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Hot questions of temperature biasAssociated Content

Nature 2008年第7195期453卷 601-602页

作者： Chris E. Forest Richard W. Reynolds Chris E. Forest is in the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA. ceforest@mit.edu Richard W. Reynolds is in the US National Climatic Data Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 151 Patton Avenue Asheville North Carolina 28801 USA. richard.w.reynolds@noaa.gov

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The Limits of Consensus

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Science 2007年第5844期317卷 1505-1506页

作者： Michael Oppenheimer Brian C. O'Neill Mort Webster Shardul Agrawala Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton NJ USA. Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton NJ USA. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria. Watson Institute for International Studies Brown University Providence RI USA. MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Paris France.

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The Human Side of Complex Pubilc policy Mediation

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Negotiation Journal 2007年第4期19卷

作者： Susan L. Podziba Susan L. Podziba a Public policy mediator for 20 years has mediated cases in the areas of international relatinos environmental disputes land use and development education and labor policy (See http://***). Previously Podziba taught public policy negotiation and mediation at the Massachusets Institute of Technology's Department of Urban Studies and Planning and at the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School. Email: podziba@mit.edu.

If properly barnessed, the passions inherent in complex public policy disputes can be a driving force for reaching sustainable agreements, rather than leading to chaos. The author discusses how mediators can intervene to challenge existing assumptions, encourage ease among negotiators, promote uriosity and lay the groundwork for achieving actionable agreements by delving into human nature and the spectrum of differentiated human emotion

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Applying K-8 science and technology curricula to engineering education: What can be learned from the Educator Resource Center at the Museum of Science, Boston

Applying K-8 science and technology curricula to engineering...

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113th Annual ASEE Conference and Exposition, 2006

作者： Newman, Dava Bethke, Kristen Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States MIT Technology and Policy Program United States

The National Research Council and the International technology Education Association have established standards for technological literacy, and several states require engineering concepts to be taught and assessed on state tests. Each year sees the publication of more curricular materials to address these standards, but many teachers and districts lack the resources or time to determine which curriculum is most appropriate for the learning needs of their students. The primary goal of this study is to consider the usefulness of traditional science and technology curricular materials for K-8 educators who are interested in addressing engineering content standards. This paper describes an analysis of selected K-8 science and technology curricula in the context of teaching engineering. The set of curricula considered here is a convenience sample: an online database of K-8 science and technology textbooks and teacher's guides that have been reviewed by the Educator Resource Center at the Museum of Science, Boston, according to their appropriateness for teaching about engineering. Each curriculum was previously evaluated according to 20 criteria by the Educator Resource Center (ERC). These 20 evaluation parameters measure six key characteristics: coverage of national and state standards, usability by K-8 teachers, adequacy of background information and educator support, availability of different amounts of scaffolding for student activities, variety of instructional approaches to the design process, and provision of assessment tools. In this meta-analysis, evaluations of 44 different curricular modules are compiled, and summary statistics of the entire sample set and specific subsets are computed and compared. The paper concludes with recommendations for the application of ERC-reviewed science and technology curricula to K-8 engineering education. It also identifies the national and state engineering/technology standards that are currently not addressed by the ERC science

关键词： Engineering education

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Development and validation of a multidisciplinary spacesuit model

Development and validation of a multidisciplinary spacesuit ...

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44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 2006

作者： Jordan, Nicole C. Smith, Cristin A. Saleh, Joseph H. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Technology Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Avenue 37-219 AIAA Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 33-309 Ford-MIT Alliance E40-247 Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Technology and Policy Program 33-307

ISBN: (纸本)1563478072

In this paper, we develop a novel multidisciplinary spacesuit model. Many models exist for individual spacesuit subsystems, for example the thermal subsystem;however, no one model yet exists that incorporates all subsystems simultaneously. Although a partial understanding of the operation and performance of a spacesuit at the subsystem level can be attained using existing models, the spacesuit is a highly-interdependent, human-sized spacecraft, and an integrated model is needed to aid in the understanding, design, and operation of the spacesuit as a complex engineering system. First, we describe the overall operation of the model, then go into details of the four subsystems: thermal, structures, oxygen flow, and power. Next, we validate the model against the current U.S. spacesuit, the Extra-Vehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), at the system and subsystem level. This model is used in a companion paper to conduct multi-objective optimization. These results should prove useful in the design of the next-generation spacesuit.

关键词： Aircraft models

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Personally controlled health records: The US landscape and the indivo project

Personally controlled health records: The US landscape and t...

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International Symposium on Electronic Personal Health Records 2006, ISePHR 2006

作者： Crawford, William Office of Policy Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 200 Independence Avenue SW Washington DC 20021 United States MIT Sloan School of Management Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Children's Hospital Informatics Program United States

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The Role of the United States–Greek Initiative for technology Cooperation with the Balkans in Constructing a Unified Environmental technology Plan

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Journal of Southeast European & Black Sea Studies 2006年第3期6卷 391-397页

作者： Ashford, Nicholas A. nashford@mit.edu Electris, Christi Professor of Technology and Policy Director MIT Technology and Law Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT E40-239 77 Mass Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University

This article argues that the co‐evolution of environmental and industrial policies through a realistic melding of those concerns in sustainable development policies and practices is crucial. Furthermore, the authors are convinced that this requires a unified environmental technology plan for the Balkans that will be enhanced by European Union integration requirements. An initiative that can facilitate this effort—the joint United States–Greek Initiative for technology Cooperation with the Balkans (the ITCB), is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： ENVIRONMENTAL policy INDUSTRIAL policy GREEN technology SUSTAINABLE development

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Multi-objective optimization approaches in spacesuit design

Multi-objective optimization approaches in spacesuit design

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44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting 2006

作者： Smith, Cristin A. Jordan, Nicole C. Hassan, Rania A. Saleh, Joseph H. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 77 Massachusetts Avenue 33-309 United States AIAA United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Avenue 37-219 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering Systems Division 77 Massachusetts Avenue 33-412 United States Ford-MIT Alliance 77 Massachusetts Avenue E40-247 United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Technology and Policy Program 77 Massachusetts Avenue 33-307 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1563478072

In this paper, we use a multidisciplinary spacesuit model developed in a companion paper and an N-Branch Tournament Genetic Algorithm to optimize spacesuit designs for a Mars environment. The spacesuit design is optimized to minimize mass, stowage volume, and pre-breathe time prior to a spacewalk, and to maximize spacesuit mobility. These four objectives represent the primary measures of utility for a spacesuit design. This paper describes both a framework and process for spacesuit optimization, and demonstrates a new multi-objective visualization method for this four-objective design challenge. We discuss the preliminary optimization results as they relate to spacesuit design considerations. This initial investigation suggests that the power and CO2 removal technologies have little impact on the spacesuit architecture, whereas suit hardness and suit pressure have a far greater impact. Often suit pressure and hardness are determined at the beginning of the design effort and these early choices greatly influence the overall characteristics of the spacesuit. These results should be useful in the design of the next generation of spacesuits.

关键词： Multiobjective optimization

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The case for an integrated systems approach to extravehicular activity

The case for an integrated systems approach to extravehicula...

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1st Space Exploration Conference: Continuing the Voyage of Discovery

作者： Jordan, Nicole C. Saleh, Joseph H. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology and Policy Program Bldg 37-219 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 Ford-MIT Alliance AIAA Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Technology and Policy Program

ISBN: (纸本)1563477270

In this paper, we make the case for an integrated systems approach to the design and implementation of Extravehicular Activity (EVA). We define the EVA system as the set of hardware that enables EVA including the spacesuit, airlock, tools and mobility aids, as well as personnel and intangibles such as training, procedures, and software. In the context of planetary EVA, the system expands to include a rover, dust mitigation devices, and scientific instruments. The EVA system is in fact a complex, system-of-systems. The traditional approach to EVA system design optimizes each individual component, and may introduce inefficiencies into the system, generate logistics and supply management problems, and create hardware legacies that are hard to change and upgrade. We propose an integrated systems approach for advanced EVA system design that seeks to optimize the overall system, rather than just the individual pieces of hardware. The integrated systems approach also designs for uncertainty by anticipating change. By considering the complete system and allowing for change, the integrated systems approach incorporates both systems-of-systems thinking and spiral development. We examine the development of the Shuttle spacesuit and illustrate the challenges designers faced in adapting the suit to changing requirements. We conclude that due to the uncertain nature of exploration-class EVA, a system designed with the integrated systems approach offers significant advantages over the traditional design approach.

关键词： Space research

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Global e-readiness—forwhat? Readiness for e-banking

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Information technology for Development 2005年第4期11卷

作者： Vincent Maugis Nazli Choucri Stuart E. Madnick Michael D. Siegel Sharon E. Gillett Farnaz Haghseta Hongwei Zhu Michael L. Best Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Department of Political Science Technology and Development Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Sloan School of Management School of Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Internet and Telecoms Convergence Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 MIT Open Course Ware Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Technology and Policy Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Program in Media Arts and Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139

With the rapid diffusion of the Internet worldwide, there has been considerable interest in the e-potentials of developing countries giving rise to a first generation of e-readiness studies. Moreover, e-readiness means different things to different people, in different contexts, and for different purposes. Despite strong merits, this first generation of e-readiness studies assumed a fixed, one-size-fits-all set of requirements, regardless of the characteristics of individual countries, the investment context, or the demands of specific applications. This feature obscures critical information for investors or policy analysts seeking to reduce uncertainties and make educated decisions. But there is very little known about e-readiness for e-banking. In particular, based on lessons learned to date and their implications for emerging realities of the 21st century, the authors designed and executed a research project with theoretical as well as practical dimensions to answer the question of “e-Readiness for What ?,” focusing specifically on e-banking, based on the very assumption that one size can seldom, if ever, fit all. The authors also propose and develop a conceptual framework for the “next generation” e-readiness—focusing on different e-business applications in different economic contexts with potentially different pathways—as well as a data model—to explore e-readiness for e-banking in 10 countries. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

关键词： e-readiness assessment value-creation opportunities e-banking banking pathways profiles leapfrogging

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