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Heat stress in landfill environments: Evaluating worker exposure and occupational risks

Case studies in Chemical and Environmental engineering 2025年 11卷

作者： Abidin, Azham Umar Munawaroh, Anisful Lailil Rosinta, Aulia sulistiyani, Arvi Tri Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Universitas Islam Indonesia Indonesia Department of Information and Medical Service Vocational School Applied Master's Program in Occupational Health and Safety Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia Department of Community Family and Occupational Medicine Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University Thailand Faculty of Medicine Universitas Islam Indonesia Indonesia

Heat stress is a notable occupational health hazard, particularly because global climate change intensified environmental heat exposure. Workers in high-temperature environments, such as landfill sites, encounter significant health risks associated with heat stress, including dehydration, excessive sweating, fatigue, headaches, and potentially more severe conditions. This study examined landfill workers in Yogyakarta, where outdoor conditions increased their susceptibility to heat-related hazards. This study aimed to quantify heat stress in landfill operations via objective data analysis, which refers to the quantitative assessment of environmental heat conditions using the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index, with the goal of informing practical interventions and improving worker health and safety protocols. This cross-sectional study, a type of observational research design, examined data collected at specific points in time. This study involved 39 landfill workers, with WBGT measurements collected at 25 sampling locations in the morning, daylight, and afternoon. This study evaluated the risk of heat stress at various times of the day using WBGT values. The results demonstrated notable fluctuations in WBGT, with peak levels occurring in daylight, consequently increasing the risk of heat stress. Age and body weight are significant factors because older individuals and those with increased body mass exhibit heightened susceptibility to heat retention. statistical analysis revealed significant differences in WBGT measurements between morning and daylight and between daylight and afternoon (p < 0.001). These findings highlight the necessity for timely monitoring and management strategies to reduce heat stress risk, especially during daylight hours. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Climate change Heat stress Occupational health Wet bulb globe temperature Workers

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Environmental health risks and impacts of PM2.5sub> exposure on human health in residential areas, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Toxicology Reports 2025年 14卷 101949页

作者： Abidin, Azham Umar Munawaroh, Anisful Lailil Rosinta, Aulia sulistiyani, Arvi Tri Ardianta, Iwan Iresha, Fajri Mulya Department of Environmental Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Universitas Islam Indonesia Indonesia Department of Information and Medical Service Vocational School Applied Master's Program in Occupational Health and Safety Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia Department of Community Family and Occupational Medicine Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University Thailand Faculty of Medicine Universitas Islam Indonesia Indonesia Laboratory of Air Quality Department of Environmental Engineering Universitas Islam Indonesia Indonesia Laboratory of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Department of Environmental Engineering Universitas Islam Indonesia Indonesia

Air pollution, particularly PM2.5, significantly impacts public health in developing areas. This study evaluates PM2.5 exposure among residents and conducts a health risk assessment within the human community in Bantu... 详细信息

Air pollution, particularly PM2.5sub>, significantly impacts public health in developing areas. This study evaluates PM2.5sub> exposure among residents and conducts a health risk assessment within the human community in Bantul Regency, Indonesia, utilizing a high-volume air sampler (HVAs) over 24 h in a residential area and interviewing 36 respondents. The findings of this study show that PM2.5sub> concentrations varied from 50.7 to 61.9 μg/m³, exceeding the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQs) of 35 μg/m³. The risk hazard quotient (RQ) values of PM2.5sub> were greater than 1, signifying considerable health risk. Epidemiological statistical analysis indicates a significant correlation (p-value < 0.05) between PM2.5sub> exposure, health complaints, and respondent characteristics. Residents report health issues including cough, headache, eye irritation, breathlessness, and wheezing. The findings emphasize the imperative for more rigorous air quality standards and regulations, enhanced public awareness and education regarding preventive practices, and urban planning development strategies incorporating green infrastructure. These measures are crucial for alleviating health hazards and enhancing air quality in impacted areas. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： environmental health health impact health risk assessment PM2.5 exposure

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Decentralized Learning with Virtual Patients for Medical Diagnosis of Diabetes

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sN Computer science 2021年第4期2卷 239页

作者： Takahashi, Yuta Chang, Han-ten Nakai, Akie Kagawa, Rina Ando, Hiroyasu Imakura, Akira Okada, Yukihiko Tsurushima, Hideo suzuki, Kenji sakurai, Tetsuya Faculty of Engineering Information and Systems University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Center for Artificial Intelligence Research University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Master’s Program in Service Engineering University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University Sendai Japan

Machine learning, applied to medical data, can uncover new knowledge and support medical practices. However, analyzing medical data by machine learning methods presents a trade-off between accuracy and privacy. To overcome the trade-off, we apply the data collaboration analysis method to medical data. This method using artificial dummy data enables analysis to compare distributed information without using the original data. The purpose of our experiment is to identify patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM), using 29,802 instances of real data obtained from the University of Tsukuba Hospital between 01/03/2013 and 30/09/2018. The whole data is divided into a number of datasets to simulate different hospitals. We propose the following improvements for the data collaboration analysis. (1) Making the dummy data which has a reality and (2) using non-linear reconverting functions into the comparable space. Both can be realized using the generative adversarial network (GAN) and Node2Vec, respectively. The improvement effects of dummy data with GAN scores more than 10% over the effects of dummy data with random numbers. Furthermore, the improvement effect of the re-conversion by Node2Vec with GAN anchor data scores about 20% higher than the linear method with random dummy data. Our results reveal that the data collaboration method with appropriate modifications, depending on data type, improves analysis performance. © 2021, The Author(s).

关键词： Data collaboration Generative adversarial network Machine learning Medical data

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Data-Driven Approaches to Detecting Misdeliveries in Truck Logistics using GPs Data

Data-Driven Approaches to Detecting Misdeliveries in Truck L...

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2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2023

作者： Hidaka, Ayumu shin, Ryota Tsuchiya, Atsushi Nakabayashi, Norihiko Okada, Yukihiko shida, Yohei University of Tsukuba Master's Program in Service Engineering Tsukuba Japan University of Tsukuba Doctoral Programs in Policy and Planning Sciences Tsukuba Japan Yamato Transport Co. Ltd. Minato Japan University of Tsukuba Yamato Transport Co.Ltd. Tsukuba Japan University of Tsukuba Institute of Systems and Information Engineering Center for Artificial Intelligence Research Tsukuba Japan University of Tsukuba Institute of Systems and Information Engineering Tsukuba Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350324457

Misdelivery in logistic services leads to increased costs and degradation of packages. For deliveries using trucks, erroneous deliveries are prevented by checking identification numbers on packages as the packages pass through delivery points. In recent years, it has become possible to monitor real-time location by attaching GPs receivers to packages, but few concrete efforts have been made to detect anomalies using truck transport data. This study introduces a basic framework for the detection of misdeliveries and a summary of the problems in actual truck misdelivery using special medical supply delivery data provided by a major Japanese logistics company. It is shown that the system can detect erroneous deliveries with high accuracy, even for actual delivery data with coarse resolution owing to the cost of installing the equipment. This study has the potential not only to improve logistics and reduce costs, but also to solve various social problems such as driver shortages. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： anomaly detection GPs misdelivery trajectory method transport data truck logistics

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COMBAT sYsTEMs-engineering AND THE TOP LEVEL REQUIREMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERs JOURNAL 1981年第2期93卷 97-100页

作者： TRUXALL, CW is a Senior Program Engineer with Systems Consultants Inc. Washington D.C. serving as Project Manager for the DD 963 Combat System Engineering Program. Prior to his retirement from the U.S. Navy in 1978 he served in the AEGIS Project Office Naval Sea Systems Command as ASW Systems Manager and Combat Systems/Ship Design Coordinator. His previous assignments involved service in ten ships including engineering duty in Carriers and Submarines and two Destroyer commands. He is a 1957 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy holds Master's degrees in Business Administration and Systems Management and attended the Program Managers Course at the Defense System Management College Fort Belvoir Va. He is a member of the American Defense Preparedness Association and has been a member of ASNE since 1958 having previously served on the ASNE Audit Committee and presently as the Chairman of the ASNE Membership Committee.

The Top Level Requirement (TLR) is a document that is required by the Chief of Naval Operations to be developed for new ship designs. This document describes in some detail the requirements levied on the ship designers for characteristics of the ship and its combat system. The Combat system engineering program has been developed in the Naval sea systems Command (NAVsEA) to provide a disciplined approach to the engineering of upgrades and modernizations to current surface ship complex combat systems. One of the axioms of this systemized approach is that “top down” engineering must take place. That is, the rationale for the upgrade for the new elements being included in the system, and for the way the integration of those elements takes place, must be based upon a set of operational requirements. In order to systems engineer the developments of modernizations properly, the Author proposes that TLRs be developed for each combatant ship class without a TLR that is a candidate for a major modernization or upgrade. The primary focus would be on the combat system requirements, but also there is concern for the other ship operational characteristics as well. The TLR should be contained in a document of about twenty-five pages. As with the current TLRs, a Working Group of representatives from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV), Naval Material Command (NAVMAT)/Naval sea systems Command (NAVsEA), and other activities would be the developers of the new TLR. Because of the numbers of individuals with some responsibility in current Fleet ships, closer coordination between NAVMAT/NAVsEA and OPNAV is required. The process which this paper describes may well support significant cost savings in future-year combat system upgrades, and the Combat system engineering Community will have a basis for combat system design.

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Utilization of root cause failure analysis in the investigation of marine deck fitting failures

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NAVAL ENGINEERs JOURNAL 2001年第1期113卷 93-99页

作者： Huff, Ds Lynaugh, KM David S. Huff graduated from the University of Maryland with a B.S.M.E. in 1972 and a M.S. in technology management in 1995. Prior to government service he worked for Newport News Shipbuilding as a fluid systems engineer and for Gibbs & Cox as a project engineer. Mr. Huff entered government service in 1977 with the Military Sealift Command Engineering Operations Division then as a construction representative and finally as deputy director ship design and construction. He then moved to NAVSEA in 1989 as assistant project manager on the conversion of AO-177 oilers to AO (JUMBO). From 1993 through 2000 he was assistant project manager for the construction of T-AKR-300 Class of Strategic Sealift RO/RO ships at Avondale. Currently Mr. Huff is manager of the Advanced Projects Group within the PEO EXW Auxiliary Boats and Crafts Program Office. Kevin M. Lynaugh obtained his naval architecture and marine engineering degree from University of California Berkeley in 1984. He obtained his Master's degree in science and engineering from The Johns Hopkins University in 1997 with a dual major in program management and operations management. He has been with NAVSEA Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division for over 16 years. He spent four years with the Hydromechanics Division computerizing the Model Design Group two years with the Large Cavitation Channel Project as a project engineer six years with the Ship Building Technologies Department as a task area manager managing research programs the past 3 ½ years with the Strategic Sealift Program as the ship design manager for Avondale's new con-struction and as the deputy assistant program manager for post delivery and NASSCO's new construction. Currently Mr. Lynaugh is the on-site ship design manager for LHD-8 at Ingalls Shipyard in Pascagoula Mississippi.

Cracking was discovered in the openings of cargo deck tie down fittings on ships under construction. There was a distinct possibility that these cracks could propagate through the fittings and into the strength deck plating, affecting the ships hull integrity. With more than 14,000 fittings installed on each ship, the appearance of approximately 400 cracks at the mid-ship area of the main and lower decks raised production and operational concerns. This paper will discus the successful application of a Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA) methodology employed by a Corrective Action Team (CAT) establish to solve the problem. Through their efforts and the systematic application of RCFA, various failure hypotheses were validated or discounted and consensus was achieved on the appropriate corrective action.

关键词： Marine engineering

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Proposing a Low-Rank Approximation Method with Mathematical Guarantees for High-Dimensional Tensor Data

Proposing a Low-Rank Approximation Method with Mathematical ...

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IEEE International Conference on Big Data

作者： Hiroki Hasegawa Kazuyoshi Yata Yukihiko Okada Jun Kunimatsu Master’s Program in Service Engineering University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Institute of Systems and Information Engineering Tsukuba Institute for Advanced Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Research University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Institute of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan

ISBN: (数字)9798350362480

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362497

The analysis of high-dimensional tensor data presents significant challenges for traditional methods such as CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition and Higher-Order singular Value Decomposition (HOsVD) due to the size, complexity, and noise inherent in the data. Recent studies have emphasized the critical need for noise-robust approaches capable of reducing dimensionality while preserving data integrity, particularly for matrix-form data, underscoring the necessity of theoretical advancements in noise reduction. In this study, we propose a novel method, Noise-Reduced Higher-Order singular Value Decomposition (NR-HOsVD), which integrates noise reduction techniques into the HOsVD framework to enhance dimensionality reduction for matrix data. In comparative simulations with CP decomposition and HOsVD, NR-HOsVD consistently demonstrated lower relative errors as the rank increased, particularly for high-dimensional tensors, surpassing the performance of conventional methods beyond a certain rank threshold. Furthermore, NR-HOsVD exhibited superior stability and faster convergence on large-scale datasets compared to existing approaches. These findings suggest that NR-HOsVD provides a more accurate and efficient approach to high-dimensional tensor data analysis, making it particularly well-suited for applications in big data and machine learning. In the future, NR-HOsVD is expected to serve as a pivotal method for enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of high-dimensional tensor data analysis, with broad applicability anticipated in fields such as large-scale data processing and precision medicine.

关键词： Tensors Data analysis Accuracy Noise Big Data Reliability theory stability analysis Computational efficiency Matrix decomposition singular value decomposition

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THE MACHINERY ALTERATION program

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NAVAL ENGINEERs JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 138-145页

作者： CIERI, AM KENNEY, LH A.M. Cieri:is the program manager for the Machinery Alteration (MachAlt) Program at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES). Mr. Cieri also currently serves as the head Fleet Liaison Unit Atlantic at NAVSSES. He working with Mr. E.T. Kinney Deputy Director Machinery Group Ship Design and Engineering Directorate (SEA 56B) Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) conceived and structured the policy and procedures for the MachAlt Program in FY 83 as a result of a need identified by COMNAVSEA's ShipAlt Improvement Program. Mr. Cieri has been with the NAVSSES (formerly NAVSEC Philadelphia) organization since 1971. He served in the Hull and Deck Machinery Department before moving to his current staff position in 1982. His 23 years of federal service also includes nine years with the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in various assignments in both the planning and production departments. Mr. Cieri has been a member of ASNE since 1979. Mr. Cieri was the recipient of the Joseph Cacciola Technical Achievement Award at NAVSSES in 1984. USN CDR. L.H. Kenney USN:was commissioned out of the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps at Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received his bachelor of science. He holds a master's degree in electrical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. He has served at the Philadelphia and Boston Naval Shipyards the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command and its predecessor NAVSHIPS as staff officer to Commander Service Squadron Six in the Mediterranean in the USS Essex and with the Joint Military Assistance and Advisory Group Tehran. He is currently the director of Fleet Coordination Office at the Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station in Philadelphia.

The ship alteration (shipAlt) process does not lend itself to the rapid accomplishment of small scale design changes to improve equipment performance and reliability. It is a necessarily lengthy and complex system, designed to deal with very large and costly projects. With one document, it causes replacement or modification of major ship systems. For this reason, shipAlts are subjected to many reviews and design changes so that the final product will materially enhance the fleet's operational capabilities. The competition for scarce resources has left the Navy with a large number of needed design changes with no programmatic means to accomplish them. Various Navy communities have developed procedures to address this problem. This paper will show how the Naval sea systems Command-sponsored machinery alteration (MachAlt) program addresses the small design change problem for hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) systems. MachAlts are design changes to equipments that do not require system interface changes and may be installed outside of industrial activities. The paper will discuss how the MachAlt concept was developed and will give a status report and assessment of the program to date.

关键词： NAVAL VEssELs

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The importance of tropical tree-ring chronologies for global change research

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Quaternary science Reviews 2025年 355卷

作者： Groenendijk, Peter Babst, Flurin Trouet, Valerie Fan, Ze-Xin Granato-souza, Daniela Locosselli, Giuliano Maselli Mokria, Mulugeta Panthi, shankar Pumijumnong, Nathsuda Abiyu, Abrham Acuña-soto, Rodolfo Adenesky-Filho, Eduardo Alfaro-sánchez, Raquel Anholetto Junior, Claudio Roberto Aragão, José Roberto Vieira Assis-Pereira, Gabriel Astudillo-sánchez, Claudia C. Carolina Barbosa, Ana Barreto, Nathan de Oliveira Battipaglia, Giovanna Beeckman, Hans Botosso, Paulo Cesar Bourland, Nils Bräuning, Achim Brienen, Roel Brookhouse, Matthew Buajan, supaporn Buckley, Brendan M. Camarero, J. Julio Carrillo-Parra, Artemio Ceccantini, Gregório Centeno-Erguera, Librado R. Cerano-Paredes, Julián Cervantes-Martínez, Rosalinda Chanthorn, Wirong Chen, Ya-Jun Cintra, Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cornejo-Oviedo, Eladio Heriberto Cortés-Cortés, Otoniel Costa, Clayane Matos Couralet, Camille Crispin-DelaCruz, Doris Bianca D'Arrigo, Rosanne David, Diego A. De Ridder, Maaike Del Valle, Jorge Ignacio Díaz-Carrillo, Oscar A. Dobner Jr, Mário Doucet, Jean-Louis Dünisch, Oliver Enquist, Brian J. Esemann-Quadros, Karin Esquivel-Arriaga, Gerardo Fayolle, Adeline Fenilli, Tatiele Anete Bergamo Ferrero, M. Eugenia Fichtler, Esther Finnegan, Patrick M. Fontana, Claudia Francisco, Kainana s. Fu, Pei-Li Galvão, Franklin Gebrekirstos, Aster Giraldo, Jorge A. Gloor, Emanuel Godoy-Veiga, Milena Guerra, Anthony Haneca, Kristof Harley, Grant Logan Heinrich, Ingo Helle, Gerhard Hernández-Díaz, José Ciro Hornink, Bruna Hubau, Wannes Inga, Janet G. Islam, Mahmuda Jiang, Yu-mei Kaib, Mark Hassan Khamisi, Zakia Koprowski, Marcin Layme, Eva Leffler, A. Joshua Ligot, Gauthier Lisi, Claudio sergio Loader, Neil J. Lobo, Francisco de Almeida Longhi-santos, Tomaz Lopez, Lidio López-Hernández, María I. Lousada, José Luís Penetra Cerveira Manzanedo, Rubén D. Marcon, Amanda K. Maxwell, Justin T. Mendivelso, Hooz A. Mendoza-Villa, Omar N. Menezes, Ítallo Romany Nunes Montóia, Valdinez Ribeiro Moors, Eddy Moreno, Miyer Muñiz-Castro, Miguel Angel Nabais, Cristina Nathalang, SP Campinas13083-970 Brazil School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona TucsonAZ United States Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona TucsonAZ United States Belgian Climate Centre Ringlaan 3 Uccle1090 Belgium CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan Mengla666303 China Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Department Forestry Ecology and Wildlife Program Alabama A&M University AL United States Department of Botany Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo R. do Matão 277 São Paulo05508-090 Brazil Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture University of São Paulo Av. Centenário 303 13416-000 Brazil Institute of Geography Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Wetterkreuz 15 Erlangen91058 Germany United Nations Avenue P.O. Box 30677-00100 Nairobi Kenya Faculty of Environment and Resource studies Mahidol University 999 Phutthamonthon Rd4 Salaya Phutthamonthon Nakhon Pathom73170 Thailand C/O ILRI Campus Gurd Shola P.O. Box 5689 Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico Colegio de Geografía Facultad de Filosofia y Letras Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico Department of Forest Engineering Universidade Regional de Blumenau R. São Paulo 3366 Itoupava Seca Santa Catarina 89030-000 Brazil Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada 5320 122 Street NW EdmontonABT6H 3S5 Canada Department of Biology Wilfrid Laurier University 75 University Avenue W WaterlooONN2L 3C5 Canada Forest Management Program Mamiraua Institute for Sustainable Development Tefé Brazil Av. Mister Hull S/N - PICI Campus CE Fortaleza60440-900 Brazil Department of Forest Sciences Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture University of Sao Paulo Av. Pádua Dias 11 SP Piracicaba13418-900

Tropical forests and woodlands are key components of the global carbon and water cycles. Yet, how climate change affects these biogeochemical cycles is poorly understood because of scarce long-term observations of tropical tree growth. The recent rise in tropical tree-ring studies may help to fill this gap, but a large-scale quantitative analysis of their potential in global change research is missing. We compiled a list of all tropical tree species known to form annual tree rings and built a network encompassing 492 tropical ring-width chronologies to evaluate the potential to generate insights on climate sensitivity of woody productivity and to build centuries-long reconstructions of climate variability. We assess chronology quality, length, and climatic representativeness and explore how these change along climatic gradients. Finally, we applied species-distribution modeling to identify regions with potential for tree-ring studies in ecological and climatic studies. The number of tropical chronologies has rapidly increased, with ∼400 added over the past two decades. Yet, tree-ring studies are biased towards high-elevation locations, with gaps in warmer and wetter climates, on the African continent, and for angiosperm species. The longest chronologies with strongest climate signals (i.e., synchronous growth variations among trees) are from cool regions. In wet regions, climate signals and precipitation sensitivity decrease. Most tropical regions harbor 5–15 (and up to 80) species with proven potential to generate chronologies. The potential for long climate reconstructions is particularly high in drier high elevation sites. Our findings support strategies to effectively expand tree-ring research in the tropics, by targeting specific species and regions. Tropical dendrochronology can importantly contribute to global change research by generating historical context of climate extremes, quantifying climate sensitivity of woody productivity and benchmarking vegetation

关键词： Tropical cyclone

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DEsIGN OF THE NFR-90

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NAVAL ENGINEERs JOURNAL 1991年第2期103卷 29-49页

作者： sCHAFFER, RL KLOEHN, HG Roger L. Schaffer is currently the manager of preliminary design for Advanced Marine Enterprises in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Schaffer received bachelor degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering and aerospace engineering from the University of Michigan in 1971. In 1974 he received his master's degree in naval architecture from MIT. Mr. Schaffer started his career with the Naval Ship Engineering Center and has worked for Boeing Marine Systems Hydronautics and Designers & Planners. He was associated with various phases of the NFR-90 program from 1982 until. 1990. His last NFR-90 assignment was design integration manager for the International Ship Studies Company (ISS) in Hamburg West Germany where he was responsible for all naval architectural work as well as combat system installation and marine engineering integration with the platform. He is a registered professional engineer. Harvey G. Kloehn received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Marquette University in 1951. He went to work in the Bureau of Ships and spent 32 years in naval combat systems engineering. Mr. Kloehn also served on active duty in the U.S. Navy from 1955 to 1958. Mr. Kloehn retired from the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1985 as technical director to the deputy commander for AAW/surface warfare. He is a charter member of the Senior Executive Service. After a brief retirement he went to work for NKF Engineering and then for Westinghouse as ship design manager and later chief engineer of the NA TO Frigate Program assigned to Hamburg West Germany. Mr. Kloehn received the ASNE Jimmie Hamilton award for the best paper published in the Journal in 1972. He is a registered professional engineer.

The NATO Frigate Replacement for the 1990s (NFR-90) Project was a unique approach to naval ship design and acquisition. It would have been the first U.s. Navy surface combatant primarily designed by an international organization. As a planning scenario, up to 60 ships, including 18 for the U.s. Navy, were to be acquired by the eight participating nations, making it potentially the largest NATO project ever attempted. Approximately 1,000 man years over a 10-year period were invested in the project. The project was prematurely terminated in January 1990. Nevertheless, a significant amount of work had been completed;the basic design of the ship was firmly established by a preliminary design, the combat system was thoroughly studied, and the economics of the program were well established. This paper describes the project, the technical aspects of the ship and combat system design, its innovative features and significant economic advantages. The conclusions relative to Aegis vs. NFR-90 or NFR-90/ Aegis mix (Table 14) are the opinions of the authors and the estimates of associated costs have not been validated by the Naval sea systems Command.

关键词： Naval Vessels

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