Cytokines and chemokines play important roles in inflammation and repair following brain injury. M1 microglia are pro-inflammatory which produce cytokines and lead to neural injury;in contrast, M2 microglia are anti-i...
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Cytokines and chemokines play important roles in inflammation and repair following brain injury. M1 microglia are pro-inflammatory which produce cytokines and lead to neural injury;in contrast, M2 microglia are anti-inflammatory, release neurotrophic factors, and promote neural repair processes. Chemokine CCL5, increased after TBI, shows a neuroprotective function by reducing oxidative stress. CCL5 may contribute to the balance between oxidative stress and immune responses after brain injury. Herein, we investigated the role of CCL5 in microglial polarization after mild traumatic brain injury, focusing on the cerebral cortex.C57BL/6 and CCL5 knockout (CCL5-KO) mice were given a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) using weight-drop. Neurological parameters such as motor and sensory functions were analyzed by mNSS score, accelerating rotarod, beam walking, and adhesive removal tests. Oxidative stress and neuron damage were measured by NADPH oxidase activity, hypoxyloprobe staining and FJC. Performance of motor and sensory functions in both WT and CCL5-KO mice were impaired after brain injury which recovered after 7 days-post-injury (dpi) in the WT group but only after 14 days in the CCL5-KO mouse group. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that pro-inflammation cytokines - IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were higher in CCL5-KO mice compared to WT mice at 4 and 14 dpi. In contrast, M2-like microglia markers - IL-10 and Agr-1 were increased in WT mouse cortical tissue at 4 dpi. Oxidative stress increased both M1 and M2- related cytokine expression in BV2 cells treated with H 2 O 2;CCL5 treatment increased M2- but suppressed M1- related cytokine gene activation. Intranasal delivery of CCL5 reduced neuronal oxidative stress, increased IL-10 expression and improved motor and sensory functions in CCL5-KO mice after brain *** summary, CCL5, which alters immune responses and protects neurons from TBI damage, has an important function in regulating M2-like microglial polarization during post-
The outbreak of pandemics (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 in 2019), influenza A viruses (H1N1 in 2009), etc.), and worldwide spike in the aging population have created unprecedented ...
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Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have found extensive applications in various fields such as optoelectronics, CO 2 capture, and catalysis. However, their potential in electrochemical supercapacitors as energy st...
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Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) have found extensive applications in various fields such as optoelectronics, CO 2 capture, and catalysis. However, their potential in electrochemical supercapacitors as energy storage and H 2 production systems remains relatively unexplored. This limited exploration can be attributed to certain challenges, including issues related to structural and electrochemical stability, as well as the relatively modest specific capacitance. Additionally, many of the CMPs discovered thus far have exhibited lower energy densities, further contributing to this underexplored aspect of their utility. In this study, we prepared two different CMPs [TPET-TTh and PyT-TTh CMPs] containing thienyltriazine units (TTh) for the redox mechanism and constructed electrodes for supercapacitor applications. The synthesized TPET-TTh and PyT-TTh CMPs displayed exceptionally high specific surface areas of 545 and 528 m² g⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, their pore sizes were very similar, centered at approximately 0.39 and 0.36 nm, respectively. To evaluate their electrochemical properties, the TTh-CMPs were examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD). The resulting CV curves exhibited rectangular shapes, indicative of the characteristic behavior of electric double-layer capacitors, across a range of potential and scan rates. These TPET-TTh and PyT-TTh CMPs delivered nominal specific capacitances of 74 and 76 F g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 , respectively. In addition, they exhibited outstanding capacity retentions of 95.2 and 97.30 % even after 2000 cycles [analyzed at 10 A g −1 ]. The TTh-CMPs also exhibited excellent light-capture capabilities. The PyT-TTh CMP has faster charge separation and lower charge recombination rates than TPET-TTh CMP. This results in a higher hydrogen evolution rate from the water decomposition reaction. The H 2 production rate of PyT-TTh CMP could be as high as 18,533 μmol g −1 h −1 , which is approximately 4
The starting alloy microstructure can be tailored to achieve varying degrees of grain refinement and enhance mechanical properties through severe plastic shear deformation during solid-phase processing. Crystal plasti...
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Nanoscale manipulation of electronic and ionic charge interactions within electrode materials is the cornerstone for advancing electrochemical energy storage. Compared to bulk materials, 2D confined anodes provide lam...
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Nanoscale manipulation of electronic and ionic charge interactions within electrode materials is the cornerstone for advancing electrochemical energy storage. Compared to bulk materials, 2D confined anodes provide lamellar channels to mobile ions for electrochemical interactions. However, individual 2D layers are often inefficient in delivering desired properties for stable and rapid kinetics in battery operations. To address this, 2D-2D heterostructures (2D HRs) that integrate the properties of two or more layers via van der Waals or covalent bonds can give optimized interfacial features. These structures modulate electronic properties, such as band positions, activation energies, diffusion barriers, and binding energies for intercalating ions, thereby regulating the electrochemical characteristics of batteries to meet practical challenges. In this context, this review includes the latest experimental and theoretical investigations to explore the multifunctional roles of 2D HRs in monovalent ion (Li, Na, and K) batteries (MIBs). First, it elucidates the fundamentals concerning the impacts of HRs in charge storage mechanisms and outlines pathways for synthesizing their novel designs. Then, it summarizes the different configurations of 2D HRs utilized in designing MIBs. Finally, it underscores the current challenges and future perspectives for implementing 2D HRs as advanced anode materials in batteries.
Background To achieve efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion in photocatalysis, it is crucial to develop visible-light-driven catalysts with excellent charge transport properties and superior activity. Methods ...
Background To achieve efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion in photocatalysis, it is crucial to develop visible-light-driven catalysts with excellent charge transport properties and superior activity. Methods Here, p-n heterostructured Bi 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 (BO/BVO) composites were synthesized via a spray-drying method, incorporating synergistic effects of oxygen vacancies and asphaltene-derived carbon coating. Significant findings The built-in electric field at the p −type BO and n-type BVO interface, combined with the electron sink effect of the coated graphitic carbon layer, enhances charge transfer while suppressing charge recombination. As a result, the carbon coated BO/BVO (C-BO/BVO) heterojunction reveals markedly improved efficiency for photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) in comparison with pure BO and BVO. Under visible light irradiation, the C-BO/BVO composite achieves an MB decomposition efficiency of 92.1 %, which is approximately 1.78, 2.23, and 2.98 times higher than that of BO/BVO, pure BVO, and pure BO, respectively. As a result, the C-BO/BVO composites exhibit superior degradation performance for MB and tetracycline (TC), achieving high rate constants of 6.51 × 10 −2 min −1 and 7.55 × 10 −3 min −1 , respectively. The C-BO/BVO photocatalysts also exhibit exceptional antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ). Additionally, their biocompatibility has been assessed using an in vivo zebrafish embryo model, highlighting their potential for future biomedical applications.
Despite demonstrated therapeutic potential, cell-based cardiac therapies face substantial manufacturing, practical, and biological limitations which constrain their clinical translation. We examine selected emerging a...
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Despite demonstrated therapeutic potential, cell-based cardiac therapies face substantial manufacturing, practical, and biological limitations which constrain their clinical translation. We examine selected emerging acellular approaches that could overcome these limitations while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. Biomaterial engineering has enabled the creation of acellular scaffolds from natural and synthetic sources that provide mechanical support and deliver bioactive signals to the injured heart. As an alternative, platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can carry complex bioactive cargoes which can act on multiple therapeutic pathways while leveraging existing blood-banking infrastructure. Lastly, synthetic fabricated nanocarriers can form controlled release systems for therapeutic factor delivery. We describe how these three simplified therapeutic approaches can address key requirements including achieving commercial scale manufacturability and biological efficacy to enable broader therapeutic deployment.
Polypropylene (PP) remains the primary material for hernia meshes due to its biocompatibility, physical strength and ease of fabrication. However, PP meshes are still subject to complications such as mesh movement and...
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DeePMD-kit is a powerful open-source software package that facilitates molecular dynamics simulations using machine learning potentials (MLP) known as Deep Potential (DP) models. This package, which was released in 20...
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