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SSRN 2022年

作者： Vitorino, Roney Nakano Ramos, Dorel S. Tapia-Ahumada, Karen Paltsev, Sergey Reilly, John M. Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change United States Brazilian Energy Planning Company Rio de Janeiro Brazil Polythecnique School of University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Massachusetts Institute of Technology – MIT Boston United States

The article evaluates the optimum economic hourly dispatch in hydro-thermal systems with massive integration of variable renewable energy, wind and solar. A linear optimization model, Elemod, makes feasible to analyze the power system operation with hourly time step, taking into account one year of planning horizon much larger than the weekly horizon that usually sets the hydro-thermal scheduling studies. It is proposed an alternative formulation for pumped-hydro storage, in a way that the total annual system cost is minimized with the co-optimization of the hourly PHS operation cost. To illustrate the methodology and modelling application, presenting a real system analysis, the Brazilian Hydro-thermal System was chosen to be simulated based on its planned capacity stepping into 2029. At the end, the paper shows the ability of PHS system to provide hourly capacity to the power system, as well as better allocate VRE generation and manage the bulk of transmission system usage. The cost reduction could be about 14 Million R$ of the total operation cost estimated for the 2029-power system capacity. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cost reduction

Decarbonization of aviation via hydrogen propulsion: technology performance targets and energy system impacts

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Cybulsky, Anna Allroggen, Florian Shao-Horn, Yang Mallapragada, Dharik S. MIT Energy Initiative Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Joint Program on the Science Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States

The aviation sector is challenging to decarbonize since aircraft require high power and energy per unit of weight. Liquid hydrogen is an interesting solution due to its high gravimetric energy density, minimal warming impact, and low-carbon production potential. We quantify the performance targets for fuel cell systems and on-board storage to enable hydrogen-powered regional aviation. We then explore the energy infrastructure impacts of meeting this additional H2 demand in the European context under deep decarbonization scenarios. We find that minimal payload reduction would be needed for powering regional aviation up to 1000 nmi if fuel cell system specific power of 2 kW/kg and tank gravimetric index of 50% can be achieved. The energy systems analysis highlights the importance of utilizing multiple technology options: such as nuclear expansion and natural gas reforming with CCS for hydrogen production. Levelized cost of liquid hydrogen as low as €3.5/kg demonstrates pathways for Europe to achieve cost-competitive production. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrogen storage

Correction: Impacts of a near-future supersonic aircraft fleet on atmospheric composition and climate

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Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2022年第3期2卷 547-547页

作者： Sebastian D. Eastham Thibaud Fritz Inés Sanz-Morère Prakash Prashanth Florian Allroggen Ronald G. Prinn Raymond L. Speth Steven R. H. Barrett Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA seastham@mit.edu Joint Program for the Science and Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA

Correction for ‘Impacts of a near-future supersonic aircraft fleet on atmospheric composition and climate’ by Sebastian D. Eastham et al. , Environ. Sci.: Atmos. , 2022, https://***/10.1039/D1EA00081K .

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Bitcoin’s future carbon footprint

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Qin, Shize Klaaßen, Lena Gallersdörfer, Ulrich Stoll, Christian Zhang, Da Institute of Energy Environment and Economy Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China TUM School of Management Technical University of Munich Munich Germany TUM Software Engineering for Business Information Systems Department of Informatics Technical University of Munich Munich Germany MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States TUM Center for Energy Markets TUM School of Management Technical University of Munich Munich Germany MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change CambridgeMA02139 United States

The carbon footprint of Bitcoin has drawn wide attention, but Bitcoin’s long-term impact on the climate remains uncertain. Here we present a framework to overcome uncertainties in previous estimates and project Bitcoin’s electricity consumption and carbon footprint in the long term. If we assume Bitcoin’s market capitalization grows in line with the one of gold, we find that the annual electricity consumption of Bitcoin may increase from 50 to 400 TWh between 2020 and 2100. The future carbon footprint of Bitcoin strongly depends on the decarbonization pathway of the electricity sector. If the electricity sector achieves carbon neutrality by 2050, Bitcoin’s carbon footprint has peaked already. However, in the business-as-usual scenario, emissions sum up to 2 gigatons until 2100, an amount comparable to 6% of global emissions in 2018. Therefore, we also discuss policy instruments to reduce Bitcoin’s future carbon footprint. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Carbon footprint

The economics of utility-scale portable energy storage systems in a high-renewable grid

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arXiv 2020年

作者： He, Guannan Michalek, Jeremy Kar, Soummya Chen, Qixin Zhang, Da Whitacre, Jay F. MIT Energy Initiative Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Institute of Energy Environment and Economy Tsinghua University Beijing China MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Engineering and Public Policy Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA United States

Summary: Battery storage is expected to play a crucial role in the low-carbon transformation of energy systems. The deployment of battery storage in the power gird, however, is currently severely limited by its low economic viability, which results from not only high capital costs but also the lack of flexible and efficient utilization schemes and business models. Making utility-scale battery storage portable through trucking unlocks its capability to provide various on-demand services. We introduce the potential applications of utility-scale portable energy storage and investigate its economics in California using a spatiotemporal decision model that determines the optimal operation and transportation schedules of portable storage. We show that mobilizing energy storage can increase its life-cycle revenues by 70% in some areas and improve renewable energy integration by relieving local transmission congestion. The life-cycle revenue of spatiotemporal arbitrage can fully compensate for the costs of portable energy storage system in several regions in California, including San Diego and the San Francisco Bay Area. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Life cycle

Risk based framework for assessing resilience in a complex multi-actor supply chain domain

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Supply Chain Forum 2018年第4期19卷 266-281页

作者： Ravulakollu, Anil Kumar Urciuoli, Luca Rukanova, Boriana Tan, Yao-Hua Hakvoort, Rudi A. Faulty of Technology Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Department of Industrial Economics and Management KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden MIT International Logistics Program Zaragoza Logistics Center Zaragoza Spain Section Information and Communication Technology Faulty of Technology Policy and Management Technical University Delft Delft Netherlands Section Engineering Systems and Services Faulty of Technology Policy and Management Technical University Delft Delft Netherlands

Risk management frameworks offer excellent tools to identify and manage risks in supply chains. Existing tools can be used to evaluate impacts of countermeasures, however, analysts struggle with modelling how disruptions escalate in complex supply chain systems within a certain amount of time and across several stakeholders. On the contrary, the resilience discipline offers the possibility to understand how a supply chain reacts to disruptions as a function of time. Hence, this paper integrates the concepts of resilience with risk management techniques and develops a risk based resilience assessment framework in a multi-actor context. Further, the framework is operationalized by developing a computer based tool that is tested in case of fruit import in Netherlands. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： cost impact analysis multi-actor analysis resilience triangle Risk analysis risk matrix supply chain resilience

Emissions and Energy Impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Bistline, John Blanford, Geoffrey Brown, Maxwell Burtraw, Dallas Domeshek, Maya Farbes, Jamil Fawcett, Allen Hamilton, Anne Jenkins, Jesse Jones, Ryan King, Ben Kolus, Hannah Larsen, John Levin, Amanda Mahajan, Megan Marcy, Cara Mayfield, Erin McFarland, James McJeon, Haewon Orvis, Robbie Patankar, Neha Rennert, Kevin Roney, Christopher Roy, Nicholas Schivley, Greg Steinberg, Daniel Victor, Nadejda Wenzel, Shelley Weyant, John Wiser, Ryan Yuan, Mei Zhao, Alicia Electric Power Research Institute Palo AltoCA United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory GoldenCO United States Resources for the Future WashingtonDC United States Evolved Energy Research San FranciscoCA United States U.S. Environmental Protection Agency WashingtonDC United States Princeton University PrincetonNJ United States Rhodium Group WashingtonDC United States Natural Resources Defense Council WashingtonDC United States Energy Innovation San FranciscoCA United States Dartmouth College HanoverNH United States Center for Global Sustainability University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Binghamton University BinghamtonNY United States Carbon Impact Consulting New ProvidenceNJ United States National Energy Technology Laboratory PittsburghPA United States Stanford University StanfordCA United States Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA United States MIT Joint Program on the Science Policy of Global Change CambridgeMA United States

If goals set under the Paris Agreement are met, the world may hold warmingwell below 2 C;however, parties are not on track to deliver these commitments,increasing focus on policy implementation to close the gap between ambition andaction. Recently, the US government passed its most prominent piece of climatelegislation to date, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), designed toinvest in a wide range of programs that, among other provisions, incentivizeclean energy and carbon management, encourage electrification and efficiencymeasures, reduce methane emissions, promote domestic supply chains, and addressenvironmental justice concerns. IRA\'s scope and complexity make modelingimportant to understand impacts on emissions and energy systems. We leverageresults from nine independent, state-of-the-art models to examine potentialimplications of key IRA provisions, showing economy wide emissions reductionsbetween 43-48% below 2005 by 2035. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Supply chains

Fostering innovation via ambidexterity in aerospace organizations 69

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Fostering innovation via ambidexterity in aerospace organiza...

69th International Astronautical Congress: #InvolvingEveryone, IAC 2018

作者： Joseph, Christine Wood, Danielle Technology and Policy Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave CambridgeMA02139 United States Space Enabled - MIT Media Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave CambridgeMA02139 United States

This paper discusses an on-going study that examines the role of organizational ambidexterity associated with the pursuit of Disruptive Innovation by incumbent organizations in the space sector. The study pursues evidence of the approaches used by organizations to pursue balance between the paradoxical tensions of exploration versus exploitation, and integration versus differentiation. Many authors have theorized how organizations might achieve such balance and some have produced empirical data to show how rare firms have survived a disruption. This study analyzes cases from the space sector as an example of a public service sector in which government agencies or regulators play a strong role. It is theorized that the unique interaction between firms and government within public service sectors may lead to different empirical patterns regarding innovation dynamics. Furthermore, well-established organizations may harness ambidexterity to simultaneously explore and exploit or to integrate and differentiate. The research question asks, how do well-established organizations in the space sector harness ambidexterity as part of their innovation strategy? This study reviews literature from organizational studies and innovation theory and proposes a framework by which to analyze the innovation behavior of incumbent organizations in the space sector. Specifically, the framework asks how organizations exercise ambidexterity in the areas of organizational architecture, culture, technology, policies, processes and communication. © 2018 by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). All rights reserved.

关键词： Ambidexterity Incumbents Innovation

Large satellite constellation orbital debris impacts: Case studies of oneweb and SpaceX proposals

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Large satellite constellation orbital debris impacts: Case s...

AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum and Exposition, SPACE 2017

作者： Foreman, Veronica L. Siddiqi, Afreen de Weck, Olivier L. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics and Technology and Policy Program Building 33-409 CambridgeMA02139 United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institute for Data Systems and Society MIT Building 33- 410 CambridgeMA02139 United States Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics MIT Building 33- 410 CambridgeMA02139 United States

ISBN: (数字)9781624104831

ISBN: (纸本)9781624104831

Recent proposals for large constellations of communications satellites have added to the debate surrounding the long-term impact of large satellite constellations on spectrum regulation and orbital debris propagation. The many spectrum license applications currently before the Federal Communications Commission for large, non-geostationary satellite constellation systems provide the satellite risk community with a unique opportunity to weigh the promise of these missions against their long-term impact on the orbital debris environment prior to their launch. The last decade has seen approximately a 60% increase in the total orbital debris object count, and the additional impact of these pending proposals could significantly alter the LEO environment. Furthermore, regulators should examine these proposals within the existing space policy framework to identify potential regulatory inefficiencies. Much of the existing literature focuses on the risk that the orbital environment poses to satellite constellations and distributed spacecraft missions, but the pending constellation requests can serve as case studies for examining the risk that large satellite constellations pose to the orbital environment. Better understanding the proposed systems will offer insight into the risks that mission managers and regulators may be accepting now on behalf the future space community. By examining the licensed OneWeb broadband services satellite constellation and the proposed initial deployment of a similar SpaceX system using the NASA Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris Engineering Model software (Version 3) and a small Monte Carlo analysis, we are able to examine potential implications of the proposed missions, as well as the policy decision space that may emerge as these proposals are reviewed over the coming months and years. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.

关键词： NASA

The Use of Multi-detail Building Archetypes in Urban Energy Modelling

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Energy Procedia 2017年 111卷 817-825页

作者： Claudia Sousa Monteiro André Pina Carlos Cerezo Christoph Reinhart Paulo Ferrão IN+ Center for Innovation Technology and Policy Research IST - Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa. Avenida Rovisco Pais 1 Lisbon 1049-001 Portugal Building Technology Program MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States

The necessary simplification of building stock models to perform energy studies in cities can impact their accuracy. This paper assesses the impact of considering different levels of detail in the characterization of the building stock, by varying the number of archetypes considered, using a neighborhood in Lisbon as case-study. Each archetype represents a share of buildings and is defined by the most representative construction parameters and average geometrical characteristics. The results show that while oversimplification might lead to large differences, there is also no need to consider a very detailed characterization of the building stock to obtained consistent results.

关键词： Building Archetype Urban Modelling Energy Use