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Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on machine learning

作者： Weixin Liang Zachary Izzo Yaohui Zhang Haley Lepp Hancheng Cao Xuandong Zhao Lingjiao Chen Haotian Ye Sheng Liu Zhi Huang Daniel A. McFarland James Y. Zou Department of Computer Science Stanford University Machine Learning Department NEC Labs America Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Graduate School of Education Stanford University Department of Computer Science and Department of Management Science and Engineering Stanford University Department of Computer Science UC Santa Barbara Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University Graduate School of Education and Department of Sociology and Graduate School of Business Stanford University Department of Computer Science and Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University

We present an approach for estimating the fraction of text in a large corpus which is likely to be substantially modified or produced by a large language model (LLM). Our maximum likelihood model leverages expert-written and AI-generated reference texts to accurately and efficiently examine real-world LLM-use at the corpus level. We apply this approach to a case study of scientific peer review in AI conferences that took place after the release of ChatGPT: ICLR 2024, NeurIPS 2023, CoRL 2023 and EMNLP 2023. Our results suggest that between 6.5% and 16.9% of text submitted as peer reviews to these conferences could have been substantially modified by LLMs, i.e. beyond spell-checking or minor writing updates. The circumstances in which generated text occurs offer insight into user behavior: the estimated fraction of LLM-generated text is higher in reviews which report lower confidence, were submitted close to the deadline, and from reviewers who are less likely to respond to author rebuttals. We also observe corpus-level trends in generated text which may be too subtle to detect at the individual level, and discuss the implications of such trends on peer review. We call for future interdisciplinary work to examine how LLM use is changing our information and knowledge practices.

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Enhanced Vision Transformer with Lion Optimizer for Accurate Classification of Monkeypox Skin Images

Enhanced Vision Transformer with Lion Optimizer for Accurate...

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Technological Advancements in Computational Sciences (ICTACS), International Conference on

作者： Roheet Bhatnagar Esraa Hassan Abeer Saber Mahmoud Y. Shams Samar Elbedwehy Department of Computer Science and Engineering Manipal University Jaipur Rajasthan India Dept. of Machine Learning Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Kafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh Egypt Information Technology Dept. Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence Damietta University Damietta Egypt Dept. of Data Science Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Kafrelsheikh University Kafrelsheikh Egypt

ISBN: (数字)9798350387490

ISBN: (纸本)9798350387506

Monkeypox is a contagious viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus (Mpoxvirus). Characterized by skin lesions, fever, respiratory difficulties, swollen lymph nodes, and neurological complications, MPX can be fatal. Recent outbreaks have spread the disease across Europe, Australia, the United States, and Africa. Traditionally diagnosed through PCR testing of skin lesions, this process poses significant risks to medical personnel due to potential exposure to the highly contagious virus. However, the usage artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing diagnostics, providing a safer and more efficient approach to MPX detection. In this paper, a new AI technique based on vision transformer and lion optimizer for classifying Monkeypox Skin Images. The presented model used for classifying the dataset and results reached accuracy of 99.6%.

关键词： Computer vision Accuracy Measles Feature extraction Transformers Skin Lesions Artificial intelligence Viruses (medical) Testing

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Path-Gradient Estimators for Continuous Normalizing Flows

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Vaitl, Lorenz Nicoli, Kim Andrea Nakajima, Shinichi Kessel, Pan Machine Learning Group Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Technische Universität Berlin Germany BIFOLD - Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany RIKEN Center for AIP Chuo City Tokyo103-0027 Japan

Recent work has established a path-gradient estimator for simple variational Gaussian distributions and has argued that the path-gradient is particularly beneficial in the regime in which the variational distribution approaches the exact target distribution. In many applications, this regime can however not be reached by a simple Gaussian variational distribution. In this work, we overcome this crucial limitation by proposing a path-gradient estimator for the considerably more expressive variational family of continuous normalizing flows. We outline an efficient algorithm to calculate this estimator and establish its superior performance empirically. © 2022, CC BY.

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S$^\text{3}$Attention: Improving Long Sequence Attention With Smoothed Skeleton Sketching

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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 2024年第6期18卷 985-996页

作者： Xue Wang Tian Zhou Jianqing Zhu Jialin Liu Kun Yuan Tao Yao Wotao Yin Rong Jin HanQin Cai Alibaba Group Bellevue WA USA Computer Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia Department of Statistics and Data Science University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA Center for Machine Learning Research Peking University Beijing China Antai College of Economics and Management Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Meta Menlo Park CA USA Department of Statistics and Data Science and the Department of Computer Science University of Central Florida Orlando FL USA

Attention based models have achieved many remarkable breakthroughs in numerous applications. However, the quadratic complexity of Attention makes the vanilla Attention based models hard to apply to long sequence tasks. Various improved Attention structures are proposed to reduce the computation cost by inducing low rankness and approximating the whole sequence by sub-sequences. The most challenging part of those approaches is maintaining the proper balance between information preservation and computation reduction: the longer sub-sequences used, the better information is preserved, but at the price of introducing more noise and computational costs. In this paper, we propose a smoothed skeleton sketching based Attention structure, coined S $^{3}$ Attention, which significantly improves upon the previous attempts to negotiate this trade-off. S $^{3}$ Attention has two mechanisms to effectively minimize the impact of noise while keeping the linear complexity to the sequence length: a smoothing block to mix information over long sequences and a matrix sketching method that simultaneously selects columns and rows from the input matrix. We verify the effectiveness of S $^{3}$ Attention both theoretically and empirically. Extensive studies over Long Range Arena (LRA) datasets and six time-series forecasting show that S $^{3}$ Attention significantly outperforms both vanilla Attention and other state-of-the-art variants of Attention structures.

关键词： Computational modeling Complexity theory Transformers Task analysis Skeleton Kernel Noise

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SPEAR: Design and Implementation of an Advanced Virtual Assistant

SPEAR: Design and Implementation of an Advanced Virtual Assi...

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Sustainable Expert Systems (ICSES), International Conference on

作者： Garima Jain Amita Shukla Nitesh Kumar Bairwa Anamika Chaudhary Ashish Patel Ankush Jain Department of Computer Science and Buisness Systems Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida India Department of Artificial Intelligence Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida India Department of Data Science Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology Greater Noida India Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Dronacharya Group of Institutions Greater Noida India Department of Computer Science and Enginnering Netaji Subhash University of Technology Delhi India

ISBN: (数字)9798331540364

ISBN: (纸本)9798331540371

This research presents the development and evaluation of SPEAR, an advanced voice-activated personal desktop assistant designed to address challenges in existing virtual assistant technology, such as limited language support, low recognition accuracy, and inadequate task automation. Despite recent advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning, implementation in current systems remains subpar. SPEAR achieves an 88% overall command execution success rate, with a speech recognition accuracy of 92% and an average response time of 1.8 seconds, demonstrating efficiency in real-time interactions. Developed using Python and machine learning libraries, SPEAR supports 15 voice commands across multiple platforms, excelling in note creation (95% success), web searching (94%), and information retrieval (92%). Its natural language understanding score of 0.86 and context retention rate of 75% highlight its conversational capabilities. While the assistant performs well in messaging functionality (85% success) and currently supports three languages, expanding its multilingual capabilities is essential for broader user engagement. Metrics indicate a satisfaction score of 8.2/10 and an average of 12 daily interactions per user, showcasing its practical utility. Additionally, the system's text-to-speech quality (8.5/10) and error recovery rate (82 %) affirm its robustness. These findings contribute valuable insights for future research, focusing on enhancing multilingual support, broadening task categories, and improving context retention, ultimately positioning SPEAR to rival established industry leaders by offering a comprehensive suite of services.

关键词： Accuracy Personal voice assistants machine learning Information retrieval Natural language processing Real-time systems Robustness Text to speech Time factors Web search

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Automated Long-Term Monitoring of Stereotypical Movement in Polar Bears Under Human Care Using machine learning

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Zuerl, Matthias Stoll, Philip Brehm, Ingrid Sueskind, Jonas Raab, René Petermann, Jan Zanca, Dario Simon, Ralph von Fersen, Lorenzo Eskofier, Bjoern Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen91052 Germany Animal Physiology Department of Biology Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen91058 Germany Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Lab Nuremberg Zoo Nuremberg90480 Germany

The welfare of captive animals is often assessed by observing behaviours indicative of stress or discomfort, such as stereotypical behaviour (SB), which often shows as repetitive, invariant *** behaviour monitoring methods, however, are labour-intensive and subject to observer *** study presents an innovative automated approach utilising computer vision and machine learning to non-invasively detect and analyse SB in captive animals, exemplified by a longitudinal study of two polar *** designed an animal tracking framework to localise and identify individual animals in the *** determining their position on the enclosure map via homographic transformation, we cleaned the resulting trajectories using a particle ***, we classified the trajectory patterns as SB or normal behaviour using a lightweight random forest approach with an accuracy of 94.9 %.The system not only allows for continuous, objective monitoring of animal behaviours but also provides insights into seasonal variations in SB, illustrating its potential for improving animal welfare in zoological *** work advances the field of animal welfare research by introducing a scalable, efficient method for the long-term, automated monitoring of stereotypical behaviour, paving the way for its application across different species and settings. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Enclosures

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A Review on the Developments in the Field of AI-Based Gait Analysis

A Review on the Developments in the Field of AI-Based Gait A...

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Artificial Intelligence in Education and Industry 4.0 (IDICAIEI), DMIHER International Conference on

作者： Vidhi Wankhede Prateek Verma Shailesh Gahane Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Faculty of Engineering and Technology Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU) Wardha Maharashtra India Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Faculty of Engineering and Technology Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU) Wardha Maharashtra India Faculty of Sciences and Technology Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Wardha Maharashtra India

ISBN: (数字)9798331528713

ISBN: (纸本)9798331528720

The examination of human gait is essential for comprehending motor function, the evolution of diseases, and the effectiveness of rehabilitation in different clinical and research environments. Artificial Intelligence (AI) advancements have recently improved gait analysis methodologies, resulting in increased accuracy, efficiency, and therapeutic effectiveness. This review article compiles the existing literature on AI-based gait analysis. The review emphasizes the role of AI in gait analysis, namely via the use of vision-based approaches, wearable sensor technologies, markerless motion capture systems, and inertial sensor-based methodologies. AI has shown potential in identifying musculoskeletal problems including osteopenia and sarcopenia, forecasting the start of Parkinson's disease, assessing the effects of post-stroke rehabilitation, and diagnosing neurological conditions. In addition, the integration of AI with new technologies such as augmented reality (AR), smart sensors, and wearable devices presents intriguing opportunities to improve gait rehabilitation, enable individualized therapies, and facilitate remote patient monitoring. Although there have been significant breakthroughs, there are still obstacles in creating AI models that can be easily understood for clinical decision-making, establishing standardized procedures for collecting data, and verifying AI algorithms across various populations. This study underlines the transformational potential of AI-based gait analysis in customized healthcare, rehabilitation techniques, and clinical results. In order to fully harness the potential of AI in enhancing human health and well-being, it is imperative to do more research and foster multidisciplinary cooperation.

关键词： Patient monitoring Musculoskeletal system Reviews Parkinson's disease Medical treatment Motion capture Artificial intelligence Wearable devices Gait recognition Wearable sensors

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Prediction of Stress Coping Capabilities from Nightly Heart Rate Patterns using machine learning

Prediction of Stress Coping Capabilities from Nightly Heart ...

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IEEE EMBS International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB)

作者： Linda Vorberg Siri Pflueger Robert Richer Katharina M. Jaeger Arne Küderle Nicolas Rohleder Bjoern M. Eskofier Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (AIBE) Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab (MaD Lab) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany Chair of Health Psychology Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany

Stress is related to short- and long-term alterations in stress systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). While it is well established that stress experienced during the day can affect sleep quality, less is known about how it affects stress systems during the night. We assume that stress coping strategies can have an impact on how stress carries over into the night and that individuals with bad coping mechanisms show elevated activation of stress systems during sleep. For that reason, we recorded the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of 21 healthy participants on two consecutive nights during sleep and the first hour after awakening and extracted cortisol and alpha-amylase from saliva samples collected in the first hour after awakening. Stress coping capabilities were assessed using self-reports. We performed backward stepwise multiple regression models to analyze the relationship between HR(V) and stress coping and trained different machine learning-based regression algorithms to predict positive (SVF Pos ) and negative (SVF Neg ) stress coping capabilities, respectively. Our results show that individuals with higher SVF Neg scores showed higher SNS activity during the night, whereas higher SVF Pos scores indicated lower SNS activity. SVF Pos was predicted with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.51 ± 0.73 and SVF Neg with an MAE of 2.79 ± 1.53. Our findings indicate an association between nightly HR(V) and the individual’s capability of coping with stress. This provides further information about how stress influences sleep and might be used for tailored intervention and feedback on successful stress coping.

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VoStress – Voice-based Detection of Acute Psychosocial Stress

VoStress – Voice-based Detection of Acute Psychosocial Stre...

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IEEE EMBS International Conference on Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB)

作者： Marie Oesten Robert Richer Luca Abel Nicolas Rohleder Bjoern M. Eskofier Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (AIBE) Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab (MaD Lab) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany Chair of Health Psychology Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany

Current stress assessment methods include self-reports and biomarkers which are evaluated in often complex, laboratory procedures. Due to that investigating new indicators for acute stress is crucial for the development of automatic stress detection systems. A promising extension might be provided by investigating speech, which has been shown to be affected by negative emotions and threatening situations. For that reason, we extracted verbal acoustics from audio data collected during a study where N=21 participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), the gold standard for laboratory stress induction, and a stress-free control condition (friendly-TSST) while concurrently collecting cortisol via saliva samples to assess the biological response to stress. Our results show that acute stress leads to significant (p < 0.05) alterations of acoustic features. A stepwise backward multiple linear regression model explained 58.8 % of the variance of the maximum cortisol increase. In addition to that, we performed classification experiments that distinguished stress from non-stress situations with an accuracy of 80.0 ± 12.7 %. While further research is needed to validate our approach, we are convinced that the information extracted from speech can be a valuable indicator for automatic stress detection systems and can even predict the biological response to stress situations.

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Online control of the false coverage rate and false sign rate 37

Online control of the false coverage rate and false sign rat...

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37th International Conference on machine learning, ICML 2020

作者： Weinstein, Asaf Ramdas, Aaditya School of Computer Science and Engineering Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel Departments of Statistics and Data Science and Machine Learning Carnegie Mellon University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781713821120

The reproducibility debate has caused a renewed interest in changing how one reports uncertainty, from p-value for testing a null hypothesis to a confidence interval (CI) for the corresponding parameter. When CIs for multiple selected parameters are being reported, the analog of the false discovery rate (FDR) is the false coverage rate (FCR), which is the expected ratio of number of reported CIs failing to cover their respective parameters to the total number of reported CIs. Here, we consider the general problem of FCR control in the online setting, where one encounters an infinite sequence of fixed unknown parameters ordered by time. We propose a novel solution to the problem which only requires the scientist to be able to construct marginal CIs. As special cases, our framework yields algorithms for online FDR control and online sign-classification procedures that control the false sign rate (FSR). All of our methodology applies equally well to prediction intervals, having particular implications for selective conformal inference. Copyright 2020 by the author(s).

关键词： machine learning

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