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Navy's CFC & Halon elimination program

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第1期112卷 91-112页

作者： Toms, GS Breslin, DA Brunner, GP Thill, JC Gregory S. Toms RE:is the CFC & Halon Elimination Program Manager for the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He received a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia University. From 1984 to 1997 he was employed at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Annapolis Detachment (formerly David Taylor Research Center) where he worked on the development of advanced centrifugal compressor air conditioning plants for shipboard applications. He received the Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1998 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of his exceptional leadership and technical achievements in eliminating ozone-depleting substances from Navy ships. He is licensed as a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Texas. David A. Breslin P.E.:is the Director of Technical Operations for the Naval Surface Warfare Center and is the Chairperson of the ASNE Committee on Environmental Engineering. He received a master of science in aerospace engineering from Virginia Tech in 1991 a master of engineering administration in industrial & systems engineering from Virginia Tech in 1991 and a bachelor of engineering in mechanical engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology in 1985. From 1993 to 1997 he was the program manager of the Naval Sea Systems Command's CFC & Halon Elimination Program. Because of his many efforts he received a Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award in 1995 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in recognition of “exceptional contributions to global environmental protection”. Gregory P. Brunner:was employed by the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center and Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) from 1983 until 1997. From 1993 to 1997 he served as the R&D program manager for the NAVSEA CFC & Halon Elimination Program Office. Program efforts resulted in the development of new refrigerants for backfit into existing shipboard air-conditioning

The domestic production of the most powerful Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of inexpensive refrigerants, fire-fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy's original strategy of conserving ODSs, converting systems and processes where feasible, relying on strategic reserves where necessary, and developing "ozone-friendly" equip ment for new-design surface ships and submarines is succeeding. The purpose of this paper is to document the Navy's efforts to date relative to combating the threat to uninterrupted Fleet operations posed by the cessation of ODS production. Specifically, this paper addresses the Navy's shipboard conversion programs for air-conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) systems, the development of next-generation AC&R systems, the selection of halon substitutes for new-construction fire-fighting systems, and the Navy's alternative to CFC-113 in the cleaning of critical oxygen systems.

关键词： conversion program Ozone depleting substances trichlorotrifluoroethane GRANTS fire fighting strategic reserves Solvents oxygen systems Submarine Halons

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Composition of melody reflecting user's feeling

Composition of melody reflecting user's feeling

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Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics Society

作者： T. Onisawa W. Takizawa M. Unehara Institute of Engineering Mechanics and Systems University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan College of Systems Engineering Onesawa Laboratory Institute of Engineering mechanics and Systems University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan Master s Program in Science and Engineering Onisawa Laboratory Institute of Engineering Machanics and Systems University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan

This paper mentions an approach which composes melodies reflecting user's feelings by interactive genetic algorithms. One melody corresponds to a chromosome containing the information such as tone color, tune, the number of notes and the length of notes. Melodies are composed by the use of GA operations. A user listens to presented melodies and evaluates them whether they fit with his/her image of the melody or not. This evaluation process is performed not by objective fitness functions but by humans. Therefore, this approach uses the interactive GA. The chromosome with the best evaluation is chosen as an elite. Elite characteristics are inherited to chromosomes in the next generation. These procedures are repeated until the user finds a melody fitting with the image of the melody. Experiments are carried out in order to confirm the usefulness of the presented approach. The experimental results show that the presented approach composes melodies reflecting user's feelings.

关键词： Humans systems engineering and theory Genetic engineering Biological cells Genetic algorithms Symbiosis Robots Application software Performance evaluation Character generation

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Total ship training for future aircraft carriers

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第3期112卷 111-123页

作者： Whitten, T Rikansrud, E Mr. Tim Whitten:is the Training Manager for the NAVSEA CVNX Future Aircraft Carriers Program. Prior to coming to NAVSEA Mr. Whitten worked at the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (NAWCTSD) as the Front End Analysis Lead for the San Antonio Class Amphibious Transport Docking Ship (LPD 17). He holds a master's degree in counseling psychology from Nova University Fort Lauderdale Florida. He received his bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Central Florida Orlando Florida. Mr. Edward Rikansrud:is the CVNX Project Engineer for Training Systems at NAWCTSD. Mr. Rikansrud has held project engineering positions for a wide variety of surface subsurface and air training system development programs. In addition to CVNX Mr. Rikansrud has most recently been involved with the development of shipboard total ship training systems for the LPD 17 and DD 21 (Surface Combatant for the Twenty first Century) platforms. He holds a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering (BSEE)from the University of Florida Gainesville Florida.

The use of technology to assist in the missions of the Navy has changed. The twenty-first century will see a Navy with fewer but more technical ships, smaller yet more innovative shipboard crews, and the need for rapid responses to changing world battle and peacetime scenarios. A recent study (Defense Science Board 1997) has noted the Navy is compelled to build ships that will operate with smaller crews at the same time operational environments require increased capabilities. The Defense Science Board study (1997) further states that, "Training is a force multiplier that allows manning reductions through better use of personnel onboard." The purpose of this paper is to describe a total ship training philosophy for the CVNX class of future aircraft carriers. The Navy has developed an affordable plan to evolve the baseline design of CVNX over multiple hulls for the new construction of aircraft carriers (NAVSEA 1999). Each of these platforms will employ successively more advanced training methods and systems, culminating in a final design that incorporates the most capable ship board total ship training program ever fielded aboard an aircraft carrier.

关键词： Aircraft carriers

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Future USN aircraft carrier analysis of alternatives

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第3期112卷 15-25页

作者： Raber, JD Perin, DA Mr. James D. Raber:received a master of science degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1967. Since 1967 he has worked for the Navy Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and predecessor organizations in the area of early stage design of naval ships. Among the major USN programs he has supported are the FFG 7 and DDG 51. In the late ‘70s he was the NAVSEA representative to the CNO DDX Study Group which established the general requirements for the DDG 51 class. He has been active in international technical exchange programs for which he was awarded membership in the National Order of Merit by the Republic of France in 1992. Since early 1996 he has been the NAVSEA Ship Concept Team Leader for what is now the CVNX Program. Dr. David A. Perin:received a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1971. He joined the Center for Naval Analyses in 1973 where he has led a wide variety of studies on naval warfare. From 1985 to 1987 he served as the CNA representative on the staff of Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic for which he was awarded a Defense Distinguished Service Medal. During the 1990s he has led formal analysis of alternatives for the LPD-17 F/A-18E/F and CVX. Currently he is the Director of the JCC(X) Analysis of Alternatives.

In March 1996, the Department of Defense established a new program, then known as CVX, to develop a new class of aircraft carrier that would eventually replace the Nimitz class. The first step in the concept develop was exploring a wide range of alternative design concepts in a formal study known as an Analysis of Alternatives (AOA), which assessed their cost and operational effectiveness. About 70 total ship studies were developed to explore the range of design features, including airwing size and type, propulsion type, ship mobility performance, and a variety of survivability features. The AOA also assessed the performance of and total ownership cost of a large number of potential subsystem technologies. This paper summarizes the total ship studies developed for the AOA describes the ship system performance and total ownership cost of these alternatives, and discusses the rationale for determining some of the primary system requirements. Thus, the paper will provide insight into the Navy's intentions for system requirements and features to be incorporated into the U.S. Navy's future aircraft carriers.

关键词： design features Aircraft survivability ANGLE OF ATTACK United States Department of Defense system requirements Alternatives analysis AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ships Total Costs

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Uniform National Discharge Standards - Overview and implications for future naval engineering

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 219-235页

作者： Kopack, D Smith, G Kim, D Erne, DL David F. Kopack:is a Program Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command Office of Environmenta1 Protection Occupational Safety and Health SEA 00T. Mr. Kopack received his bachelor and master of science degrees in the physical sciences and management from the University of Maryland. Mr. Kopack has 20 years of experience in ship design and engineering industrial facility operations and program management. Gordon D. Smith:is a Chemical Engineer with the Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center in Bethesda Maryland and is working in the Naval Sea Systems Command Environmental and Auxiliary Systems Group. SEA 03L. Mr. Smith received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from The Ohio State University. He has over 13 years of ronmental issues. In addition to supporting the development of Uniform National Discharge Standards he has been involved in research design testing and development of pollution abatement technologies suitable for use aboard Navy Ships. Don K. Kim:is a Senior Mechanical Engineer with the naval architecture and marine engineering firm of M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Kim received his bachelor of science and master of engineering degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the Commonwealth of Virgina. Mr. Kim has ten years of experience in the design installation maintenance and repair of shipboard mechanical systems equipment and components with specific expertise in compressor pump and fan design and operation. He is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineer. David L. Erne:is an Associate with Booz Allen and Hamilton Inc. in Arlington Virginia. Mr. Erne received his bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from the University of Idaho. He has over twelve years of experience in environmental program management and consulting. In addition to his support for the Uniform National Discharge Standards prog

In the Fiscal Year 1996 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress amended the Clean Water Act to provide the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency authority to jointly establish standards for incidental discharges from Armed Forces' vessels. The uniform national standards would apply to discharges from vessels of the Navy, Military Sealift Command, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard to the navigable waters and contiguous zone of the U.S. and its territories. Uniform National Discharge Standards (UNDS) will require control of discharges, by either a technology or management practice. UNDS will facilitate the Armed Forces' ability to better design and build future vessels to be environmentally sound and to maintain the operational flexibility of Armed Forces' vessels both domestically and internationally. The development of standards for Armed Forces' vessel discharges may have greater impact on naval engineering requirements for future vessels than any other single environmental issue, These standards are expected to stimulate the development of innovative vessel pollution control technologies, which on be used for both Armed Forces' vessels and commercial shipping vessels. This paper provides an overview of UNDS development, summarizes the results of UNDS Phase I, provides a summary overview of the preliminary approach for accomplishing UNDS Phase Il, and discusses implications for future naval engineering efforts.

关键词： Replenishment at sea homeland defense shipbuilding Military Personnel Uniform home range Treated water Naval engineering Uniforms Implication Clean Water Act Coastguards

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Future Coast Guard Cutter (FCGC)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 111-124页

作者： Brougham, WJ Lt. William J. Brougham:is an Engineering Duty officer (ED) in the Navy undergoing advanced studies at the Massachusetts Institute of technology. He has had tours as a submarine line officer as well as a Program Manager's Assistant for Weapons System Safety Test and Evaluation at NAVSEA PMS-350 before transferring into the ED community. Current studies include dual masters degrees in naval construction and engineering and mechnical engineering from MIT as well as a master of science management of technology (MOT) from the Sloan School of Management MIT. He has an MBA finance and investments from The George Washington University (1996) and a BS general engineering/control systems from the University of Illinios-Urbana (1988). He is a member of both the American Society of Naval Engineers and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

The Coast Guard wants to replace their aging cutter fleet. The new construction Deepwater Project would like to integrate their efforts with the DD 21 family of ships but the Coast Guard does not want to wait for the Navy program to mature. This study investigates the engineering feasibility of an alternate near term solution-conversion of the decommissioning Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates into Future Coast Guard Cutters (FCGC). Detailed analyses for combat system selection, propulsion plant and endurance range Limitations, and manning and automation issues form the foundation for new ship arrangements capable of supporting a mixed gender crew. Additional analysis reviews small boat operations, habitability requirements, ship stability structural loading, and a cost estimation technique. The converted Oliver Hazard Perry class frigates were shown to provide a technically feasible interim solution to replace decommissioning Coast Guard cutters while meeting or exceeding the Coast Guard requirements for a conservatively estimated cost of $141M (FY98).

关键词： Naval vessels

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engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships Environmental regulations engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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CVN 68 class solid waste flow analysis

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第6期110卷 73-87页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE LCdr. Stephen P. Markely USN:is a career Engineering Duty Oficer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington VA where he is Deputy Directol Environmental Protection Systems Division (SEA 03 LIB). He is responsible for Program Management activities associated with all afloat environmental protection equipment and serves on several teams designed to promote Navy wide awareraess of environmental protection requirements and Navy programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Zchmlogy where he received a Naval Engineering Degree and Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse UniversitylState University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestw where he received a Bachelm of Science degree in Forrest Engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineeriw. LCdr Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Oficer and in submarines through Engineering Duty Dolphin Program. He is a Professional Engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofASNE NSPE ASTM SNAME and SAE. Sean G. Gill:is a Senior Engineer with GEO-CENTERS incorporated in Pittsburgh PA where he provides technical and administrative support to the Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA 03L1) and the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Waflare Center (Code a) principal& on the shipboard and submarine solid waste management programs. Prior to joining GEO-CENTERS incorporated in 1996 he worked for eleven years at the Carderock Division of the Naval Surfme Warfare Center as a project engineer and a Branch Head. In the former capacity Mr Gill participated in various blackwatel gray watel and oily wastewater treatment projects oversaw the development of the Navy Pulper and was Center's technical team leader for the NAVSEA Solid Waste management program. In 1994 he was assigned to be Branch Head of Code 634 the Solid Waste Management

Through a detailed Research and Development program, the U.S. Navy has developed a suite of shipboard solid waste management equipment enabling compliance with federal and international law. Four major equipment types have been developed to outfit twenty-seven classes of naval surface ships. The major equipment types are: Plastic Waste Processor (PWP), Metal/Glass Shredder (MGS), Large Pulper (LP), and Small Pulper (SP). The Navy is aggressively procuring and installing this equipment aboard all ships of FFG 7 Class and larger. A deadline of December 31, 2000 has been set for completion. engineering analysis and held waste generation studies were conducted to select the specific equipment suite and develop alteration documentation for each ship class. Specific factors in this process were: solid waste generation rates, equipment reliability analysis, ship arrangement considerations, daily equipment operation Limits, and shipboard quality of life issues. A solid waste management study was conducted in the fall of 1997 to validate Navy equipment and ship design parameters onboard the USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74). Generation rates for shipboard solid waste were determined for plastic, metal and glass, food, paper, cardboard, fabric and wood. engineering analysis of data allowed a decrease in CVN 68 Class design waste generation rates. engineering analysis enabled a reduction in the number of PWPs and MGSs required, and fewer spaces for efficient operation. Ship arrangement studies were conducted to optimize efficiency and equipment mix of Solid Waste Processing Rooms (SWPRs) relative to waste generation sites. This paper briefly articulates the process followed by the Navy in responding to regulations governing solid waste management in the marine environment. Evidence validating the engineering procedures followed is presented.

关键词： Ship equipment

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Operationally oriented vulnerability requirements in the ship design process

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1998年第1期110卷 19-34页

作者： Reese, RM Calvano, CN Hopkins, TM Dr. Ronald M. Reese has headed the Live Fire Test and Evaluation Sea Systems Team in the Operational Evaluation Division (OED) of the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) for the past 7 years. From 1980 to 1990 he worked at NKF Engineering Inc. in various areas of ship survivability and ship design specializing in ship signature reduction. From 1960 to 1980 he served in the U.S. Navy as a surface line officer and in various capacities as an Engineering Duty Officel including Naval Ship Engineering Center Ship Design Manager for PHM and Continuing CV Conceptual Design NAVSEA PMS 378 Program Manager/SUPSHIP Newport News Project Officerf or VIRGINIA (CCN 38) Class construction and Force Maintenance Officel Commander Naval Surface Force U S. Atlantic Fleet. He retired from the Nay in 1980 with the rank of Commander Dr Reese graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy and holds the degrees of Master of Science (Mechanical Engineering) Naval Engineel: and Doctor of Philosophy from M.I. 7: He is a member ofASNE SNAME and Tau Beta Pi.

For the first time in a top-level requirements document-the Land Attack Destroyer (DD 21) Operational Requirements Document (ORD)-the U.S. Navy has implemented performance requirements that relate ship vulnerability to threat weapon types and the level of mission capability remaining after a ship is hit. The Navy's Ship Operational Characteristics Study recommended an operational survivability standard of this type in 1988. It is needed to define clearly to the designer the levels of operational capability that must remain after a ship is hit, and to let decision makers know what to expect from ships they are buying. It also is needed to provide a benchmark against which the results of Live Fire Test and Evaluation (LFT&E) can be compared. This paper discusses various approaches for formulating operationally oriented vulnerability requirements (OOVRs), a way to balance OOVRs with susceptibility requirements, and how OOVRs can be implemented at the ship design level. The paper also discusses possible concerns associated with implementing OOVRs, and how they can be resolved. It recommends that OOVRs be implemented for each new U.S. Navy combatant ship acquisition program, including submarines.

关键词： Warships

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AV-8B flight hazard awareness analysis and training using flight simulation

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 269-276页

作者： Calvert, JF Jeffrey F. Calvert P.E.:has spent the last twelve years of his career with the Aricraft Division and Training Systems Division of the Naval Air Warfare Center. His engineering experience includes research and development test and evaluation and training ssystems program for numberous military and research aricraft program. Currently Mr. Calvert is employed at the Training Systems Division in Orlando where he is applying his aero-sciences knowledge as a modeling and simulation subject matter expert. Mr. Calvert holds a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering and a master's degree in engineering science. He is a graduate of the United States Naval Test Pilot School under the Flight Test Engineering curriculum. He holds a general aviation pilot's licence and has special aircrew tectical aircraft Mr. Calvert is a registered professional engineer a member of the Society of Flight Test Engineers (SFTE) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technical Committee. He has authored more than thirty technical reports and was the 1993 recipient of the AIAA Creater Philadelphia Chapter Award for Ground Testing and Simulation.

The V/STOL capability of the AV-8B Harrier is provided through a sophisticated combination of vectored thrust and aerodynamic technology. The proper interaction of the nozzle thrust and flap system is of extreme importance. Specific combinations of nozzle angle and flap position are employed to optimize both jet lift and aerodynamic lift. However, if the proper flap-nozzle position schedule is violated, the resulting thrust and flap impingement may cause a severe nose-down pitching moment sufficient to override the pilot control. Depending upon ground proximity, this condition creates a hazard which causes great potential for loss of aircraft and/or pilot. Flap impingement hazard was identified on the AV-8B aircraft as a potential catastrophic flight hazard. In response, a requirement was established to 1) study the severity of the flap impingement hazard on the AV-8B, 2) devise flight operational procedures which would minimize pilot exposure to the hazard potential and the resulting pilot control problems during flight, and 3) devise a training capability to familiarize pilots with flap impingement hazard characteristics and recovery procedures. This paper comprises the results of a study which utilized piloted flight simulation and fleet simulation trainers to meet these requirements.

关键词： VTOL/STOL aircraft

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