlo Trotta Eleonora Canfora Housen Chu Danielle Christianson You-Wei Cheah Cristina Poindexter Jiquan Chen Abdelrahman Elbashandy marty Humphrey Peter Isaac Diego Polidori markus Reichstein Alessio Ribeca Catharine van Ingen Nicolas Vuichard Leiming Zhang Brian Amiro Christof Ammann m Altaf Arain Jonas Ardö Timothy Arkebauer stefan K Arndt Nicola Arriga marc Aubinet mika Aurela Dennis Baldocchi Alan Barr Eric Beam.s.erfer Luca Belelli marchesini Onil Bergeron Jason Beringer Christian Bernhofer Daniel Berveiller Dave Billesbach Thom.s.Andrew Black Peter D Blanken Gil Bohrer Julia Boike Paul V Bolstad Damien Bonal Jean-marc Bonnefond David R Bowling Rosvel Bracho Jason Brodeur Christian Brümmer Nina Buchmann Benoit Burban sean P Burns Pauline Buysse Peter Cale mauro Cavagna Pierre Cellier shiping Chen Isaac Chini Torben R Christensen Jam.s.Cleverly Alessio Collalti Claudia Consalvo Bruce D Cook David Cook Carole Coursolle Edoardo Cremonese Peter s Curtis Ettore D'Andrea Humberto da Rocha Xiaoqin Dai Kenneth J Davis Bruno De Cinti Agnes de Grandcourt Anne De Ligne Raimundo C De Oliveira Nicolas Delpierre Ankur R Desai Carlos marcelo Di Bella Paul di Tomm.s. Han Dolman Francisco Domingo Gang Dong sabina Dore Pierpaolo Duce Eric Dufrêne Allison Dunn Jiří Dušek Derek Eam.s.Uwe Eichelmann Hatim Abdalla m ElKhidir Werner Eugster Cacilia m Ewenz Brent Ewers Daniela Famulari silvano Fares Iris Feigenwinter Andrew Feitz Rasm.s.Fensholt Gianluca Filippa marc Fischer John Frank marta Galvagno mana Gharun Damiano Gianelle Bert Gielen Beniamino Gioli Anatoly Gitelson Ignacio Goded mathias Goeckede Allen H Goldstein Christopher m Gough michael L Goulden Alexander Graf Anne Griebel Carsten Gruening Thom.s.Grünwald Albin Hammerle shijie Han Xingguo Han Birger Ulf Hansen Chad Hanson Juha Hatakka Yongtao He markus Hehn Bernard Heinesch Nina Hinko-Najera Lukas Hörtnagl Lindsay Hutley Andreas Ibrom Hiroki Ikawa marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski Dalibor Janouš Wilma Jans Rachhpal Jassal shicheng Jiang Tomomichi Kato myr Computational Research Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA. gzpastorello@lbl.gov. DIBAF University of Tuscia Viterbo 01100 Italy. Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC) Lecce 73100 Italy. Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA. Computational Research Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA. Department of Civil Engineering California State University Sacramento CA 95819 USA. Department of Geography Environment and Spatial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48823 USA. Department of Computer Science University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904 USA. TERN Ecosystem Processes Menzies Creek VIC3159 Australia. Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena 07701 Germany. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) CEA CNRS UVSQ UPSACLAY Gif sur Yvette 91190 France. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China. Department of Soil Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T2N2 Canada. Department of Agroecology and Environment Agroscope Research Institute Zürich 8046 Switzerland. School of Geography and Earth Sciences McMaster University L8S4K1 Hamilton ON Canada. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Lund 22362 Sweden. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln NE 68583 USA. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Richmond VIC3121 Australia. Department of Biology Research Group PLECO University of Antwerp Antwerp 2610 Belgium. Joint Research Centre European Commission Ispra 21027 Italy. TERRA Teaching and Research Center University of Liege Gembloux B-5030 Belgium. Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki 00560 Finland. ES

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26th Annual Computational Neuroscience meeting (CNs*2017): Part 3 Antwerp, Belgium. 15-20 July 2017 Abstracts

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BmC NEUROsCIENCE 2017年第SUPPL 1期18卷 95-176页

作者： [Anonymous] Department of Neuroscience Yale University New Haven CT 06520 USA Department Physiology & Pharmacology SUNY Downstate Brooklyn NY 11203 USA NYU School of Engineering 6 MetroTech Center Brooklyn NY 11201 USA Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona 08028 Spain Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerrannée (INMED) INSERM UMR901 Aix-Marseille Univ Marseille France Center of Neural Science New York University New York NY USA Aix-Marseille Univ INSERM INS Inst Neurosci Syst Marseille France Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation CNRS UMR 8089 Université de Cergy-Pontoise 95300 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex France Department of Mathematics and Computer Science ENSAT Abdelmalek Essaadi’s University Tangier Morocco Laboratory of Natural Computation Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics University of Salerno 84084 Fisciano SA Italy Department of Medicine University of Salerno 84083 Lancusi SA Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi Aldo Moro Bari and INFN Sezione Di Bari Italy Data Analysis Department Ghent University Ghent Belgium Coma Science Group University of Liège Liège Belgium Cruces Hospital and Ikerbasque Research Center Bilbao Spain BIOtech Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento and IRCS-PAT FBK 38010 Trento Italy Department of Data Analysis Ghent University Ghent 9000 Belgium The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging University College London London WC1N 3BG UK Department of Electronic Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi Pakistan Blue Brain Project École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Departement of Mathematics Swansea University Swansea Wales UK Laboratory for Topology and Neuroscience at the Brain Mind Institute École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Institute of Mathematics University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland UK Department of Integrativ

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26th Annual Computational Neuroscience meeting (CNs*2017) of the Organization for Computational Neuroscience Antwerp, Belgium, July 15-20, 2017

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BmC NEUROsCIENCE 2017年第SUPPL 1期18卷 59-59页

作者： [Anonymous] Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46032 USA Stark Neurosciences Research Institute Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN 46032 USA Department of Mathematics East Carolina University Greenville NC 27858 USA Jülich Supercomputing Centre Forschungszentrum Jülich 52425 Jülich Germany Future Systems Swiss National Supercomputing Centre 8092 Zurich Switzerland User Engagement and Support Swiss National Supercomputing Centre 6900 Lugano Switzerland Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes Aix Marseille Univ 13005 Marseille France Simulation Lab Neuroscience Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging Radboud University 6525HR Nijmegen The Netherlands Department of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA Department of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA Department of Otolaryngology Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA INSERM U968 Paris France Sorbonne Universités UPMC University Paris 06 UMR_S 968 Institut de la Vision Paris France CNRS UMR_7210 Paris France Department of Computer Architecture and Technology University of Granada (CITIC) Granada Spain Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06 INSERM CNRS Institut de la Vision Paris France Department of Adaptive Machine Systems Osaka University Osaka Japan Department of Computer Science University of Cergy-Pontoise Cergy-Pontoise France Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Charleston Charleston SC 29424 USA School of Physics Faculty of Science University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia Center of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Australian Research Council Sydney Australia Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Saxony Lei

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Dielectric spectroscopy of dry and wet soils in frequency region from 20 Hz to 20 GHz

Dielectric spectroscopy of dry and wet soils in frequency re...

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National symposium on Advances in materials science and Technology, AmsT 2012

作者： Gadani, Deepak H. Vyas, Amar Datta Rana, V.A. Bhatnagar, s.P. Prajapati, A.N. Physics Department C. U. Shah Science College Ashram Road Ahmedabad India Department of Physics Gujarat University Ahmedabad India Department of Physics Bhavnagar University Bhavnagar India Department of Applied Physics The M.S. University of Baroda Vadodara India

ISBN: (纸本)9783037858974

The complex permittivity (∈’, ∈") of a soil is a very much useful parameter in remote sensing applications which in turn is useful in Agriculture, Hydrology and meteorology. The complex dielectric spectra of dry and wet soil samples were measured in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 GHz. The complex permittivity of the soils, in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 2 mHz, was measured using a precision LCR meter, and a newly designed and developed coaxial capacitor probe. The complex permittivity of the soils, in the frequency range from 75 mHz to 1.5 GHz, was measured using a Vector Network Analyzer. The complex permittivity of the soils at 5.65 GHz, 9.5 GHz and 19.3 GHz was measured using microwave bench set up. The complex permittivity of dry soil is found to remain constant over the given frequency range. A very large enhancement in the values of ∈’ and ∈" is observed for wet soil at lower frequency end. Further a relaxation is observed in ∈" values of wet soil around 5 GHz. © (2014) Trans Tech Publications, switzerland.

关键词： Permittivity

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Crystalline Zinc Indium.s.lenide Thin Film Electrosynthesis and its Photoelectrochemical studies

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Energy Procedia 2014年 54卷 549-556页

作者： Anuradha. B. Bhalerao B.G. Wagh N.m. shinde s.B. Jambure C.D. Lokhande Applied Science Department K.K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research Nasik M.S. India Department of Physics K. K. Wagh College of Arts Commerce and Science Pimpalgaon Nasik M.S. India Thin Film Physics Lab Department of Physics Shivaji University Kolhapur M.S. India

A room temperature electrochemical synthesis of Zinc Indium.s.lenide (ZnIn 2 se 4 ) thin films has been carried out. The films were polycrystalline and exhibited n-type conductivity. ZnIn 2 se 4 films were found to be photoactive in polysulphide solution. The photo electrochemical (PEC) studies of these films have been carried out using current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, power output characteristics, spectral response, mott-schottky plot and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIs).

关键词： Zinc indium.s.lenide Electrochemical synthesis X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscopy Photoelectrochemical cell.

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Digital holographic microscopy for automated 3D cell identification: an overview(Invited Paper)

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Chinese Optics Letters 2014年第6期12卷 46-51页

作者： Arun An Bahram Javidi Applied Physics Department Faculty of Technology and EngineeringThe M.S. University of BarodaVadodara 390001 India Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering U-2157 University of ConnecticutStorrs CT 06269-2157 USA

Digital holographic （DH） microscopy is a prom.s.ng technique for quantitative phase contrast imaging. It provides complex amplitude of the object wavefront, which in turn yields the thickness distribution of the object. An added advantage of the technique is its ability for numerical focusing, which provides the thickness distribution of the object at different axial planes. In this invited paper, we present an overview of our reported work on two beam DH microscopyto acquire different cell parameters for cell imaging and automated cell identification. Applications to automated cells and automated identification of malaria infected red monitoring of stem cells without destroying the blood ceils are discussed.

关键词： cell RBCs

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mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017 (vol 395, pg 1779, 2020)

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LANCET 2020年第10239期395卷 1762-1762页

作者： Reiner, R. C., Jr. Hay, s., I Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States College of Health and Medical Sciences Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Nursing and Midwifery Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Pharmacy Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia School of Public Health Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Haramaya University Harar Ethiopia Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Cancer Biology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Cancer Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Management and Economics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Microbiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Iran National Institute of Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and

summary Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LmICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood *** We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LmICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor *** The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and south America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the m.s. deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four tim.s.the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WAsH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). similarly, m.s. high-risk areas had poor WAsH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy *** By co-analysing geospatial trends in d

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Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases study 2019

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第10期8卷 e633-e651页

作者： Jahagirdar, Deepa Walters, magdalene K. Novotney, Amanda Brewer, Edmond D. Frank, Tahvi D. Carter, Austin Biehl, molly H. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abhilash, E.s. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Adekanmbi, Victor Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas sakilah Afzal, saira Aghababaei, soodabeh Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, sajjad Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, sepideh Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, muktar Beshir Rashid, Tarik Ahmed salih, Yusra Ahmed Aklilu, Addis Akram, Tayyaba Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad m.s.hour Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. Alene, Kefyalew Addis Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Alm.s.anyir, sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amu, Hubert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Arulappan, Judie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayza, muluken Altaye Azari, samad Darshan, B.B. Banach, maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, sanjay Bazargan-Hejazi, shahrzad Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana Berheto, Tezera m.s.ago Bezabhe, Woldesellassie mequanint Bezabih, Yihienew mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bibi, sadia Bijani, Ali Bisignano, Catherine Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Boloor, Archith Boltaev, Azizbek A. Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Butt, Zahid A. Cao, Chao Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, souranshu Chattu, soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Choudhari, sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.s. Cowden, Richard G. Dachew, Berihun Assefa Dadras, Omid Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dahlawi, saad m.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi das Neves, José Degenhardt, Louisa Demeke, Feleke mekonnen Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu Deuba, Keshab Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhungana, Govinda Prasad Dianatinasab, m.s.afa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, shirin Doan, Linh Phuong Dorostkar, Fariba Edinur, Hisham Atan Effiong, Andem Eftekharzadeh, sahar El sayed Zaki, maysaa Elayedath, Rajesh Elhadi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States School of Social Work University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones Columbia University Medical Center New York NY United States Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact WHO Geneva Switzerland Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Psychiatry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Botany Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur Kozhikode India Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mass Communication Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health-Care Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Population Medicine Ca

Background: The sustainable development goals (sDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDs as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-sex model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom.s.ectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was

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