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Top Fuel 2016: LWR Fuels with Enhanced Safety and Performance

作者： Besmann, Theodore M. McMurray, Jacob W. Gaston, Benjamin G. Simunovic, Srdjan Piro, Markus H.A. Nuclear Engineering Program University of South Carolina ColumbiaSC29208 United States Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Computer Science and Mathematics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Fuel and Fuel Channel Safety Branch Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Chalk-RiverON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780894487309

A thermochemical library, Thermochimica, utilizes new algorithms and solvers designed for calculating equilibria of multicomponent and multiphase systems and has been coupled to the nuclear fuel performance code BISON. Thermochimica utilizes a generalized thermochemical database for urania-based fuels that has been under development for a number of years and continues to be expanded. One of the key motivations for use of thermodynamic models is that they can better represent the physics of oxygen migration. The coupling of the BISON code with Thermochimica and examples of its use in representing fuel phenomena are described. In the current implementation in BISON, fluxes are driven by the elemental concentration gradient. However, equilibrium is characterized by the absence of spatial variations of chemical potentials of the system species/components. The driving force to equilibrium (species flux) is proportional to the deviation from equilibrium, i.e., the gradient in chemical potential. It is therefore necessary to integrate chemical potential driven diffusion in the BISON representation of oxygen transport. The diffusion kernels based on thermodynamic models have been developed to simulate multicomponent transport in light water reactor (LWR) materials. The Thermochimica library was used to calculate various thermodynamics properties needed for transport calculations. The library also can calculate properties that are specific to various transport mechanisms for different fuel materials. For example, it can calculate defect site fractions among the sublattices in oxide fuels as a function of temperature, burnup, and stoichiometry. The transport and thermodynamic models are being integrated with other simulation efforts such as calculation of mobility functions that couple fluxes and chemical gradients.

关键词： Diffusion

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Measurements of the temperature and E-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background from the full 500-square-degree SPTpol dataset

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Physical Review D 2025年第12期111卷 123513-123513页

作者： T.-L. Chou P. A. R. Ade A. J. Anderson J. E. Austermann L. Balkenhol J. A. Beall A. N. Bender B. A. Benson F. Bianchini L. E. Bleem J. E. Carlstrom C. L. Chang P. Chaubal H. C. Chiang R. Citron C. Corbett Moran T. M. Crawford A. T. Crites T. de Haan M. A. Dobbs D. Dutcher W. Everett J. Gallicchio E. M. George N. Gupta N. W. Halverson G. P. Holder W. L. Holzapfel J. D. Hrubes N. Huang J. Hubmayr K. D. Irwin L. Knox A. T. Lee D. Li A. Lowitz J. J. McMahon J. Montgomery T. Natoli J. P. Nibarger G. I. Noble V. Novosad Y. Omori S. Padin S. Patil C. Pryke W. Quan C. L. Reichardt J. E. Ruhl B. R. Saliwanchik K. K. Schaffer C. Sievers G. Smecher A. A. Stark C. Tucker T. Veach J. D. Vieira G. Wang N. Whitehorn W. L. K. Wu V. Yefremenko J. A. Zebrowski Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3XQ United Kingdom Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory MS209 P.O. Box 500 Batavia Illinois 60510 USA NIST Quantum Devices Group 325 Broadway Mailcode 817.03 Boulder Colorado 80305 USA Department of Physics University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Sorbonne Universit’e CNRS UMR 7095 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris 98 bis bd Arago 75014 Paris France High Energy Physics Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park California 94025 USA Department of Physics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA Enrico Fermi Institute University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA School of Physics University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia Department of Physics McGill University 3600 Rue University Montreal Quebec H3A 2T8 Canada School of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban South Africa University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena California 91109 USA Department of Physics Cornell University Ithaca New York USA Department of Astronomy Cornell University Ithaca New York USA Department of Physics University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA Physics Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan Canadian Institute for Advanced Research CIFAR Program in Gravity and the Extreme Universe Toronto Ontario M5G 1Z8 Canada Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics Jadwin Hall Princ

Using the full four-year SPTpol 500 deg2 dataset in both the 95 and 150 GHz frequency bands, we present measurements of the temperature and E-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), as well as the E-mode polarization autopower spectrum (EE) and temperature-E-mode cross-power spectrum (TE) in the angular multipole range 50<ℓ<8000. We find the SPTpol dataset to be self-consistent, passing several internal consistency tests based on maps, frequency bands, bandpowers, and cosmological parameters. The full SPTpol dataset is well-fit by the ΛCDM model, for which we find H0=70.48±2.16 km s−1 Mpc−1 and Ωm=0.271±0.026, when using only the SPTpol data and a Planck-based prior on the optical depth to reionization. The ΛCDM parameter constraints are consistent across the 95 GHz-only, 150 GHz-only, TE-only, and EE-only data splits. Between the ℓ<1000 and ℓ>1000 data splits, the ΛCDM parameter constraints are borderline consistent at the ∼2σ level. This consistency improves when including a parameter AL, the degree of lensing of the CMB inferred from the smearing of acoustic peaks. When marginalized over AL, the ΛCDM parameter constraints from SPTpol are consistent with those from Planck. The power spectra presented here are the most sensitive measurements of the lensed CMB damping tail to date for roughly ℓ>1700 in TE and ℓ>2000 in EE.

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Structural and optical properties of Nd3+ doped Na2O-PbO-ZnO-Li2O-B2O3 glasses system 2nd

Structural and optical properties of Nd3+ doped Na2O-PbO-ZnO...

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2nd International Conference on Applied Physics and Material Applications, ICAPMA 2015

作者： Rajagukguk, Juniastel Hidayat, Rahmat Suprijadi Djamal, Mitra Ruangtaweep, Y. Horprathum, Mati Kaewkhao, Jakrapong Program Study of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Teknologi Bandung40132 Indonesia Department of Physics State University of Medan 20221 Indonesia Center of Excellence in Glass Technology and Materials Science Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University Nakhon Pathom73000 Thailand Optical Thin-Film Laboratory National Electronics and Computer Technology Center Pathumthani12120 Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9783038356837

The present paper reports the structural (XRD and FTIR spectra), physical (like density, molar volume, refractive index etc.), optical absorption and emission properties of Nd3+doped sodium lead zinc lithium borate glass. The glasses with chemical formula (65-x)B2O3-15Na2O-10PbO-5ZnO-5Li2O-xNd2O3 (where x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0) have been prepared using the melt-quenching method. XRD characterization shows that the glasses are amorphous nature. The values of measured absorption transitions obtained ten transitions and the hypersensitive transition at 4I9/2 → 2G7/2+4G5/2. To excite photon from ground state to upper state, used two different wavelength spectra at 582 and 804 nm. The maximum emission intensity of the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 transition obtained when Nd3+ ion content in the borate glass is 1.0 mol %. It is indicating that Nd3+ doped borate glass have self-quenching or concentration quenching. © 2016 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

关键词： Zinc oxide

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Correction to: Dynamic linear models guide design and analysis of microbiota studies within artificial human guts

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Microbiome 2018年第1期6卷 212页

作者： Justin D Silverman Heather K Durand Rachael J Bloom Sayan Mukherjee Lawrence A David Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Duke University CIEMAS Room 2171 101 Science Drive Box 3382 Durham NC 27708 USA. Medical Scientist Training Program Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. University Program in Genetics and Genomics Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. Departments of Statistical Science Mathematics Computer Science Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Duke University CIEMAS Room 2171 101 Science Drive Box 3382 Durham NC 27708 USA. lawrence.david@duke.edu. Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. lawrence.david@duke.edu. University Program in Genetics and Genomics Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. lawrence.david@duke.edu. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA. lawrence.david@duke.edu.

AbstractFollowing publication of the original article [1], the authors noticed an error in the presentation of equations in the PDF version.

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Designing the Application of Security Text Messages Into Audio Files Using Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithms Using the End Of File (EOF) Method

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1363卷

作者： A M H Pardede Anggi Pramana Muhammad Zarlis Akbar Iskandar Rosida Tiurma Manurung S Sriadhi Citra Kurniawan Abdurrozzaq Hasibuan Nurintan Asyiah Siregar Ayu Esteka Sari Indrya Mulyaningsih Teguh Hidayat Iskandar Alam Ibrahim Tri Listyorini Edy Winarno Tulus STMIK Kaputama Binjai Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Computer Science Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics STMIK AKBA Makassar Indonesia Graduate Program in Scientific Psychology Universitas Kristen Maranatha Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Malang Indonesia Faculty of Engineering Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Management STIE Labuhanbatu Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Management STIE Sakti Alam Kerinci Jambi Indonesia Department of Indonesian Language Teaching Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati Cirebon Indonesia Department of Informatics Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong Sorong Indonesia Department of English Education Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong Sorong Indonesia Department of Informatics Universitas Muria Kudus Indonesia Faculty of Information Technology Universitas Stikubank Semarang Indonesia Department of Mathematics Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia

There are several ways to deal with security issues of confidential data sent via the internet, including using cryptographic techniques and steganography. Steganography is the science and art of concealing information / messages in a media in such a way that its existence is not detected by other parties who are not entitled to the information. Instead, cryptography disguises the meaning of a message, but does not hide that there is a message because the file looks suspicious. The Steganography technique used here was End Of File (EOF). The EOF technique described how to add data or files at the end of the image file. For this technique, the size of data or files that will be hidden could be larger than the size of the image file. The hidden data will be inserted at the end of the file so that it will not affect the image. This steganography application is also equipped with a cryptographic function Data Encryption Standard (DES) at the time of insertion of data that functions as a generator code and encrypts data, so that the security of a data in the file is more protected and protected from those who are not entitled to know the data.

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Author Correction: The European Reference Genome Atlas: piloting a decentralised approach to equitable biodiversity genomics

npj biodiversity

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npj biodiversity 2024年第1期3卷 31页

作者： Ann M Mc Cartney Giulio Formenti Alice Mouton Diego De Panis Luísa S Marins Henrique G Leitão Genevieve Diedericks Joseph Kirangwa Marco Morselli Judit Salces-Ortiz Nuria Escudero Alessio Iannucci Chiara Natali Hannes Svardal Rosa Fernández Tim De Pooter Geert Joris Mojca Strazisar Jonathan M D Wood Katie E Herron Ole Seehausen Phillip C Watts Felix Shaw Robert P Davey Alice Minotto José M Fernández Astrid Böhne Carla Alegria Tyler Alioto Paulo C Alves Isabel R Amorim Jean-Marc Aury Niclas Backstrom Petr Baldrian Laima Baltrunaite Endre Barta Bertrand BedHom Caroline Belser Johannes Bergsten Laurie Bertrand Helena Bilandija Mahesh Binzer-Panchal Iliana Bista Mark Blaxter Paulo A V Borges Guilherme Borges Dias Mirte Bosse Tom Brown Rémy Bruggmann Elena Buena-Atienza Josephine Burgin Elena Buzan Alessia Cariani Nicolas Casadei Matteo Chiara Sergio Chozas Fedor Čiampor Angelica Crottini Corinne Cruaud Fernando Cruz Love Dalen Alessio De Biase Javier Del Campo Teo Delic Alice B Dennis Martijn F L Derks Maria Angela Diroma Mihajla Djan Simone Duprat Klara Eleftheriadi Philine G D Feulner Jean-François Flot Giobbe Forni Bruno Fosso Pascal Fournier Christine Fournier-Chambrillon Toni Gabaldon Shilpa Garg Carmela Gissi Luca Giupponi Jessica Gomez-Garrido Josefa González Miguel L Grilo Björn Grüning Thomas Guerin Nadege Guiglielmoni Marta Gut Marcel P Haesler Christoph Hahn Balint Halpern Peter W Harrison Julia Heintz Maris Hindrikson Jacob Höglund Kerstin Howe Graham M Hughes Benjamin Istace Mark J Cock Franc Janžekovič Zophonias O Jonsson Sagane Joye-Dind Janne J Koskimäki Boris Krystufek Justyna Kubacka Heiner Kuhl Szilvia Kusza Karine Labadie Meri Lähteenaro Henrik Lantz Anton Lavrinienko Lucas Leclère Ricardo Jorge Lopes Ole Madsen Ghislaine Magdelenat Giulia Magoga Tereza Manousaki Tapio Mappes Joao Pedro Marques Gemma I Martinez Redondo Florian Maumus Shane A McCarthy Hendrik-Jan Megens Jose Melo-Ferreira Sofia L Mendes Matteo Montagna Joao Moreno Mai-Britt Mosbech Mónica Moura Zuzana Musilova Eugene Myers Will J N Genomics Institute University of California Santa Cruz CA USA. anmmccar@ucsc.edu. The Vertebrate Genome Laboratory The Rockefeller University New York NY USA. Department of Biology University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy. InBios-Conservation Genetics Laboratory University of Liege Liege Belgium. Leibniz Institut für Zoo und Wildtierforschung Berlin Germany. Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany. Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium. Institute of Zoology University of Cologne Cologne Germany. Department of Chemistry Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability University of Parma Parma Italy. Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain. Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands. Neuromics Support Facility VIB Center for Molecular Neurology VIB Antwerp Belgium. Neuromics Support Facility Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium. Tree of Life Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton Cambridge UK. School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Belfield Ireland. Aquatic Ecology & Evolution Institute of Ecology & Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland. Department of Fish Ecology & Evolution Eawag Kastanienbaum Switzerland. Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland. The Earlham Institute Norwich Research Park Norwich UK. Digital Science London UK. Barcelona Supercomputing Center Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute ELIXIR Spain Getafe Spain. Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change Museum Koenig Bonn Bonn Germany. CE3C-Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Lisboa Portugal. Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG) Barcelona Spain. Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain. CIBIO C

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Development of the teaching simulator based on animated film to strengthening pedagogical competencies of prospective teachers

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2017年第1期1848卷

作者： Siti Fatimah Wawan Setiawan Jajang Kusnendar Rasim Enjun Junaeti Ria Anggraeni 1)Mathematics Education Program FPMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 229 Bandung 40154 Indonesia 2)Computer Science Program FPMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 229 Bandung 40154 Indonesia

Debriefing of pedagogical competence through both theory and practice which became a requirement for prospective teachers were through micro teaching and teaching practice program. But, some reports from the partner schools stated that the participants of teaching practice program have not well prepared on implementing the learning in the classroom because of lacking the debriefing. In line with the development of information technology, it is very possible to develop a media briefing of pedagogical competencies for prospective teachers through an application so that they can use it anytime and anywhere. This study was one answer to the problem of unpreparedness participants of the teaching practice program. This study developed a teaching simulator, which was an application for learning simulation with the animated film to enhance the professional pedagogical competence prospective teachers. By the application of this teaching simulator, students as prospective teacher could test their own pedagogic competence through learning models with different varied characteristics of students. Teaching Simulator has been equipped with features that allow users to be able to explore the quality of teaching techniques that they employ for the teaching and learning activities in the classroom. These features included the election approaches, the student’s character, learning materials, questioning techniques, discussion, and evaluation. Teaching simulator application provided the ease of prospective teachers or teachers in implementing the development of lessons for practice in the classroom. Applications that have been developed to apply simulation models allow users to freely manage a lesson. Development of teaching simulator application was passed through the stages which include needs assessment, design, coding, testing, revision, improvement, grading, and packaging. The application of teaching simulator was also enriched with some real instructional video as a comparison f

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Incorporation of protein binding effects into likelihood ratio test for exome sequencing data

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BMC proceedings 2016年第SUPPL 7期10卷 275-281页

作者： Dongni Zhang Hongzhu Cui Dmitry Korkin Zheyang Wu Mathematics Department Worcester Polytechnic Institute 100 Institute Road Worcester MA 01609-2280 USA. Computer Science Department Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program Worcester Polytechnic Institute 100 Institute Road Worcester MA 01609-2280 USA.

Statistical association studies are an important tool in detecting novel disease genes. However, for sequencing data, association studies confront the challenge of low power because of relatively small data sample size and rare variants. Incorporating biological information that reflects disease mechanism is likely to strengthen the association evidence of disease genes, and thus increase the power of association studies. In this paper, we annotate non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants according to protein binding sites (BSs) by using a more accurate BS prediction method. We then incorporate this information into association study through a statistical framework of likelihood ratio test (LRT) based on weighted burden score of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). The strategy is applied to Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 exome-sequencing data for detecting novel genes associated to hypotension. The SNV-weighting LRT idea is empirically verified by the simulated phenotypes (336 cases and 1607 controls), and the weights based on BS annotation are applied to the real phenotypes (394 cases and 1457 controls). Such strategy of weighting the prior information on protein functional sites is shown to be superior to the unweighted LRT and serves as a good complement to the existing association tests. Several putative genes are reported; some of them are functionally related to hypertension according to the previous evidence in the literature.

关键词： Likelihood Ratio Test Real Data Analysis Burden Score Data Sample Size Genomic Inflation Factor

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Author Correction: Determination of RNA structural diversity and its role in HIV-1 RNA splicing

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Nature 2020年第7837期588卷 E16页

作者： Phillip J Tomezsko Vincent D A Corbin Paromita Gupta Harish Swaminathan Margalit Glasgow Sitara Persad Matthew D Edwards Lachlan Mcintosh Anthony T Papenfuss Ann Emery Ronald Swanstrom Trinity Zang Tammy C T Lan Paul Bieniasz Daniel R Kuritzkes Athe Tsibris Silvi Rouskin Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA USA. Program in Virology Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. Bioinformatics Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Parkville Victoria Australia. Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA. Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia. Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia. Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute The Rockefeller University New York NY USA. Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Cambridge MA USA. srouskin@wi.mit.edu.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Identifying the best machine learning algorithms for brain tumor segmentation, progression assessment, and overall survival prediction in the BRATS challenge

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Bakas, Spyridon Reyes, Mauricio Jakab, Andras Bauer, Stefan Rempfler, Markus Crimi, Alessandro Shinohara, Russell Takeshi Berger, Christoph Ha, Sung Min Rozycki, Martin Prastawa, Marcel Alberts, Esther Lipkova, Jana Freymann, John Kirby, Justin Bilello, Michel Fathallah-Shaykh, Hassan M. Wiest, Roland Kirschke, Jan Wiestler, Benedikt Colen, Rivka Kotrotsou, Aikaterini Lamontagne, Pamela Marcus, Daniel Milchenko, Mikhail Nazeri, Arash Weber, Marc-Andr Mahajan, Abhishek Baid, Ujjwal Gerstner, Elizabeth Kwon, Dongjin Acharya, Gagan Agarwal, Manu Alam, Mahbubul Albiol, Alberto Albiol, Antonio Albiol, Francisco J. Alex, Varghese Allinson, Nigel Amorim, Pedro H.A. Amrutkar, Abhijit Anand, Ganesh Andermatt, Simon Arbel, Tal Arbelaez, Pablo Avery, Aaron Azmat, Muneeza Pranjal, B. Bai, Wenjia Banerjee, Subhashis Barth, Bill Batchelder, Thomas Batmanghelich, Kayhan Battistella, Enzo Beers, Andrew Belyaev, Mikhail Bendszus, Martin Benson, Eze Bernal, Jose Bharath, Halandur Nagaraja Biros, George Bisdas, Sotirios Brown, James Cabezas, Mariano Cao, Shilei Cardoso, Jorge M. Carver, Eric N. Casamitjana, Adri Castillo, Laura Silvana Cat, Marcel Cattin, Philippe Cérigues, Albert Chagas, Vinicius S. Chandra, Siddhartha Chang, Yi-Ju Chang, Shiyu Chang, Ken Chazalon, Joseph Chen, Shengcong Chen, Wei Chen, Jefferson W. Chen, Zhaolin Cheng, Kun Choudhury, Ahana Roy Chylla, Roger Clrigues, Albert Colleman, Steven Colmeiro, Ramiro German Rodriguez Combalia, Marc Costa, Anthony Cui, Xiaomeng Dai, Zhenzhen Dai, Lutao Daza, Laura Alexandra Deutsch, Eric Ding, Changxing Dong, Chao Dong, Shidu Dudzik, Wojciech Eaton-Rosen, Zach Egan, Gary Escudero, Guilherme Estienne, Tho Everson, Richard Fabrizio, Jonathan Fan, Yong Fang, Longwei Feng, Xue Ferrante, Enzo Fidon, Lucas Fischer, Martin French, Andrew P. Fridman, Naomi Fu, Huan Fuentes, David Gao, Yaozong Gates, Evan Gering, David Gholami, Amir Gierke, Willi Glocker, Ben Gong, Mingming Gonzlez-Vill, Sandra Grosges, T. Guan, Yuanfang Guo, Sheng Gupta, Sudeep Han, Woo-Sup Han, Il Song Harmuth, Ko Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics University of Bern Bern Switzerland Center for MR-Research University Children's Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland Support Centre for Advanced Neuroimaging Inselspital Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Bern University Hospital Bern Switzerland University Hospital of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia United States Image-Based Biomedical Modeling Group Technical University of Munich Munich Germany Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai Health System New YorkNY United States Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research FrederickMD21701 United States Cancer Imaging Program National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20814 United States Department of Neurology University of Alabama at Birmingham BirminghamAL United States Department of Diagnostic Radiology University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center HoustonTX United States Department of Psychology Washington University St. LouisMO United States Neuroimaging Informatics and Analysis Center Washington University St. LouisMO United States Department of Radiology Washington University St. LouisMO United States Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Rostock Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6 Rostock18057 Germany Tata Memorial Centre Homi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai India Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology Nanded India NVIDIA Santa Clara

Gliomas are the most common primary brain malignancies, with different degrees of aggressiveness, variable prognosis and various heterogeneous histologic sub-regions, i.e., peritumoral edematous/invaded tissue, necrotic core, active and non-enhancing core. This intrinsic heterogeneity is also portrayed in their radio-phenotype, as their sub-regions are depicted by varying intensity profiles disseminated across multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) scans, reflecting varying biological properties. Their heterogeneous shape, extent, and location are some of the factors that make these tumors difficult to resect, and in some cases inoperable. The amount of resected tumor is a factor also considered in longitudinal scans, when evaluating the apparent tumor for potential diagnosis of progression. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that accurate segmentation of the various tumor sub-regions can offer the basis for quantitative image analysis towards prediction of patient overall survival. This study assesses the state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) methods used for brain tumor image analysis in mpMRI scans, during the last seven instances of the International Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenge, i.e., 2012-2018. Specifically, we focus on i) evaluating segmentations of the various glioma sub-regions in pre-operative mpMRI scans, ii) assessing potential tumor progression by virtue of longitudinal growth of tumor sub-regions, beyond use of the RECIST/RANO criteria, and iii) predicting the overall survival from pre-operative mpMRI scans of patients that underwent gross total resection. Finally, we investigate the challenge of identifying the best ML algorithms for each of these tasks, considering that apart from being diverse on each instance of the challenge, the multi-institutional mpMRI BraTS dataset has also been a continuously evolving/growing dataset. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Tumors

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