检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

IMPROVING THE SHIP DESIGN, ACQUISITION AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第2期104卷 39-57页

作者： RYAN, JC JONS, OP J. Christopher Ryan:earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in Naval Architecture from Webb Institute and MIT respectively. He spent three years at the Advanced Marine Technology Division of Litton Industries working on the DD-963 class ship design and related computer aided design projects. he subsequently went to the Navy Department concentrating on early stage design of surface combatants for 12 years including work on the FFG-7 Sea Control Ship CSGN and CVV aircraft carrier projects. He then shifted focus and became the technical director for the Computer Supported Design Program in NavSea for five years. Mr. Ryan has served in several supervisory positions within the Ship Design Group in NavSea since that time. He is currently the project manager for the Ship Design Acquisition and Construction Process Improvement Project. Otto P. Jons:received a Diplom Ing. in shipbuilding from the Technical University of Hannover W. Germany and an M.S. in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967. He then joined Litton Ship Systems where he was responsible for the preliminary design of the DD-963 hull structure and then for ship systems as manager LHA Ship Systems Engineering Department. From 1972 to 1974 he was principal research scientist at Hydronautics. In 1976 as technical director he helped establish the local office of Designers and Planners. Otto Jons was one of the co-founders of Advanced Marine Enterprises Inc. in 1976 where he is corporate vice president engineering.

In the spring of 1990, the NavSea Chief Engineer initiated a project to improve the design, acquisition and construction (DAC) of U.S. Navy ships. The project's objectives are to reduce the time and cost of acquiring and operating Navy ships while improving their quality, unlike previous studies on the subject, the project utilizes a rigorous process analysis approach and attempts to use quantitative measures as the basis for recommending improvements. The paper is, of necessity, a status report on the progress of this project. Topics covered include: the DAC process;a look at the current state of ship acquisition time, cost, and quality;the methodology for process improvements;and early findings.

关键词： naval Vessels

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

EMI - THE ENEMY WITHIN

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第2期104卷 69-80页

作者： BARON, NT CEBULSKI, DR Neil T. Baronis currently the team leader for the combat system topside design work for amphibious assault auxiliary mine warfare and Coast Guard ships. He sits on the IEEE SCC-28 Committee for personnel radiation hazards and is extensively involved in the EM engineering initiative at NavSea. Mr. Baron has lectured at the MIT Summer Professional Series on the subject of electromagnetic interference. While attending Marquette University he started his career with the Navy as a coop student supporting personnel radiation hazard assessments. After graduating with a BS in bio-medical engineering he took an electronics engineer position in the Systems Electromagnetic Division. Since then he has lectured on Navy training films and has developed several software packages which have pushed the state-of-the-art in EMI assessment. Mr. Baron has prepared several reports and professional papers. He has worked on several professional committees and in February of 1991 was awarded the “Young Engineer of the Year Award” which was presented by the D.C. Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies. Donald R. Cebulskiis currently the head of the Topside Design Division in the Naval Sea Systems Command Weapons and Combat System Directorate. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a bachelor's degree in 1963 and a master's degree in 1977 both in naval architecture and marine engineering. He started his career in 1964 at the Bureau of Ships and joined the Aircraft Carrier Section of the Arrangements Branch in Hull Design. During the past 25 years he has included almost every naval ship type in his ship arrangement experience and in October of 1988 he transferred to the Topside Design and Integration Branch in the System Electromagnetics Division Sea 06. Mr. Cebulski has written several papers on ship arrangements computer aided design and ship topside design. He prepared and presented lectures at the MIT Professional Series on ship topside design and has served on many ASNE committees. He is currently the

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the major contributors to mission degradation in our fleet today due to the increase in population and sensitivity of both topside and below deck electronic systems. Sensitive combat systems designed to counter intelligent and deceptive targets can be confused by the complex intra-ship EM environment. This can cause identification failure or losing "track" of a hostile or incoming missile or even engaging "friendly targets." Topside design and integration efforts have been used to reduce EMI, but this is not the total solution to the problem. A program of total ship and system EMI assessment and control must be implemented. This program must exploit electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) optimization in electronic circuit design and take advantage of and (in some cases) direct topside shapes and structures to control the propagation of desired and undesired EM energy. Positive and active control of EM design characteristics are absolutely required before optimum combat system effectiveness can be realized. This paper will describe the current topside design process, EMC improvements being made, and how the process is being integrated into, and is dependent upon, the ship design process. It will give examples of some of the major mission degrading EMI problems in the fleet today and how past problems were solved with existing EM analysis programs. It will also discuss the control of EM energy in new design through the use of techniques being developed such as ray tracing and ray casting. The paper projects where the challenges lie for future topside and EM engineering designers and describes how the equipment technology transfer process must be better integrated to meet the challenge of effective EMI control.

关键词： Signal Interference

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

DESIGN OF THE NFR-90

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第2期103卷 29-49页

作者： SCHAFFER, RL KLOEHN, HG Roger L. Schaffer is currently the manager of preliminary design for Advanced Marine Enterprises in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Schaffer received bachelor degrees in naval architecture and marine engineering and aerospace engineering from the University of Michigan in 1971. In 1974 he received his master's degree in naval architecture from MIT. Mr. Schaffer started his career with the Naval Ship Engineering Center and has worked for Boeing Marine Systems Hydronautics and Designers & Planners. He was associated with various phases of the NFR-90 program from 1982 until. 1990. His last NFR-90 assignment was design integration manager for the International Ship Studies Company (ISS) in Hamburg West Germany where he was responsible for all naval architectural work as well as combat system installation and marine engineering integration with the platform. He is a registered professional engineer. Harvey G. Kloehn received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Marquette University in 1951. He went to work in the Bureau of Ships and spent 32 years in naval combat systems engineering. Mr. Kloehn also served on active duty in the U.S. Navy from 1955 to 1958. Mr. Kloehn retired from the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1985 as technical director to the deputy commander for AAW/surface warfare. He is a charter member of the Senior Executive Service. After a brief retirement he went to work for NKF Engineering and then for Westinghouse as ship design manager and later chief engineer of the NA TO Frigate Program assigned to Hamburg West Germany. Mr. Kloehn received the ASNE Jimmie Hamilton award for the best paper published in the Journal in 1972. He is a registered professional engineer.

The NATO Frigate Replacement for the 1990s (NFR-90) Project was a unique approach to naval ship design and acquisition. It would have been the first U.S. Navy surface combatant primarily designed by an international organization. As a planning scenario, up to 60 ships, including 18 for the U.S. Navy, were to be acquired by the eight participating nations, making it potentially the largest NATO project ever attempted. Approximately 1,000 man years over a 10-year period were invested in the project. The project was prematurely terminated in January 1990. Nevertheless, a significant amount of work had been completed;the basic design of the ship was firmly established by a preliminary design, the combat system was thoroughly studied, and the economics of the program were well established. This paper describes the project, the technical aspects of the ship and combat system design, its innovative features and significant economic advantages. The conclusions relative to Aegis vs. NFR-90 or NFR-90/ Aegis mix (Table 14) are the opinions of the authors and the estimates of associated costs have not been validated by the naval Sea Systems Command.

关键词： naval Vessels

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

HYDRODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS FOR UNITED-STATES NAVY SHIPS

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 74-90页

作者： MCCALLUM, D ENGLE, AH PLATZER, GP KARAFIATH, G Donald McCallumis a supervisory naval architect in the Auxiliary Amphibious and Mine Warfare Ship Hydrodynamics Branch of the Naval Sea Systems Command. He has worked in ship design in his native Scotland before coming to the United States via Canada. Mr. McCallum has a M.Sc. degree from the University of Michigan and a B.Sc. from Strathclyde University (Glasgow). He is a member of SNAME ASNE and ASE. Allen H. Engleis a naval architect with the Hull Form and Hydrodynamic Performance Division of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea). He received his B.S. degree in engineering science from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1977 and his M.S. degree in ocean engineering from the University of Hawaii in 1979. Since 1980 he has worked for NavSea where he has been assigned to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard SupShip Seattle and the U.S. Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory. Selected as NavSea's Engineer of the Year for 1989 Mr. Engle is currently the program director for the Navy's Hydrodynamic Loads Technology Development Program. Prior to his current assignment Mr. Engle was technical director of the Navy's Ship Efficiency Improvement Program and task leader for hydrodynamic design for the LHD-5 AO-177 (Jumbo) AE-36 LSD-41 and FFX ship designs. Mr. Engle is a member of both ASNE and SNAME. Gregory Platzeris currently employed with Arneson Marine Inc. As manager of applications engineering Mr. Platzer is responsible for the development of propulsion specifications for articulated surface drive units matched to high-speed partially submerged propellers. Prior to November 1990 Mr. Platzer was the head of the Surface Ship Propeller Branch at the Naval Sea Systems Command. He had worked for the Navy in the field of propulsor analysis since 1977 initially at the David Taylor Research Center. Mr. Platzer graduated in 1977 from the University of Michigan with a B.S. degree in naval architecture. Gabor Karafiathis a member of the Ship Hydromechanics Department at the David Taylor Research Center.

This paper reports on an investigation of the applicability of recent hull efficiency improvement concepts to U.S. Navy ships. Among the concepts investigated were stern flaps, Grim Wheels, alternate aftbody configurations, bulbous bows, and flow modifying ducts. Extensive model testing was conducted at the David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) for each concept, and care was taken to check out critical propeller cavitation and noise aspects associated with the investigation of alternate stern configurations and Grim Wheel concepts. A guiding principle in this program was to utilize the expertise available both here and abroad so that each design concept would have the greatest chance of success. As a result of these investigations, significant gains in fuel economy were obtained. Specifically, full scale trials of FFG-25 (USS Copeland), equipped with and without a stern flap, demonstrated that fuel savings of 5-9% are achieved at speeds above 12 knots. In addition, fuel savings of 9.4% for T-AGS 39 equipped with a Grim Wheel and 5.6% for the combination of a large bulbous bow and a large diameter/low RPM propeller on AE-36 have been predicted. The paper concludes with a direction for future applications to U.S. Navy, and other ships.

关键词： Warships

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

POLAR CLASS ICEBREAKER oceanOGRAPHIC MISSION UPGRADE

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 218-230页

作者： TILYOU, M THAYER, N ZIMMERMANN, RP Mark Tilyouis a mechanical engineer in the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters Naval Engineering Division Technical Branch Machinery Section. His responsibilities include specifications development and coordination of deck machinery and hydraulic and science support systems for new construction and major renovations of Coast Guard cutters. Mr. Tilyou has a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and has been in the Machinery Section for 16 years. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Neal Thayeris chief of the Science Branch within the Ice Operations Division at U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters. He is responsible for providing coordination between the Coast Guard Icebreaker Program and the polar research community. Previous experience includes seven years as a Coast Guard officer including a tour as a deck watch officer on boardWestwinda Coast Guard icebreaker decommissioned in 1986. Mr. Thayer has a bachelor of science degree in oceanography from Humboldt State University (California). Richard Zimmermannis a senior naval architect with Designers & Planners Inc. His 16-year design agent experience has encompassed most of the naval architectural and marine engineering disciplines and he has managed several large total ship design projects at D&P. His 10-year active duty naval service included tours aboard destroyers and naval shipyard duty. Mr. Zimmermann has a bachelor of science degree in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an ocean engineer degree from MIT.

In supporting U.S. polar programs, U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers have two missions: logistics support (break-in and ship escort), and research support (providing research platforms for the U.S. polar research community). The retirement in recent years of CGC Glacier and the last two Wind class icebreakers has left the Coast Guard with just two Polar class icebreakers to conduct missions in the Arctic and Antarctic. It has become clear in recent years that the research community needed enhanced scientific facilities available on board the two remaining Coast Guard icebreakers. Historically, the Coast Guard has provided scientific support to embarked scientific parties on board its icebreakers, carrying researchers in a wide variety of fields into the ice of both polar regions. After conducting a survey of the polar research community and holding a series of meetings with users of the vessels to ascertain the needs of the user community, the Coast Guard has undertaken an effort to upgrade the research support capability of the two existing Polar class vessels. Improved research support capabilities were designed with ongoing consultation with the polar research community. The upgrade of facilities on the two vessels was divided into two phases: Phase I, an upgrade of geological facilities and Phase II, an upgrade of the general oceanographic facilities. This paper focuses on the design work for the Phase II upgrades on CGC Polar Sea, consisting of construction of oceanographic and geological lab spaces, construction of a new oceanographic winch room, the addition of over-the-side weight handling equipment, the addition of topside support services for scientific vans, and the acquisition of new science winches.

关键词： Ships

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

THE NEW ROAD - ocean AND naval engineering IN THE 1990S

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第1期103卷 75-78页

作者： BALES, SML Susan Bales is the science advisor to the chief of naval operations and the assistant director for science and technology of the CNO Executive Panel. She is on assignment from the Office of Naval Research where she holds the position of assistant director for program support and special programs. Previously she was head of the Ocean Environment Group at David Taylor Research Center. Among her fields of technical expertise are radio-electronic battle management/space and electronic combat naval oceanography coastal dynamics ship engineering hydrodynamics technology wargaming climatology and the Arctic. Since joining the CNO's staff in 1987 Ms. Bales has participated in a number of strategic long-range planning efforts including the 1990 Defense Science Board Summer Study. She has been active in international exchange agreements coordinating the 1987 Labrador Extreme Waves Experiment (LEWEX) and chairing a NATO Research Study Group. She has lectured at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Webb Institute of Naval Architecture the NATO ASW SACLANT Centre the Admiralty Marine Technology Establishment and the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Active in a number of professional societies Ms. Bales has served as vice president of the American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE) and chaired the Naval Engineers Journal Committee. Her research has been published in more than 50 papers articles and reports both here and abroad. She has received the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Medal was named the 1988 National Capital Senior Engineer of the Year by the D.C. Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies and was elected to membership in the COSMOS Club in 1989. She was married to the late Nathan K. Bales and resides in Myersville Md.

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

PROCESS-CONTROL IN A FOREIGN ACQUISITION

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第1期102卷 53-56页

作者： HALPER, ID PRENTICE, GS SELVIDGE, RB Irving D. Halper: attended the City University of New York majoring in mechanical engineering. His career in naval engineering started with various consulting firms prior to his joining the Bureau of Ships in 1963. He is currently the director of the Procurement Appraisal and Logistics Division in the Naval Sea Systems Command's Aircraft Carrier Program Office (PMS 312). George S. Prentice: obtained his B.S. degree in naval architecture from the University of Michigan in 1964. He worked for one and one-half years at Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock before moving to the Naval Sea Systems Command. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and has written several papers for various organizations and publications. Ronald B. Selvidge: obtained his B.S.M.E. from the University of New Orleans in 1985 at which time he obtained his EIT status. He is an assistant engineering project manager for the Deep Submergence and Ocean Engineering Program Office (PMS 395) of the Naval Sea Systems Command. Professional memberships include the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Association of Scientists and Engineers of the Naval Sea Systems Command where he holds the chairmanship of the Legislative Committee.

In 1973, the Boston naval Shipyard was closed. That shipyard's forge shop was the only source, worldwide, for forged (die-lock) aircraft carrier anchor chain. The Navy determined that a domestic manufacturing facility for large size welded chain was being constructed and decided to develop a specification for a welded carrier anchor chain. Cutbacks in the offshore oil industry stopped construction of that plant and the Navy became dependent on foreign sources. The initial procurement of welded aircraft carrier chain invoked society inspection and certification, and until problems were discovered during shipboard installation, was considered satisfactory. A recheck of the chain, with the certification society's participation, revealed that physical dimensions, breaking strength, and metallurgical properties failed to meet specified values. The next buy of new and replacement chain imposed more stringent QA requirements. It was awarded to the same foreign manufacturer on a competitive bid basis. Because of the prior problems with this vendor, the Navy determined that an on-site inspection team was needed to ensure specification compliance. The experiences of that team are described in this paper. The lessons that were learned relative to the manufacturing process, the lack of communication between QA management and production personnel, and the need for close control over specification enforcement are discussed.

关键词： Chains

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

ELECTROEXPULSIVE SEPARATION SYSTEM SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 55-66页

作者： EMBRY, GD ERSKINE, RW HASLIM, LA LOCKYER, RT MCDONOUGH, PT Gerald D. Embry:is a senior marine engineering specialist with Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Mississippi. He earned his BS degree in mechanical engineering in 1961 at the University of Illinois. He has twenty-eight years experience in the ship design and construction field and has held several positions at Ingalls Shipbuilding ranging from engineering section manager to group manager of project engineering. He has held other responsible engineering positions at General Dynamics/Electric Boat and several consulting firms. He has been a registered professional engineer with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts since 1966 a member of ASNE since 1978 and a member of SNAME since 1968. Robert W. Erskine:is a naval architect specialist with Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Mississippi. He earned a BSE in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1967 at the University of Michigan and an MBA in management in 1983 at the University of Southern Mississippi. He has 22 years of engineering and managerial experience in the Navy and in the commercial marine industry. Achievements during his 13 years with Ingalls include an Aegis Excellence A ward for his work on the CG-47 class cruiser program. He has also held responsible positions with ship operation and design consultant firms in New York City. He participated in the Bearing Sea trial described herein. He has been a member of ASNE since 1977 and a member of USNI since 1985. Leonard A. Haslim:is a program manager at NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California. He has earned advanced degrees in chemistry mathematics and engineering from UCLA UC and Stanford. He has forty-five years experience in aerospace engineering including responsible research development and engineering positions with the U.S. Navy Lockheed Missile and Space Ford Aerospace NASA and as a consultant for Arthur D. Little Company. He holds several patents including the Electro-Expulsive Separation System for which he earned NASA's 1988 Inventor of the Year Award.

THE AUTHORS 6 ABSTRACT Shipboard weather deck ice removal is a laborious, time consuming, dangerous task. The current operational scenario consists of sailors wielding hickory baseball bats. This paper describes a viable alternative, the Electro-Expulsive Separation System (EESS), originally developed by NASA. EESS technology has been designed to remove ice from aircraft surfaces. Developmental testing, which led to acceptance of this new device, is discussed together with its theory of operation. The resultant aircraft applications are described. The need to adapt this aircraft technology for shipboard applications is recognized by the Navy, the Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, and the commercial shipbuilding industry. Fishing vessels risk sinking every winter due to excessive ice accumulation on their decks and superstructure. Navy and Coast Guard cold water operations have been hampered for centuries due to severe ice accumulation during inclement weather. With the encouragement and cooperation of the State of Alaska, an EESS test program was formulated and subsequently conducted aboard an Alaskan Resources vessel in the Bering Sea. This testing is described, with lessons learned. Future test programs are identified, requisite for successful adaptation of this technology to combat and commercial shipboard applications.

关键词： Ships

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

BOTTOM BOUNCE ARRAY SONAR SUBMARINE (BBASS)

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第5期101卷 59-72页

作者： JACKSON, HA NEEDHAM, WD SIGMAN, DE USN (RET.) Capt. Harry A. Jackson USN (Ret.) is a graduate of the University of Michigan in naval architecture and marine engineering and completed the General Electric Company's 3-year advanced engineering course in nuclear engineering. He has been an independent consulting engineer and participated in projects involving deep submergence waste disposal water purification and submarine design both commercial and government. Cdr. William D. Needham USN is currently assigned as the repair officer of USS Hunley (AS-31) in Norfolk Virginia. He received a regular commission through NROTC at Duke University where he graduated magna cum laude in mechanical engineering. Selected for the Nuclear Power Program he served as a division officer on the USS Grayling (SSN-646) as the production training assistant at the MARE Prototype Reactor in New York and as blue crew engineer of the USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) where he completed the requirements to be designated qualified for command of submarines. Following line transfer to the EDO community in 1981 he completed a tour as nuclear repair officer (Code 310) at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and earned master of science in materials science and ocean engineer's degrees at MIT. His awards include the Meritorius Service Medal Navy Commendation Medal Navy Achievement Medal Spear Foundation Award and the Vice Admiral C.R. Bryan Award. Cdr. Needham also holds a master of arts degree in business management from Central Michigan University. Capt. Jackson was technical director of Scorpion Search Phase II. The on-site investigation included descending over 12 000 feet to the bottom of the ocean. He was also supervisor of one of the Navy's largest peacetime shipbuilding and repair programs. His responsibilities included supervision of design production and contract administration. Capt. Jackson was third from the top in managaement of a major shipyard and responsible for design material procurement work order and financial control of two major surface ship prototypes as well a

Anticipated technological advances in the quieting of potential adversary submarines mandate the use of increasingly effective detection systems for U.S. ASW forces. Based on the assumptions that sonar will continue to be the primary means of detection and that the effectiveness of each individual sonar element will not change markedly, one must increase the projected area of the sonar array to improve its capability. The primary SSN mission of anti-submarine warfare will hence require increasing the hull area devoted to the primary sonar detection system. A revolutionary hull form is proposed that maximizes the area available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of this hull form are discussed and feasibility study level design parameters and arrangements presented.

关键词： Submarines

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

AUXILIARY SHIP HULL FORM DESIGN AND RESISTANCE PREDICTION

引用

naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 275-292页

作者： FUNG, SC The author is a naval architect with the Preliminary Design Division of the Naval Sea Systems Command. Mr. Fung graduated from National Cheng Kung University in 1976 and Stevens Institute of Technology in 1977 from which he received his B.S. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering and M.S. degree in ocean engineering respectively. He started his career with M. Rosenblatt and Son in 1979 and became a senior naval architect with the Hull Form & Hydrodynamics Department in Designers and Planners in 1981. For the past ten years Mr. Fung has performed a variety of tasks in the area of feasibility study hydrodynamic design including advanced marine vehicles bulbous bows and hull form design for surface combatant and non-combatant ships. Currently he is a project naval architect for the T-AO twin skeg integrated hull design and the AE-36 Energy Enhancement Program. Mr. Fung is a member of ASE ASNE and SNAME. He received the John C. Niedermair A ward in 1984 and 1986 for the best paper presented at the ASE annual technical symposiums.

In this paper 154 auxiliary type monohull designs are analyzed for guidance on how to select the appropriate hull form parameters, particularly with regard to the effects of hull section shapes, sectional area and design waterline curves on ship resistance. This paper also discusses the resistance predictions based on (1) the statistical approach and (2) the use of series model test data (such as Taylor's standard series) and associated “worm curve factors” with the help of data management software.

关键词： SHIPS

来源：评论

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：