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A Collection of the 22nd AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit

作者： Saleh, Joseph H. Torres-Padilla, Juan-Pablo Hastings, Daniel E. Newman, Dava J. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 Ford-MIT Alliance E40-247 Technology and Policy Program E40-371 Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Engineering Systems Division E40-257 Technology and Policy Program 33-307

ISBN: (纸本)1563477122

Various issues at stake for reducing or extending a spacecraft design lifetime are examined from an operator, manufacturers and societies perspective. The approach adopted in addressing these issues constitutes a fundamental addition to the traditional thinking about system design and architecture, and involved quantitative analyses of both dynamics and volatility of the market the system is serving in the case of a commerical venture. These issues require careful consideration and attention as the impact of a system's design is substantial and affects entire industry value chain. The results indicated that optimal design lifetimes do exist that maximizes a system's financial/value metric.

关键词： Spacecraft

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Astronaut bio-suit system to enable planetary exploration

Astronaut bio-suit system to enable planetary exploration

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International Astronautical Federation - 55th International Astronautical Congress 2004

作者： Newman, Dava J. Bethke, Kristen Carr, Christopher Hoffman, Jeffrey Trotti, Guillermo Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Technology and Policy Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 United States Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Trotti and Associates Inc. 28 Waldron Court Marblehead MA 01945 United States

The Bio-Suit System concept is designed to revolutionize human space exploration by providing enhanced astronaut extravehicular activity (EVA) locomotion and performance, based on the idea of a 'second skin' capability and of biomechanically and cybernetically augmented human performance capacity. The novel Bio-Suit concept provides an overall exploration system realized through symbiotic relationships between a suite of advanced technologies, creative design, and human modeling and analysis. By working at the intersection of engineering, design, and operations, new emergent capabilities and interrelationships could help realize the new Vision for Space Exploration. The second skin envisioned is capable of augmenting our biological skin by providing mechanical counter pressure. Perhaps the 'epidermis' of such a second skin will be a 'spray-on' polymer providing natural locomotion for explorers. Several concepts for a mechanical counter pressure suit have been developed, and subsequently, initial prototypes have been tested. To determine engineering requirements for future prototypes, the three-dimensional anthropometry of the moving human body has been studied.

关键词： Space probes

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Estimating probability distributions from complex models with bifurcations: The case of ocean circulation collapse

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Journal of Environmental Systems 2004年第1期31卷 1-21页

作者： Webster, Mort Scott, Jeff Sokolov, Andrei Stone, Peter Massachusetts Institute of Technology Earth Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences Department MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology E40-408 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139

Studying the uncertainty in computationally expensive models has required the development of specialized methods, including alternative sampling techniques and response surface approaches. However, existing techniques for response surface development break down when the model being studied exhibits discontinuities or bifurcations. One uncertain variable that exhibits this behavior is the thermohaline circulation (THC) as modeled in three dimensional general circulation models. This is a critical uncertainty for climate change policy studies. We investigate the development of a response surface for studying uncertainty in THC using the Deterministic Equivalent Modeling Method, a stochastic technique using expansions in orthogonal polynomials. We show that this approach is unable to reasonably approximate the model response. We demonstrate an alternative representation that accurately simulates the model's response, using a basis function with properties similar to the model's response over the uncertain parameter space. This indicates useful directions for future methodological improvements. © 2006, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.

关键词： Probability distributions

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Explore space: Integrating space biomedical engineering education and research

Explore space: Integrating space biomedical engineering educ...

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International Astronautical Federation - 55th International Astronautical Congress 2004

作者： Newman, Dava J. Marquez, Jessica J. Wagner, Erika B. Merfeld, Daniel Trotti, Guillermo Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Engineering Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Technology and Policy Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Department of Otology and Laryngology Harvard Medical School Jenks Vestibular Physiology Laboratory Massachusetts Bye and Bar Infirmary Boston MA United States Trotti and Associates Inc. Marblehead MA United States

The Explore Space curricular efforts highlight the development of two post-graduate courses, namely, Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Systems and Sensori-Neural Systems, developed and taught at the Massachusetts Institute of technology (mit). Innovative, modular curriculum has been developed to coincide with long-duration human spaceflight research areas. Astronaut performance, exercise, revolutionary spacesuit design, and physiological deconditioning of bones, muscles, and the heart provide motivational themes. Selected topics were adapted for use in undergraduate courses and disseminated to hundreds of children through global outreach. Traditional methods of science and engineering education can no longer be the pedagogical model to meet the needs of a generation of students raised in an increasingly visual, interactive information technology (IT) world. Our outreach efforts culminate in the design of an interactive learning environment, the Knowledge Station, which is a high-impact design workstation for one or two users that facilitates immersive learning. Three Explore Space outcomes are to: 1) Provide multi-level space life sciences curriculum, 2) Excite and educate the public about the wonders of science, engineering and medicine by disseminating knowledge gained through research, and 3) Develop a set of innovative pedagogical strategies that implement tested learning principles as a basis for comprehensive educational evaluation.

关键词： Life support systems (spacecraft)

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Potential benefits of implementing load control

Potential benefits of implementing load control

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IEEE Winter Meeting Power Engineering Society

作者： M. Ilic J.W. Black J.L. Watz Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science MIT Cambridge MA USA Engineering Systems Division in the Technology Management and Policy Program MIT Cambridge MA USA Engineering Systems Division in the Technology and Policy Program MIT Cambridge MA USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780373227

The design of wholesale electricity markets through deregulation has focused almost exclusively on the development of competitive supply (generation). The demand side of the market has been virtually ignored. Mostly, this is due to the assumption that electricity demand is almost completely inelastic. As a result, deregulated wholesale markets universally fail to pass price signals down to the end-users. This paper challenges the assumption of inelastic demand by exploring the potential benefits of implementing a simple load control scheme. This load control scheme allows consumers to shift demand from high priced hours to low priced hours during the day. The benefits to the individual consumer are explored through an example applied to residential air conditioning using price and demand data from California. This example shows that "smart" use of air conditioning can lead to great savings for residential consumers, without sacrificing comfort. The potential for multiple consumers implementing load control to reduce wholesale prices is also examined.

关键词： Load flow control Aggregates Electricity supply industry Power generation Electricity supply industry deregulation Air conditioning Energy management Energy consumption Power engineering and energy Systems engineering and theory

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Forward markets for transmission that clear at LMP: a hybrid proposal

Forward markets for transmission that clear at LMP: a hybrid...

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Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)

作者： R.D. Tabors Tabors Caramanis & Associates Technology and Policy Program MIT Anna University USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769509819

Progress on restructuring of the US power system has been slowed, in part, by the debate over market design and, more specifically, over the design of the congestion management system. The paper proposes a hybrid model that combines the most critical elements of the flow-based and locational marginal price approaches. Specifically, the accounting interface between the simplified network representation of the forward market of the flow-based approach and the more detailed network representation of locational pricing for real time settlements are elements of the hybrid model. This solution minimizes the amount of real time congestion cost that is not included in the final cost of the transaction. The California and PJM markets are examples of each of the isolated approaches, respectively. The paper uses them to illustrate the flaws in each of these market structures and to identify how each market would improve if operated under the proposed hybrid model.

关键词： Proposals Pricing Power system modeling Forward contracts Electricity supply industry Hybrid power systems Power system management Costs Robustness Job shop scheduling

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MAPPING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TO INFORMATION technology SOLUTIONS THROUGH USE MODELS

MAPPING THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS TO INFORMATION TECHN...

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ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, IDETC-CIE 2000

作者： Whitney, Daniel E. Patil, Samir Center for Technology Policy and Industrial Development MIT System Design and Management Program Sloan School of Management MIT

ISBN: (纸本)9780791835111

Product development, especially the design of large complex systems, is a special type of business process. What makes it special is the highly coupled nature of design decisions and the large size of product development teams. It is not unusual to have several hundred multi-disciplinary members taking millions of design decisions over the life of the project. From the Information technology (IT) perspective, the special nature of design presents a challenge of coordinating the interdependent tasks of the team and integrating them. This paper explores the role of IT, specifically software tools, in improving the product development process through a framework that better represents and captures design knowledge. In order to overcome the limitations of the current implementations, the concept of "Use models"is developed. A use model consists of the methods, tools, and a map of the design process. This map is in the form of a design structure matrix (DSM) that represents tasks and relationship knowledge at a system level. By combining a detailed process view with tools and methods, the Use model creates a better IT representation of the product development process Copyright © 2000 by ASME.

关键词： Knowledge management

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Stef Proost and John B. Braden (eds.), Climate Change, Transport and Environmental policy

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Climatic Change 2000年第1期47卷 217-224页

作者： Reiner, David Schafer, Andreas MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge U.S.A.

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Assessing and rationalizing the management of a portfolio of clean technologies: Experience from a French environmental fund and a World Bank Cleaner Production demonstration project in China

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Journal of Cleaner Production 1998年第2期6卷 111-117页

作者： Peltier, Nicolas-Pierre Ashford, Nicholas A. Technology and Policy Program Massachusetts Inst. of Technology MIT Cambridge MA 02139-4307 United States

Industrial pollution is intrinsically linked to the adoption and development of technological alternatives. Environmental policies from regulation to economic instruments, in industrialized nations as well as in developing countries and in transition economies, cannot ignore the technological dimension when they aim at controlling or preventing the pollution generated by industrial activities. The implementation of cleaner technologies has been examined here for a French environmental fund (the water agency Agence de l'Eau Rhin-Meuse) and for a World Bank Cleaner Production demonstration project in China. A three-dimensional assessment methodology, including (1) the level of innovation, (2) the type of process targeted, and (3) a process flow-oriented categorization of technologies, has been developed and has identified significant heterogeneity for the two venues. Using Foster's theory on innovation S-curves, three kinds of interpretation are proposed to distinguish what is due to intrinsic differences existing between the various technological choices, from what could be explained by resistance to change inside firms or to policy distortions. Thus, this assessment focuses on evaluating the performance of financial assistance for furthering environmental policy, identifying technological alternatives which should be particularly promoted, and monitoring the evolution of the various technological choices over time. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cleaner production Environmental policies assessment Innovation Technological management

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The US and Japanese space programmes. A comparative study

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Space policy 1991年第3期7卷 233-256页

作者： Wells, Damon R. Hastings, Daniel E. Professor of Daniel E. Hasting is Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics and Director of the MIT/NASA Space Grant Program USA Damon Wells is a graduate student in the MIT Technology and Policy Program USA

This report begins with a brief historical overview of the US and Japanese space programmes before turning to an evaluation of the programmes' philosophy and structure. The study then analyses relative trends in spending, size and efficiency, and compares the relative technical capabilities of the two programmes in selected technology areas. Conclusions based on these analyses and data are provided, with particular emphasis given to an assessment of the objectives and potential of the Japanese programmes. © 1991.

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