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Meaningful human control: actionable properties for AI system development

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AI and Ethics 2022年第1期3卷 241-255页

作者： Cavalcante Siebert, Luciano Lupetti, Maria Luce Aizenberg, Evgeni Beckers, Niek Zgonnikov, Arkady Veluwenkamp, Herman Abbink, David Giaccardi, Elisa Houben, Geert-Jan Jonker, Catholijn M. van den Hoven, Jeroen Forster, Deborah Lagendijk, Reginald L. AiTech Interdisciplinary Research Program on Meaningful Human Control Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands Faculty of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands Faculty of Mechanical Maritime and Materials Engineering Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands Faculty of Technology Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Delft The Netherlands

How can humans remain in control of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems designed to perform tasks autonomously? Such systems are increasingly ubiquitous, creating benefits - but also undesirable situations where moral responsibility for their actions cannot be properly attributed to any particular person or group. The concept of meaningful human control has been proposed to address responsibility gaps and mitigate them by establishing conditions that enable a proper attribution of responsibility for humans; however, clear requirements for researchers, designers, and engineers are yet inexistent, making the development of AI-based systems that remain under meaningful human control challenging. In this paper, we address the gap between philosophical theory and engineering practice by identifying, through an iterative process of abductive thinking, four actionable properties for AI-based systems under meaningful human control, which we discuss making use of two applications scenarios: automated vehicles and AI-based hiring. First, a system in which humans and AI algorithms interact should have an explicitly defined domain of morally loaded situations within which the system ought to operate. Second, humans and AI agents within the system should have appropriate and mutually compatible representations. Third, responsibility attributed to a human should be commensurate with that human’s ability and authority to control the system. Fourth, there should be explicit links between the actions of the AI agents and actions of humans who are aware of their moral responsibility. We argue that these four properties will support practically minded professionals to take concrete steps toward designing and engineering for AI systems that facilitate meaningful human control.

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Periodicity Scoring of Time Series Encodes Dynamical Behavior of the Tumor Suppressor p53 ⁎ ⁎

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2021年第9期54卷 488-495页

作者： Caroline Moosmüller Christopher J. Tralie Mahdi Kooshkbaghi Zehor Belkhatir Maryam Pouryahya José Reyes Joseph O. Deasy Allen R. Tannenbaum Ioannis G. Kevrekidis C. Moosmüller and C. Tralie contributed equally to this work Department of Mathematics University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA Department of Medical Physics Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center NY USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Ursinus College Collegeville PA USA Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Princeton University NJ USA School of Engineering and Sustainable Development De Montfort University Leicester UK Cancer Biology and Genetics Program and Computational and Systems Biology Program Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York NY 10065 USA and Department of Systems Biology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA Departments of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics & Statistics Stony Brook University NY USA

In this paper we analyze the dynamical behavior of the tumor suppressor protein p53, an essential player in the cellular stress response, which prevents a cell from dividing if severe DNA damage is present. When this response system is malfunctioning, e.g. due to mutations in p53, uncontrolled cell proliferation may lead to the development of cancer. Understanding the behavior of p53 is thus crucial to prevent its failing. It has been shown in various experiments that periodicity of the p53 signal is one of the main descriptors of its dynamics, and that its pulsing behavior (regular vs. spontaneous) indicates the level and type of cellular stress. In the present work, we introduce an algorithm to score the local periodicity of a given time series (such as the p53 signal), which we call Detrended Autocorrelation Periodicity Scoring (DAPS). It applies pitch detection (via autocorrelation) on sliding windows of the entire time series to describe the overall periodicity by a distribution of localized pitch scores. We apply DAPS to the p53 time series obtained from single cell experiments and establish a correlation between the periodicity scoring of a cell’s p53 signal and the number of cell division events. In particular, we show that high periodicity scoring of p53 is correlated to a low number of cell divisions and vice versa. We show similar results with a more computationally intensive state-of-the-art periodicity scoring algorithm based on topology known as Sw1PerS. This correlation has two major implications: It demonstrates that periodicity scoring of the p53 signal is a good descriptor for cellular stress, and it connects the high variability of p53 periodicity observed in cell populations to the variability in the number of cell division events.

关键词： Systems biology cellular systems time series modeling bioinformatics computational biology

Perception analysis of the Indonesian society on twitter social media on the increase in BPJS kesehatan contribution in the Covid 19 pandemic era 10

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Perception analysis of the Indonesian society on twitter soc...

10th International Conference and Workshop on High Dimensional Data Analysis, ICW-HDDA 2020

作者： Permana, F.C. Wicaksono, Z.M. Kurniawan, C. Abdullah, A.S. Ruchjana, B.N. Study Program of Multimedia Education Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No.229 Bandung40154 Indonesia Student of Master of Management Program Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang km 21 Jatinangor Sumedang45363 Indonesia Department of Computer Science Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang km 21 Jatinangor Sumedang45363 Indonesia Department of Mathematics Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang km 21 Jatinangor Sumedang45363 Indonesia

In the conditions of the Covid-19 Pandemic, the president of Indonesia, Ir Joko Widodo, on May 13, 2020, announced an increase in BPJS Kesehatan contribution. This announcement made everyone in the community boisterous, including Indonesians on social media twitter. Currently, Indonesia is ranked fifth in the world using social media twitter, so data mining on Twitter is a good opportunity to see the public's response to a developing issue. This paper will discuss perceptions analysis of the Indonesian people on social media regarding the issue of increasing the contribution of BPJS Kesehatan. The issue of increasing the contribution of BPJS Kesehatan has been a topic of conversation on Twitter for a long time. After 30 days of data crawling, 145,359 tweets were obtained. This amount of data proves that the Indonesian people are very active in issuing opinions regarding the issue of increasing contribution BPJS Kesehatan. Various kinds of differences of opinion in each conversation are classified into three types of opinion using the Naive Bayes method. The three types of opinions are classified into positive opinions, negative opinions, and neutral opinions. The opinion classification results obtained were 73% containing negative opinions, 18% positive opinions, and 9% neutral opinions. This can serve as an early warning for the government to see the public's response in every policy taken. So that each policy can be evaluated for the better. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

关键词： Data mining

SUPP & MAPP: ADAPTABLE STRUCTURE-BASED REPRESENTATIONS FOR MIR TASKS 21

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SUPP & MAPP: ADAPTABLE STRUCTURE-BASED REPRESENTATIONS FOR M...

21st International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference, ISMIR 2020

作者： Savard, Claire Bugbee, Erin H. McGuirl, Melissa R. Kinnaird, Katherine M. Department of Physics University of Colorado Boulder United States Department of Biostatistics Brown University United States Division of Applied Mathematics Brown University United States Department of Computer Science and Program in Statistical and Data Sciences Smith College United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780981353708

Accurate and flexible representations of music data are paramount to addressing MIR tasks, yet many of the existing approaches are difficult to interpret or rigid in nature. This work introduces two new song representations for structure-based retrieval methods: Surface Pattern Preservation (SuPP), a continuous song representation, and Matrix Pattern Preservation (MaPP), SuPP’s discrete counterpart. These representations come equipped with several user-defined parameters so that they are adaptable for a range of MIR tasks. Experimental results show MaPP as successful in addressing the cover song task on a set of Mazurka scores, with a mean precision of 0.965 and recall of 0.776. SuPP and MaPP also show promise in other MIR applications, such as novel-segment detection and genre classification, the latter of which demonstrates their suitability as inputs for machine learning problems. © Claire Savard, Erin H. Bugbee, Melissa R. McGuirl, Katherine M. Kinnaird.

关键词： Information retrieval

ON THE STABILITY OF POSITIVE SEMIGROUPS

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Del Moral, Pierre Horton, Emma Jasra, Ajay Centre de Recherche Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest Talence 33405 France Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Program Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science & Technology Building 1 Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia

The stability and contraction properties of positive integral semigroups on Polish spaces are investigated. Our novel analysis is based on the extension of V -norm contraction methods, associated to functionally weighted Banach spaces for Markov semigroups, to positive semigroups. This methodology is applied to a general class of positive and possibly time-inhomogeneous bounded integral semigroups and their normalised versions. The spectral theorems that we develop are an extension of Perron-Frobenius and Krein-Rutman theorems for positive operators to a class of time-varying positive semigroups. In the context of time-homogeneous models, the regularity conditions discussed in the present article appear to be necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of leading eigenvalues. We review and illustrate the impact of these results in the context of positive semigroups arising in transport theory, physics, mathematical biology and signal processing. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Banach spaces

Quantum Error Mitigation by Pauli Check Sandwiching

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Gonzales, Alvin Shaydulin, Ruslan Saleem, Zain H. Suchara, Martin Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL United States Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory LemontIL United States Global Technology Applied Research JPMorgan Chase New YorkNY United States Amazon Web Services Amazon SeattleWA United States

We describe and analyze an error mitigation technique that uses multiple pairs of parity checks to detect the presence of errors. Each pair of checks uses one ancilla qubit to detect a component of the error operator and represents one layer of the technique. We build on the results on extended flag gadgets and put it on a firm theoretical foundation. We prove that this technique can recover the noiseless state under the assumption of noise not affecting the checks. The method does not incur any encoding overhead and instead chooses the checks based on the input circuit. We provide an algorithm for obtaining such checks for an arbitrary target circuit. Since the method applies to any circuit and input state, it can be easily combined with other error mitigation techniques. We evaluate the performance of the proposed methods using extensive numerical simulations on 1,850 random input circuits composed of Clifford gates and non-Clifford single-qubit rotations, a class of circuits encompassing most commonly considered variational algorithm circuits. We observe average improvements in fidelity of 34 percentage points with six layers of checks. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Errors

Algorithms for Solving High Dimensional PDEs: From Nonlinear Monte Carlo to Machine Learning

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Weinan, E. Han, Jiequn Jentzen, Arnulf Department of Mathematics Princeton University United States Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics Princeton University United States Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Münster Germany

In recent years, tremendous progress has been made on numerical algorithms for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) in a very high dimension, using ideas from either nonlinear (multilevel) Monte Carlo or deep learning. They are potentially free of the curse of dimensionality for many different applications and have been proven to be so in the case of some nonlinear Monte Carlo methods for nonlinear parabolic PDEs. In this paper, we review these numerical and theoretical advances. In addition to algorithms based on stochastic reformulations of the original problem, such as the multilevel Picard iteration and the Deep BSDE method, we also discuss algorithms based on the more traditional Ritz, Galerkin, and least square formulations. We hope to demonstrate to the reader that studying PDEs as well as control and variational problems in very high dimensions might very well be among the most promising new directions in mathematics and scientific computing in the near *** Codes 65C05, 65K10, 65M75, 90C06 Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods

Generating theorems for schwarzschild static Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet metrics

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2024年第1期3016卷

作者： Kunlapat Sansuk Petarpa Boonserm Tritos Ngampitipan Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand. Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics Ministry of Higher Education Science Research and Innovation 328 Si Ayutthaya Road Bangkok 10400 Thailand Physics Program Faculty of Science Chandrakasem Rajabhat University Bangkok 10900 Thailand

The modified Einstein’s field equations, that is the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet, explain a higher dimensional curvature gravity which is expressed in terms of the Lanczos tensor and love lock. In this paper, we will find the constraint to solve the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet, and use the constraint to obtain the differential equation and generate the solution generating theorems that apply to perfect fluid spheres. Finally, we analyze the result of the theorems and determine how to classify the metrics using these theorems.

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Hybridization of colloidal handlebodies with singular defects and topological solitons in chiral liquid crystals

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Lee, Jun-Yong Kumari, Asha Yuan, Ye Tasinkevych, Mykola Smalyukh, Ivan I. International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Department of Physics and Mathematics School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Clifton Lane NottinghamNG11 8NS United Kingdom Department of Physics University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States Department of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering Materials Science and Engineering Program and Soft Materials Research Center University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute National Renewable Energy Laboratory University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States

Topology can manifest itself in colloids when quantified by invariants like Euler characteristics of nonzero-genus colloidal surfaces, albeit spherical colloidal particles are most often studied, and colloidal particles with complex topology are rarely considered. On the other hand, singular defects and topological solitons often define the physical behavior of the molecular alignment director fields in liquid crystals. Interestingly, nematic liquid crystalline dispersions of colloidal particles allow for probing the interplay between topologies of surfaces and fields, but only a limited number of such cases have been explored so far. Here, we study the hybridization of topological solitons, singular defects, and topologically nontrivial colloidal particles with the genus of surfaces different from zero in a chiral nematic liquid crystal phase. Hybridization occurs when distortions separately induced by colloidal particles and LC solitons overlap, leading to energy minimization-driven redistribution of director field deformations and defects. As a result, hybrid director configurations emerge, combining topological features from both components. We uncover a host of director field configurations complying with topological theorems, which can be controlled by applying electric fields. Rotational and translational dynamics arise due to the nonreciprocal evolution of the director fields in response to alternating electric fields of different frequencies. These findings help define a platform for controlling topologically hyper-complex colloidal structures and dynamics with electrically reconfigurable singular defects and topological solitons induced by colloidal handlebodies. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Topology