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The Right to Die: State Courts Lead where Legislatures Fear to Tread

Law & Policy 1992年第4期14卷 337-380页

作者： HOEFLER, JAMES M. KAMOIE, BRIAN E. **James M. Hoefler is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Coordinator for the Policy Studies Program at Dickinson College in Carlisle Pennsylvania. He holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Syracuse University and the M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the State University of New York at Buffalo. His research and teaching interests focus on domestic public policy state politics and public administration especially in the areas of job training health care and the right to die. ***Brian E. Kamoie holds a B.A. degree in Policy and Management Studies from Dickinson College in Carlisle Pennsylvania. He maintains an ongoing interest in public policy regarding health care education and foreign affairs and has worked directly with these issues through positions with the Pennsylvania State Senate and the London Embassy of the U.S. Department of State. Mr. Kamoie is currently pursuing a law degree at George Washington University in preparation for a career in the public service.

The right to die may be among the most legally complex and culturally sensitive areas of civil rights to emerge in our time. The thorny issues associated with a terminally ill individual's right to self‐determination, and the disposition of individuals who are incompetent to make right to die decisions for themselves, promises to keep all parties involved ‐ health care professionals, medical ethicists, families, lawyers, judges, and state legislators ‐busy for some time to come. To this point, the state courts have taken the lead in the right to die debate, while the state legislatures have tended to drag their collective feet. This article lays the case law groundwork for right to die decision making, then goes on to assay the legislative responses to the issue that have been rendered in the fifty states. Copyright © 1992, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved

关键词： Death and Euthanasia Legal Approach Medicaid

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM ZINC ANODE PROCUREMENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第6期103卷 75-77页

作者： BRINCKERHOFF, B The Author received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Maryland in May 1985. In June 1985 he began working at the Naval Sea Systems Command as an engineer-in-training (EIT). After completion of the EIT program he began working in his present position in the Corrosion Control Branch of the Materials and Assurance Engineering Office (NavSea 05M1). His responsibilities include life cycle management for sacrificial cathodic protection systems and prevention of alloy 625 crevice corrosion. This paper is a result of his work at NavSea in support of the zinc anode quality improvement program. Mr. Brinckerhoff is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the NavSea Association of Scientists and Engineers.

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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, DE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military engineering

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THE NEW ROAD - OCEAN AND NAVAL engineering IN THE 1990S

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第1期103卷 75-78页

作者： BALES, SML Susan Bales is the science advisor to the chief of naval operations and the assistant director for science and technology of the CNO Executive Panel. She is on assignment from the Office of Naval Research where she holds the position of assistant director for program support and special programs. Previously she was head of the Ocean Environment Group at David Taylor Research Center. Among her fields of technical expertise are radio-electronic battle management/space and electronic combat naval oceanography coastal dynamics ship engineering hydrodynamics technology wargaming climatology and the Arctic. Since joining the CNO's staff in 1987 Ms. Bales has participated in a number of strategic long-range planning efforts including the 1990 Defense Science Board Summer Study. She has been active in international exchange agreements coordinating the 1987 Labrador Extreme Waves Experiment (LEWEX) and chairing a NATO Research Study Group. She has lectured at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Webb Institute of Naval Architecture the NATO ASW SACLANT Centre the Admiralty Marine Technology Establishment and the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Active in a number of professional societies Ms. Bales has served as vice president of the American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE) and chaired the Naval Engineers Journal Committee. Her research has been published in more than 50 papers articles and reports both here and abroad. She has received the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Medal was named the 1988 National Capital Senior Engineer of the Year by the D.C. Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies and was elected to membership in the COSMOS Club in 1989. She was married to the late Nathan K. Bales and resides in Myersville Md.

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PRODUCTIVITY - HOW TO ORGANIZE THE management AND HOW TO MANAGE THE ORGANIZATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第6期102卷 26-34页

作者： CHIRILLO, LD USN (RET.) is known for teaching modern management science applied for shipyard operations. His clients include firms and government agencies in the United States Canada the Peoples Republic of China the United Kingdom Australia New Zealand and Spain. His unique insight comes from sixteen years as a manager for the United States government/industry National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP). In that capacity he specialized in identifying the logic and principles of the flexible manufacturing approach applied by the world's foremost manager of shipyards Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. (IHI) of Japan. The author's previous experiences include management of: engineering and inspection activities for a naval supervisor of shipbuilding ship maintenance as a member of a naval operating staff production planning engineering and material matters in both public and private shipyards research projects for the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ships (currently Naval Sea Systems Command) and engineering plants in both merchant and naval ships.

Without acceptance of a product work breakdown structure for the construction, modernization and overhaul of ships, a shipyard will not enter what is now being called the information age. With too few exceptions, top managers have yet to demonstrate the knowledge, courage, and leadership required to reorganize and remold entrenched middle managers who are functional specialists, each concerned with a parochial interest. The information age requires generalists who are dedicated to constantly improving entire manufacturing systems. As means to encourage adoption of a product work breakdown structure, this paper discusses: a basic product organization, its benefits, and its unique ability to generate data, without which a manager is not in full charge of a shipyard, public or private.

关键词： Shipyards

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MAGNETIC SURVEYING FOR BURIED METALLIC OBJECTS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1990年第3期10卷 204-211页

作者： BARROWS, L ROCCHIO, JE Larry Barrows received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geophysics from the Colorado School of Mines in 1973 and 1978 respectively. He has worked as a systems engineer on Skylab remote-sensing experiments and as an exploration geophysicist in frontier areas of Alaska. Since 1979 he has specialized in geophysical surveying for ground water and hazardous waste site investigations first as the project geophysicist on a radioactive waste disposal program and then as a research scientist for the U.S. EPA. In 1988 he joined Earth Science and Engineering Inc. and LaCoste and Romberg Gravity Meters Inc. (4807 Spicewood Springs Rd. Bldg. 2 Austin TX 78759). Current projects include using microgravity to detect solution conduits in karst terrains and using seismicgroundroll to determine near-surface shear moduli. Judith E. Rocchio is the future air resource specialist on the Stanislaus National Forest (1977 Greenley Rd. Sonora CA 95370). She will obtain the position upon completion of her M.A. degree in air resource management at Colorado State University Department of Natural Resources (1990). She was with Lockheed Engineering Management Services Co. Las Vegas Nevada prior to attending CSU where she was involved in several environmental monitoring programs and coauthored the paper with Dr. Barrows. From 1981 to 1986 Rocchio was a project geologist for Gower Oil Co. and Consolidation Coal Co. Denver Colorado. She received her B.S. in geology (1981) from the University of Nevada Las Vegas.

Field tests were conducted to determine representative total-intensity magnetic anomalies due to the presence of underground storage tanks and 55-gallon steel drums. Three different drums were suspended from a non-magnetic tripod and the underlying field surveyed with each drum in an upright and a flipped plus rotated orientation. At drum-to-sensor separations of 11 feet, the anomalies had peak values of around 50 gammas and half-widths about equal to the drum-to-sensor separation. Remanent and induced magnetizations were comparable; crushing one of the drums significantly reduced both. A profile over a single underground storage tank had a 1000-gamma anomaly, which was similar to the modeled anomaly due to an infinitely long cylinder horizontally magnetized perpendicular to its axis. A profile over two adjacent tanks had a smooth 350-gamma single-peak anomaly even though models of two tanks produced dual-peaked anomalies. Demagnetization could explain why crushing a drum reduced its induced magnetization and why two adjacent tanks produced a single-peak anomaly. A 40-acre abandoned landfill was surveyed on a 50- by 100-foot rectangular grid and along several detailed profiles. The observed field had broad positive and negative anomalies that were similar to modeled anomalies due to thickness variations in a layer of uniformly magnetized material. It was not comparable to the anomalies due to induced magnetization in multiple, randomly located, randomly sized, independent spheres, suggesting that demagnetization may have limited the effective susceptibility of the landfill material. A different 6-acre site survey conducted on a 10- by 10-foot grid was analyzed to determine the maximum station spacing and line separation that could have been used. Essentially, all of the anomalies at this site would have been resolved by a survey conducted on a 20- by 20-foot grid and the larger anomalies would have been detected by a 50- by 50-foot grid.

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AN APPLICATION OF TOTAL QUALITY management AT AN INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第6期102卷 35-43页

作者： NEEDHAM, WD USN is currently assigned as the Pacific Submarine Force maintenance officer in Pearl Harbor Hawaii. He is a 1972 Magna Cum Laude graduate of Duke University with a BS in mechanical engineering a 1983 graduate of Central Michigan University with an MA in business management and a 1986 graduate of MIT with an MS in materials science and an OE in ocean engineering. Cdr. Needham was selected for the Nuclear Power Program and following initial qualification on the USSGrayling (SSN-646) served as production training assistant officer at S7G Prototype and as engineer officer of USSNathan Hale (SSBN-623). He transferred to the EDO community in 1981 and has served as nuclear repair officer at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and as repair officer of USSHunley (AS-31). His awards include the Meritorius Service Medal with gold star the Navy Commendation Medal the Navy Achievement Medal the Spear Foundation Award the Vice Admiral C. R. Bryan Award and the Award for Excellence in Corrosion Engineering of the Chemical Process Industries. He is a registered professional engineer in the state of Virginia.

The current budget and resource constrained fiscal environment mandates positive measures to improve productivity. The management practices of the last four decades are no longer valid. The Department of Defense (DoD) has issued broad guidelines for a restructuring of all subordinate commands and agencies called total quality management (TQM). The precepts of TQM are not new. They are the very same precepts prescribed by numerous management and quality control experts for the past decade to reverse the downward trends in the productivity of American industry. The program elements of TQM are broad in scope, as they must be for an organization as large and diverse as DoD. The implementation of TQM at the local command level is left to the local commander. This is no mean task, as TQM is a radical departure from traditional management practice in every aspect of an organization. This article reports on the implementation of TQM at a local command, the USS Hunley , a naval auxiliary support ship whose primary mission is the repair and maintenance of a squadron of nuclear-powered submarines in Norfolk, Virginia.

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TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION management IN THE ERA OF THE PAPERLESS SHIP

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 61-72页

作者： CHICKERING, JE QUALLS, WB John E. Chickering:is a systems analyst with American Management Systems Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Chickering received his BS degree in marine engineering from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy in Kings Point New York in 1981 and his MBA degree in operations research and statistics from the University of Maryland in 1985. He is a licensed third assistant engineer of steam and motor vessels and a member of the Naval Reserve. Mr. Chickering's work includes the design and specification of several management information systems for the U.S. Navy including one that will automate the Navy's engineering drawing management system. Most recently Mr. Chickering has helped develop a workstation for the Navy's Paperless Ship Initiative. William B. Quails:is a management consultant with American Management Systems Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Quails received his BA degree in English from the Tulane University in New Orleans Louisiana in 1977 and his MPA degree in management science from the University of Georgia in 1982. Mr. Quails participated in the design and development of the U.S. Navy's Shipboard Non-tactical ADP Program II (SNAP II). Recently Mr. Quails has participated in the design and development of several knowledge-based computer systems using artificial intelligence programming technologies. Mr. Quails is a member of Pi Alpha Alpha an honorary public affairs and administration society.

The U.S. Navy relies heavily on advanced technology to carry out its missions. As a consequence, today's sailors are spending increasing amounts of time maintaining and repairing complex systems and equipment. In performing these duties, sailors depend on supporting technical documentation. As the complexity of systems and equipment grow, the volume and complexity of this technical documentation also increases. As a result, technical information, one of the Navy's critical resources, is simultaneously becoming more vital and more difficult to use. The Navy is meeting this challenge by exploring innovative approaches to the management of technical documentation. One example is the Paperless Ship Initiative, which employs optical disk technology as the primary means for document storage. Optical disks can store large volumes of technical information in a small space. One way to take advantage of this auto mated access is to make technical information more readily accessible and easier to use. As an example, a technical manual can be organized on an optical disk into discrete segments of text and indexed for fast retrieval by section, subsection, or paragraph. Furthermore, mechanisms can be developed which allow computer-supported links between logically related segments of the text. This style of interface allows a user to interact directly with the textual passages and to establish new organizational and referential links between them. This style of interface falls under the general category of hypertext (also known as linked text ). The combination of optical disk storage and hypertext offers new possibilities for improving access to large volumes of technical documentation while maintaining all of the advantages of traditional paper-based documentation. This paper begins with a discussion of the need for better technical documentation support. Alternatives that can fulfill this need are reviewed and the role of hypertext is described. The paper illustrates a sample

关键词： Information Retrieval Systems

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COMPUTER-AIDED engineering AND SHOCK ANALYSIS FOR THE FOUNDATION OF A MODULARIZED VERTICAL LAUNCHING SYSTEM

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第2期101卷 34-43页

作者： WU, PY KANE, HP ELDER, RR REEVE, KM Philip Y. Wu received a B.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from National College of Marine Science and Technology Taiwan and a M.E. degree in naval architecture and offshore engineering from U. C. Berkeley. Prior to joining John J. McMullen Associates Inc. (JJMA) in 1983 he worked on hydrodynamic projects at Brown and Root Inc. Houston and at Baker Marine Engineers Inc. where he developed and designed various classes of offshore jack-up rigs and semisubmersibles. After transferring to the JJMA's Arlington Va. office he focused on U.S. naval ship structural designs. He is currently a senior naval architect and a member of ASNE SNAME and ASME. Harry P. Kane is a senior project engineer in the Ship Modularity Section John J. McMullen Associates Inc. Arlington Va. He has a B.S. degree from Woodbury University and has attended numerous other training programs at the Universities of Nevada California Texas and Virginia. He has been employed as a program management engineer on a wide spectrum of design programs ranging from space booster systems remote sensors underwater acoustic systems ship systems Navy RDT&E management and technical program analysis. Currently he serves as a project leader for the application of modular weapons to different ship design programs. He is a member of the ASNE Journal Committee the Security and Intelligence Foundation and a life member of ASNE and the American Defense Preparedness Association. Robert R. Elder received a B.S.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan in 1969. He was commissioned an engineering duty officer and served aboard USS Guam (LPH-9) and at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Hyattsville Maryland. Prior to joining John J. McMullen Associates Inc. in 1980 he worked in various ship technical design disciplines at J.J. Henry Inc. and gained program management experience at Booz Allen Applied Research and Scientific Management Associates. He is currently the manager of the Ship M

The major objective of this paper is to describe a computer aided methodology for structural integration and analysis. Using the example of recent work in the installation of modular gun and vertical launch missile systems in warships, the reader is guided through a typical case of computer aided structural design and shock analysis, how the models are defined and tested, how the models are modified in order to be compatible with computer capacity, how structural elements are selected to simplify computations, and finally how the results of these operations are used to define the final product before construction and installation. With the maturation of the computer aided process as applied to the whole ship product, more attention must be focused on improving the individual elements of computer aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and the integration of these processes and their products through computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The application of the CAE techniques described herein to large maritime systems such as combatant, auxiliary and support, and commercial ships and to other large structures such as semisubmersible and fixed platforms is powerful and highly in demand. There is now a means to optimize large structural systems in terms of their discrete subsystems and components and harmonize the entire design while providing the proper design integrity at each successive level of detail.

关键词： Warships

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BOTTOM BOUNCE ARRAY SONAR SUBMARINE (BBASS)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第5期101卷 59-72页

作者： JACKSON, HA NEEDHAM, WD SIGMAN, DE USN (RET.) Capt. Harry A. Jackson USN (Ret.) is a graduate of the University of Michigan in naval architecture and marine engineering and completed the General Electric Company's 3-year advanced engineering course in nuclear engineering. He has been an independent consulting engineer and participated in projects involving deep submergence waste disposal water purification and submarine design both commercial and government. Cdr. William D. Needham USN is currently assigned as the repair officer of USS Hunley (AS-31) in Norfolk Virginia. He received a regular commission through NROTC at Duke University where he graduated magna cum laude in mechanical engineering. Selected for the Nuclear Power Program he served as a division officer on the USS Grayling (SSN-646) as the production training assistant at the MARE Prototype Reactor in New York and as blue crew engineer of the USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) where he completed the requirements to be designated qualified for command of submarines. Following line transfer to the EDO community in 1981 he completed a tour as nuclear repair officer (Code 310) at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and earned master of science in materials science and ocean engineer's degrees at MIT. His awards include the Meritorius Service Medal Navy Commendation Medal Navy Achievement Medal Spear Foundation Award and the Vice Admiral C.R. Bryan Award. Cdr. Needham also holds a master of arts degree in business management from Central Michigan University. Capt. Jackson was technical director of Scorpion Search Phase II. The on-site investigation included descending over 12 000 feet to the bottom of the ocean. He was also supervisor of one of the Navy's largest peacetime shipbuilding and repair programs. His responsibilities included supervision of design production and contract administration. Capt. Jackson was third from the top in managaement of a major shipyard and responsible for design material procurement work order and financial control of two major surface ship prototypes as well a

Anticipated technological advances in the quieting of potential adversary submarines mandate the use of increasingly effective detection systems for U.S. ASW forces. Based on the assumptions that sonar will continue to be the primary means of detection and that the effectiveness of each individual sonar element will not change markedly, one must increase the projected area of the sonar array to improve its capability. The primary SSN mission of anti-submarine warfare will hence require increasing the hull area devoted to the primary sonar detection system. A revolutionary hull form is proposed that maximizes the area available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of this hull form are discussed and feasibility study level design parameters and arrangements presented.

关键词： Submarines

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