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VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING USING KNOWLEDGE - BASED MODELING AND SIMULATION TECHNIQUES

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第3期105卷 201-212页

作者： SHEA, JG The Author:holds bachelor and master of engineering degrees in mechanical engineering a M.Eng. in engineering management and is currently fulfilling requirements for the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science at the University of Louisville. He is employed as program manager Phalanx Advanced Engineering Development at the Naval Ordnance Station Crane Div. NavSurfWarCen Louisville Ky. During his tenure with Phalanx Mr. Shea has contributed to system reliability improvement system performance upgrading and the development of the Phalanx HOL (RISC) Computer. Mr. Shea is a member of ASNE the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Society for Computer Simulation International Test & Evaluation Association and the Military Operations Research Society.

Knowledge-based modeling and simulation bridges the gap between ''conventional'' artificial intelligence implementations (such as expert systems) and more traditional computer-aided design techniques. We are currently developing software, whose primary function is to capture a user-input design specification and produce a ''virtual'' rapid prototvpe in the form of executable rule-based code. This code can then be exercised either as an interactive part of a hardware-in-the-loop testbed simulator or as a component of an object-oriented ''behavioral'' simulation environment. While the Phalanx Testbed is the immediate beneficiary of this work, the techniques described have a wide range of application in the modeling of conceptual design and performance characteristics. This paper describes the system architecture and software tools that we are applying to generate virtual rapid prototypes for use in the Phalanx Testbed. Particular attention is paid to defining the intelligent knowledge-capture mechanisms and model generation methodologies that we are using to translate design knowledge and performance requirements into rule-based simulations. The object-oriented programming approach to the merging of ''new'' data with previouslv-captured and stored data is discussed, and the issues of verifying and validating prototypes generated using such partiallv ''reengineered'' models are examined. An application currently in use as an investigative prototype for testbed development, a simple position controller servomechanism used to control the azimuth angle of a target-tracking sensor, is used to illustrate the process.

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CHIEF ENGINEER AS CHIEF LOGISTICIAN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第5期105卷 31-36页

作者： ROWLEY, UH SMITH, JL U.H. (Jack) Rowley:is vice president and director of engineering and logistics at Coast Engineering and Logistics Inc. (CEL). He has both a master of mechanical engineering and ocean engineer degree from MIT as well as a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from University of Oklahoma. Co-founder of CEL in 1990 Mr. Rowley is a retired Navy engineering duty officer with extensive experience in program management engineering and logistics. Jack Rowley served his last Navy tour of duty from 1985 to 1990 as project officer for the Navy's successful Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) Program. As the CEL director for both engineering and logistics he has used these principles in his own business and is a firm believer in the merits of full logistics and engineering integration into a joint organization. Mr. Rowley can be contacted in the CEL Slidell La. office at 504–643–9408 fax 504–643–9210. Jimmy L. Smith:is president and co-founder of CEL. Mr. Smith has over 25 years experience in the logistics arena and has previously served as logistics director for several major shipyards including Avondale Shipyards and Lockheed Shipbuilding. With all of his experience as a logistician Mr. Smith so firmly believes in and understands the merits of integrating engineering and logistics that he has handed over the reigns of logistics in his company to an engineer. Mr. Smith can be contacted in the CEL Corporate office in Biloxi Ms. at 602–392–0736 fax 601–392–9743.

Many successful military weapons programs are plagued by ''unsuccessful'' logistics documentation at the time of weapons system delivery. In effect, the engineering is complete but the logistics is lacking. In many cases, this is a result of engineering changes that complicate the logistics process and drive it further behind schedule to the point it cannot possibly ''catch up.'' Yet the finger is always pointed at the logistics process primarily due to a lack of understanding of how the engineering and logistics should be integrated. To ensure full integration, it is necessary to train engineers in the logistics process so that they fully understand their impact. In order to accomplish this, the chief engineer must also be responsible for the logistics department and its deliverables. This paper will not only look at the required training and how the departments should be integrated, but also the types of mandatory interaction that engineers and logisticians must have to understand each other's requirements and deliverables. Many decisions made properly at the engineering level can greatly minimize the impact on the logistician and this process. This will provide a better product delivered on time with proper logistics and at decreased cost. Only a trained engineer with full knowledge of logistics and full control over a joint engineering/logistics department has the ability to make this happen. The term ''integrated'' in ILS must include not only all logistics components, but also engineering.

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UNDERWATER INSPECTION FOR WELDING AND OVERHAUL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第5期105卷 37-42页

作者： MITTLEMAN, J SWAN, L John Mittleman:is a mechanical engineer at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division Coastal Systems Station in Panama City Florida. His Primary Responsibilities are in the development of underwater nondestructive testing equipment for use by fleet divers and inspectors. He also performs research in the characterization of metal microstructure through ultrasonic scattering measurements. Mr. Mittleman received his BS from Cornell University in 1969 and science master's in ocean engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970. His research currently supports doctoral studies with Iowa State University. Mr. Mittleman received the American Society of Naval Engineer's Solberg Award in 1981 for his contributions to underwater ship hull inspection. Mr. Mittleman is a member of ASNE ASNT ASTM IoD Sigma Xi Tau Beta Pi and Phi Kappa Phi. Lisa Swan:is a mechanical engineer at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City Florida. She is involved in nondestructive testing engineering primarily in the underwater arena. Ms. Swan holds a bachelor of science in materials engineering from North Carolina State University. She is a graduate of the Federal Women's Executive Leadership Program. Ms. Swan is a member of ASNT.

Significant progress has been made in making underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging and magnetic particle inspections available to the fleet. Under sponsorship from the Naval Sea Systems Command, Director of Ocean engineering, Underwater Ship Husbandry Division (NavSea 00C5), the Coastal Systems Station has developed complete hardware packages supporting these two nondestructive test methods, and has introduced them to military inspectors at a shore intermediate maintenance activity, a destroyer tender, and a naval shipyard. Performance trials conducted prior to taking the systems to the field have been accepted by NavSea, Ships' Concepts Group, Materials Subgroup, Metals Division (NavSea 5142) as evidence that these inspections can reliably be performed underwater. Avenues for certifying specially trained divers and inspectors are being developed;for the first time the Navy will have all of the elements in place for underwater inspections satisfying the requirements of Mil-Std-271 (Requirements for Nondestructive Testing Methods) and the Naval Ships' Technical Manual Chapter 074. Underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging has also been slated for use in the fleet, as data from laboratory and field trials have consistently shown that reliable results can be obtained by a team comprising a certified topside inspector and a diver. In tests performed at the Ship Repair Facility (SRF), Yokosuka, underwater readings were compared to those taken in dry dock by SRF inspectors, and independently by contract inspectors. On the basis of approximately 800 locations, differences between the data sets were found to be randomly distributed, with a standard deviation on the order of 0.02''. This level of accuracy is largely sufficient to distinguish plate which will need replacement during overhaul, or plate which is thick enough to weld on.

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CAD CAM GOES TO SEA - THE SAAR-5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 148-155页

作者： LINDGREN, JR SOLITARIO, WA MOORE, AP STREIFF, MA John R. Lindgren Jr:. is vice president for engineering at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. a Division of Litton Industries in Pascagoula Miss. He joined Ingalls in 1958 and has held various positions in the Engineering Division and participated in the design of numerous merchant ships drill rigs submarines and surface combatants and auxiliary support ships. Mr. Lindgren is a 1958 graduate of the University of Southwest Louisiana. His degree is in mechanical engineering and he is also a licensed professional engineer. William A. Solitario:is the director of advanced technology at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Miss. He received his B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the City University of New York and has 28 years experience in marine engineering and design. His current responsibilities include the direction of Ingalls' IRAD programs and several Navy-funded R&D programs to improve ship's performance and reduce ship's operating costs. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and past chairman of the Gulf Section East Area. Arnold P. Moore:is the director design engineering at Ingalls Shipbuilding where he is responsible for all new construction design and engineering activities. Prior to promotion to his current position Mr. Moore served as chief naval architect at Ingalls. He has 24 years experience in ship design construction and repair. Mr. Moore holds the professional degree of ocean engineer as well as a master's degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT. He also earned a bachelor's degree in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy and is a registered professional engineer. Mr. Moore served as an engineering duty officer in the U.S. Navy and is currently a captain in the Naval Reserve. He is a past chairman of the Gulf Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and Sigma Xi. Michel A. Streiff:is the manager of CAD/CAM applications at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. His

The SA'AR-5 Corvette program is the first major warship construction to be entirely accomplished using a 3-dimensional, interference checked computer based design. This paper discusses the organization and approach used to create the design models which form the basis for interference checking as well as the source of extracted production data. The design or product model is the nucleus of the computer data base that defines the configuration of the entire ship. The data base includes geometry, weight, and material, as well as production control data. The ability of the computer to link such diverse information is the key to maintaining configuration control during the course of the design and construction. The ease with which formatted manufacturing data (both N.C. fabrication and installation) can be extracted enables the preparation of detailed packages containing the desired geometry as well as the associated material and sequencing data, thus assuring the producibility of the design. The SA'AR-5 design is CAD/CAM's state of the art in U.S. shipbuilding.

关键词： Warships

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POLAR CLASS ICEBREAKER OCEANOGRAPHIC MISSION UPGRADE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 218-230页

作者： TILYOU, M THAYER, N ZIMMERMANN, RP Mark Tilyouis a mechanical engineer in the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters Naval Engineering Division Technical Branch Machinery Section. His responsibilities include specifications development and coordination of deck machinery and hydraulic and science support systems for new construction and major renovations of Coast Guard cutters. Mr. Tilyou has a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland and has been in the Machinery Section for 16 years. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Neal Thayeris chief of the Science Branch within the Ice Operations Division at U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters. He is responsible for providing coordination between the Coast Guard Icebreaker Program and the polar research community. Previous experience includes seven years as a Coast Guard officer including a tour as a deck watch officer on boardWestwinda Coast Guard icebreaker decommissioned in 1986. Mr. Thayer has a bachelor of science degree in oceanography from Humboldt State University (California). Richard Zimmermannis a senior naval architect with Designers & Planners Inc. His 16-year design agent experience has encompassed most of the naval architectural and marine engineering disciplines and he has managed several large total ship design projects at D&P. His 10-year active duty naval service included tours aboard destroyers and naval shipyard duty. Mr. Zimmermann has a bachelor of science degree in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an ocean engineer degree from MIT.

In supporting U.S. polar programs, U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers have two missions: logistics support (break-in and ship escort), and research support (providing research platforms for the U.S. polar research community). The retirement in recent years of CGC Glacier and the last two Wind class icebreakers has left the Coast Guard with just two Polar class icebreakers to conduct missions in the Arctic and Antarctic. It has become clear in recent years that the research community needed enhanced scientific facilities available on board the two remaining Coast Guard icebreakers. Historically, the Coast Guard has provided scientific support to embarked scientific parties on board its icebreakers, carrying researchers in a wide variety of fields into the ice of both polar regions. After conducting a survey of the polar research community and holding a series of meetings with users of the vessels to ascertain the needs of the user community, the Coast Guard has undertaken an effort to upgrade the research support capability of the two existing Polar class vessels. Improved research support capabilities were designed with ongoing consultation with the polar research community. The upgrade of facilities on the two vessels was divided into two phases: Phase I, an upgrade of geological facilities and Phase II, an upgrade of the general oceanographic facilities. This paper focuses on the design work for the Phase II upgrades on CGC Polar Sea, consisting of construction of oceanographic and geological lab spaces, construction of a new oceanographic winch room, the addition of over-the-side weight handling equipment, the addition of topside support services for scientific vans, and the acquisition of new science winches.

关键词： Ships

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AN AFFORDABLE APPROACH FOR QUALITY-ASSURED SHIPBOARD MAINTENANCE INFORMATION - REPLY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第4期103卷 155-155页

作者： KNACHEL, RE MAGROGAN, WF Robert E. Knachelreceived his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Ohio State University in 1959 a B.S. in business administration from the University of Texas in 1963 and his M.B.A. degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Business in 1971. He served as a Navy line and Supply Corps officer for over twenty years. Prior to his retirement he served as the first U.S. Navy Supply Corps program manager for the Saudi Naval Expansion Program. Following retirement in 1981 he managed a series of U.S. Navy and foreign military sales logistics support programs for CACI Inc. Since 1988 he has been employed as a logistics program manager by Systems Engineering Associates (SEACOR) a division of Day and Zimmermann Inc. He currently serves as Washington area operations manager for SEACOR. Mr. Knachel is a member of ASNE and SOLE. William F. Magroganreceived his B.S. degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1964 an M.B.A. degree from Stanford University in 1972 and his master's degree in American studies from the California State University at Fullerton in 1987. He served on active duty as a U.S. Navy Supply Corps officer from 1964 to 1977 and continues to serve in the Naval Reserves where he has achieved the rank of captain. He has been employed as a financial/logistics analyst and program manager for EG&G Inc. Rockwell International and Unisys Corporation. Mr. Magrogan is currently associated with ELS Inc. as a principal analyst.

Acquisition and logistics professionals recognize the challenges in synchronizing maintenance and supply support information over the life cycle of shipboard systems and equipment. Decisions and judgments made during full-scale development, then described in maintenance documents and allowance lists, may become outdated for any number of reasons once the ship deploys. Thus, the fleet faces the possibility of out-of-sync maintenance support information at virtually any time. Initiatives during the 1980s which reconcile shipboard maintenance and support data include Integrated Logistics Overhauls (ILOs) and Ships Configuration and Logistics Support Information System (SCLSIS). These initiatives aim to ensure all shipboard equipments have current maintenance documents and up-to-date allowance lists, but they are expensive, time consuming, and scheduled every 4 to 5 years. Shipboard officers care about today's problem, particularly the next deployment. ILO and SCLSIS products are not always timed to the next deployment, nor is it practical or cost-effective to do so. Adopting the perspective of shipboard maintenance and supply officers, the authors identify three fundamental maintenance support information needs which quality assure readiness to perform a ship's mission: Technically complete, accurate, and up-to-date maintenance documents for all mission critical equipments. One-to-one correlation between authorized maintenance parts required and authorized allowance/ordering data for mission critical equipments. Assurances that all allowed mission critical parts needed for shipboard maintenance are on board or will be delivered prior to deployment. The authors maintain that the most affordable solution to shipboard maintenance support information quality assurance is to select mission critical equipments with significant CasRep or shipboard “trouble” histories and resolve any maintenance support information discrepancies prior to deployment “real-time.” This approach s

关键词： Ships

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MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SUBMARINE PROPULSION SYSTEMS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 141-157页

作者： SWALLOM, DW SADOVNIK, I GIBBS, JS GUROL, H NGUYEN, LV VANDENBERGH, HH Daniel W. Swallomis the director of military power systems at Avco Research Laboratory Inc. a subsidiary of Textron Inc. in Everett Mass. Dr. Swallom received his B.S. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa in 1969 1970 and 1972 respectively. He has authored numerous papers in the areas of power propulsion and plasma physics and currently is a member of the Aerospace Power Systems Technical Committee of the AIAA. Dr. Swallom has directed various programs for the development of advanced power generation systems lightweight power conditioning systems and advanced propulsion systems for marine applications. His previous experience includes work with Odin International Corporation Maxwell Laboratories Inc. Argonne National Laboratory and the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory. Currently Dr. Swallom is directing the technical efforts to apply magnetohydrodynamic principles to a variety of propulsion and power applications for various marine vehicles and power system requirements respectively. Isaac Sadovnikis a principal research engineer in the Energy Technology Office at Avco Research Laboratory Inc. a subsidiary of Textron Inc. He received his B.S. in engineering (1974) B.S. in physics (1975) M.S. in aeronautics and astronautics (1976) and Ph.D. in physics of fluids (1981) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Sadovnik has been involved in research work funded by DARPA concerning the use of magnetohydrodynamics for underwater propulsion. He has built theoretical models that predict the hydrodynamic behavior of seawater flow through magnetohydrodynamic ducts and their interaction with the rest of the vehicle (thrust and drag produced). In addition Dr. Sadovnik has been involved in research investigations geared toward the NASP program concerning the use of magnetohydrodynamic combustion-driven accelerator channels. Prior to joining Avco Dr. Sadovnik was a research assistant at MIT where he conducted experimental and

Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion systems for submarines offer several significant advantages over conventional propeller propulsion systems. These advantages include the potential for greater stealth characteristics, increased maneuverability, enhanced survivability, elimination of cavitation limits, greater payload capability, and the addition of a significant emergency propulsion system. These advantages can be obtained with a magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system that is neutrally bouyant and can operate with the existing submarine propulsion system power plant. A thorough investigation of magnetohydrodynamic propulsion systems for submarine applications has been completed. During the investigation, a number of geometric configurations were examined. Each of these configurations and mounting concepts was optimized for maximum performance for a generic attack class submarine. The optimization considered each thruster individually by determining the optimum operating characteristics for each one and accepting only those thrusters that result in a neutrally buoyant propulsion system. The results of this detailed optimization study show that the segmented, annular thruster is the concept with the highest performance levels and greatest efficiency and offers the greatest potential for a practical magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system for attack class submarines. The optimization study results were used to develop a specific point design for a segmented, annular magnetohydrodynamic thruster for an attack class submarine. The design point case has shown that this thruster may be able to provide the necessary thrust to propel an attack class submarine at the required velocity with the potential for a substantial acoustic signature reduction within the constraints of the existing submarine power plant and the maintenance of neutral buoyancy. This innovative magnetohydrodynamic propulsion system offers an approach for submarine propulsion that can be an important contributio

关键词： Ship Propulsion

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ELECTROEXPULSIVE SEPARATION SYSTEM SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 55-66页

作者： EMBRY, GD ERSKINE, RW HASLIM, LA LOCKYER, RT MCDONOUGH, PT Gerald D. Embry:is a senior marine engineering specialist with Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Mississippi. He earned his BS degree in mechanical engineering in 1961 at the University of Illinois. He has twenty-eight years experience in the ship design and construction field and has held several positions at Ingalls Shipbuilding ranging from engineering section manager to group manager of project engineering. He has held other responsible engineering positions at General Dynamics/Electric Boat and several consulting firms. He has been a registered professional engineer with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts since 1966 a member of ASNE since 1978 and a member of SNAME since 1968. Robert W. Erskine:is a naval architect specialist with Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Mississippi. He earned a BSE in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1967 at the University of Michigan and an MBA in management in 1983 at the University of Southern Mississippi. He has 22 years of engineering and managerial experience in the Navy and in the commercial marine industry. Achievements during his 13 years with Ingalls include an Aegis Excellence A ward for his work on the CG-47 class cruiser program. He has also held responsible positions with ship operation and design consultant firms in New York City. He participated in the Bearing Sea trial described herein. He has been a member of ASNE since 1977 and a member of USNI since 1985. Leonard A. Haslim:is a program manager at NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California. He has earned advanced degrees in chemistry mathematics and engineering from UCLA UC and Stanford. He has forty-five years experience in aerospace engineering including responsible research development and engineering positions with the U.S. Navy Lockheed Missile and Space Ford Aerospace NASA and as a consultant for Arthur D. Little Company. He holds several patents including the Electro-Expulsive Separation System for which he earned NASA's 1988 Inventor of the Year Award.

THE AUTHORS 6 ABSTRACT Shipboard weather deck ice removal is a laborious, time consuming, dangerous task. The current operational scenario consists of sailors wielding hickory baseball bats. This paper describes a viable alternative, the Electro-Expulsive Separation System (EESS), originally developed by NASA. EESS technology has been designed to remove ice from aircraft surfaces. Developmental testing, which led to acceptance of this new device, is discussed together with its theory of operation. The resultant aircraft applications are described. The need to adapt this aircraft technology for shipboard applications is recognized by the Navy, the Coast Guard, the State of Alaska, and the commercial shipbuilding industry. Fishing vessels risk sinking every winter due to excessive ice accumulation on their decks and superstructure. Navy and Coast Guard cold water operations have been hampered for centuries due to severe ice accumulation during inclement weather. With the encouragement and cooperation of the State of Alaska, an EESS test program was formulated and subsequently conducted aboard an Alaskan Resources vessel in the Bering Sea. This testing is described, with lessons learned. Future test programs are identified, requisite for successful adaptation of this technology to combat and commercial shipboard applications.

关键词： Ships

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WHITHER FAST SEALIFT - A CALL TO ACTION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第4期101卷 81-92页

作者： HOPE, JP The author:received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia in 1969. Upon graduation he began his career with the Navy in NavShips and in 1971 he transferred to the ship arrangements branch of NavSec. He was selected for the Navy long-term training program at The George Washington University in 1974 and completed the program in 1976 with the degree of master of engineering administration. While at NavSec he served as a task leader on numerous ship designs. He was selected for the first class of the NavSea commander's development program. While on that program he served in NavSea combat system program management system engineering and machinery engineering positions and also was assigned to the Navy secretariat. In 1985 he joined the staff of the assistant secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics where he is the assistant director for naval construction.

This paper begins with comments on accomplishments in sealift and a summary of current problems in fast sealift. These include: few fast sealift ships in the inventory, a diminishing industrial base capable of producing such ships, and a lack of production programs to build ships that would increase our national fast sealift capability. The paper discusses strategic mobility concepts and highlights system interactions and linkages in moving war materials and replacement forces from depots and factories to the front lines. From this foundation, the paper then discusses operational requirements “pull” as related to analysis and allocation of performance among components of the strategic mobility system. Sealift technology options are characterized and performance potential of these options are described. These characterizations include speed, ship lift capacity, equal cost fleet size, and fuel demands for a range of speeds from 24 to 50 knots. Performance potential for each option includes the total fleet lift capability stream over a 100-day time span for a notional mission with and without an assumed rate of attrition. Alternative program plans are described for each technology option addressing technological risk, system and component development needs, design requirements, production strategies, acquisition time lines, and resource requirements. The paper then revisits the operational requirements from a technologist's perspective. In a technology “push” approach, a set of practical and achievable requirements are selected that could be the basis of an effective and cost efficient production program for fast sealift ships. Finally, the paper concludes with a call to action that would suggest a modest reallocation of transportation resources to establish and sustain a fast sealift production program, sustain a sector of the maritime industrial base hard pressed by a lack of commercial shipbuilding, and achieve a relatively near-term increase in fast sealift capabil

关键词： Military engineering

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BOTTOM BOUNCE ARRAY SONAR SUBMARINE (BBASS)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第5期101卷 59-72页

作者： JACKSON, HA NEEDHAM, WD SIGMAN, DE USN (RET.) Capt. Harry A. Jackson USN (Ret.) is a graduate of the University of Michigan in naval architecture and marine engineering and completed the General Electric Company's 3-year advanced engineering course in nuclear engineering. He has been an independent consulting engineer and participated in projects involving deep submergence waste disposal water purification and submarine design both commercial and government. Cdr. William D. Needham USN is currently assigned as the repair officer of USS Hunley (AS-31) in Norfolk Virginia. He received a regular commission through NROTC at Duke University where he graduated magna cum laude in mechanical engineering. Selected for the Nuclear Power Program he served as a division officer on the USS Grayling (SSN-646) as the production training assistant at the MARE Prototype Reactor in New York and as blue crew engineer of the USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) where he completed the requirements to be designated qualified for command of submarines. Following line transfer to the EDO community in 1981 he completed a tour as nuclear repair officer (Code 310) at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and earned master of science in materials science and ocean engineer's degrees at MIT. His awards include the Meritorius Service Medal Navy Commendation Medal Navy Achievement Medal Spear Foundation Award and the Vice Admiral C.R. Bryan Award. Cdr. Needham also holds a master of arts degree in business management from Central Michigan University. Capt. Jackson was technical director of Scorpion Search Phase II. The on-site investigation included descending over 12 000 feet to the bottom of the ocean. He was also supervisor of one of the Navy's largest peacetime shipbuilding and repair programs. His responsibilities included supervision of design production and contract administration. Capt. Jackson was third from the top in managaement of a major shipyard and responsible for design material procurement work order and financial control of two major surface ship prototypes as well a

Anticipated technological advances in the quieting of potential adversary submarines mandate the use of increasingly effective detection systems for U.S. ASW forces. Based on the assumptions that sonar will continue to be the primary means of detection and that the effectiveness of each individual sonar element will not change markedly, one must increase the projected area of the sonar array to improve its capability. The primary SSN mission of anti-submarine warfare will hence require increasing the hull area devoted to the primary sonar detection system. A revolutionary hull form is proposed that maximizes the area available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of this hull form are discussed and feasibility study level design parameters and arrangements presented.

关键词： Submarines

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