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Depth-resolved characterization of cryogenic hard turned surface layer of AISI 52100 by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy investigations

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 108卷 66-71页

作者： Werner Ankener Marek Smaga Julian Uebel Jörg Seewig Felix Grossmann Stephan Basten Benjamin Kirsch Jan C. Aurich Tilmann Beck Institute of Materials Science and Engineering TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany Institute for Measurement and Sensor Technology TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Production Systems TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

In this study, the cryogenic hard turned surface layer of AISI 52100 steel was characterized by depth-resolved investigations of the residual stresses and the austenitic phase content from the surface to a depth of 100 µm. The specimens were manufactured with machining parameters that were chosen based on an empiric model of cryogenic turning. Significant differences were quantified between the specimens regarding residual stresses and the austenitic phase content down to a depth of 20 µm. Here, Grazing Incidence XRD and FIB technique were applied to analyze the mechanically and thermally induced white layer regarding their austenitic phase content and microstructure.

关键词： AISI 52100 Cryogenic hard turning Surface integrity GIXRD Residual stress Retained austenite

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Predictive modelling of cryogenic hard turning of AISI 52100 based on response surface methodology for the use in soft sensors

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 108卷 270-275页

作者： Felix Grossmann Stephan Basten Benjamin Kirsch Werner Ankener Marek Smaga Tilmann Beck Julian Uebel Jörg Seewig Jan C. Aurich Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Production Systems TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany Institute of Materials Science and Engineering TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany Institute for Measurement and Sensor Technology TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler-Str. 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

This paper focuses on the development of an empirical model for the use in soft sensors to predict the surface layer properties of AISI 52100 machined via cryogenic hard turning. By using response surface methodology, a multiple regression is performed to achieve correlations between the process parameters, the process forces and the temperature, as well as the residual stresses and the austenite content. The results show a predictive R 2 of over 0.75 and indicate that the empirical model can be used in soft sensors for a process control of cryogenic hard turning.

关键词： Predictive Model Hard Machining Surface Integrity Process Control Cryogenic cooling

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Portable Electronic Devices in Cabin and Cockpit – Analysis of Hazards

Portable Electronic Devices in Cabin and Cockpit – Analysis...

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AIAA Science and technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2025

作者： Holz, Simon Pfaff, Jonas Kuder, Jürgen Schopferer, Sebastian May, Michael Norrefeldt, Victor Pathak, Arnav Pschirer, Marie Kienberger, Maximilian Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Ernst-Mach-Institut Research Group Computational Physics EMI Dpt. Materials and Simulation Methods Freiburg79104 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Dpt. Measurement and Sensor Technology Ernst-Mach-Institut EMI Freiburg79104 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed Dynamics Department Resilience Safety and Security Ernst-Mach-Institut EMI Freiburg79104 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP Research Group Vehicle Climate Control Systems Dpt. Indoor Climate Valley83626 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP Valley83626 Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781624107238

ISBN: (纸本)9781624107238

Multiple portable electronic devices (PED) such as smartphones and laptops are carried during flight in cabin and cockpit by passenger and crew. When the Lithium-Ion batteries of PEDs go into thermal runaway flammable and toxic gases are released. In the first part of this study a total of 26 laptops, tablets, smartphones, and power tool batteries have been forced into thermal runaway in a ventilated test box (V=350 l, V=13 l/s) observing smoke and fire as the main hazards. Correlations of the venting volume depending on the energy content of the PED are presented. The volume released during fire hazard is seven times the volume released during smoke hazard. Up to 3 l of electrolyte and up to 0.4 l hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride and formaldehyde as well as up 20 l of combustion products of plastics are released during the full test time. For tablets and smartphones, the smoldering of plastics prior to the thermal runaway could be noted visually and due to a rise in propane emissions. In the second part of this study thermal runaway tests with laptops in a A320 mockup (V=13 m³) under realistic ventilation (V=60 l/s) are presented. The nine tested laptops were used to generate thermal runaway events on the floor, on seats and in the overhead bin. The increase of air temperature in the cabin depends on the distance from the floor, and may be as high as 60 K. The CO2 concentration level in the cabin increases and it takes 16 to 26 min to restore 105 % of the level measured prior to thermal runaway. Finally, the absolute amounts of vent gases are presented and clustered for e.g. toxic and flammable gases or evaporated electrolyte. The presented data will enable the prediction of local concentrations inside occupied areas of the cabin during thermal runaway by CFD simulations. © 2025, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fire hazards

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Lensless Near-Field Imaging with Enhanced Deep Super-Resolution Towards Real-Time Intraoperative Tumor Classification

Lensless Near-Field Imaging with Enhanced Deep Super-Resolut...

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Imaging systems and Applications, ISA 2022

作者： Czarske, J.W. Wang, T. Wu, J. Uckermann, O. Galli, R. Kuschmierz, R. Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor Systems TU Dresden Helmholtzstrasse 18 Dresden01069 Germany TU Dresden Dresden Germany State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments Department of Precision Instruments Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden Dresden Germany Division of Medical Biology Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden Germany Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden Germany

A deep learning assisted fiber endoscopy is proposed. Resolutions beyond physical limitations are achieved, resulting in increased tumor diagnostic accuracy. This method is promising for rapid minimal-invasive intraop... 详细信息

ISBN: (纸本)9781557528209

关键词： Tumors

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Analytical Description of the Deformation Under Load of a Planar Weighting Cell

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Jahn, Hannes Fröhlich, Thomas Zentner, Lena Mechanics of Compliant Systems Group Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau P.O. Box 100565 Ilmenau98684 Germany Institute for Process Measurement and Sensor Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Technische Universität Ilmenau P.O. Box 100565 Ilmenau98684 Germany

Compliant mechanisms with solid-state hinges are gaining prominence in research and industry due to their desirable attributes like reproducibility, zero backlash and low maintenance requirements. Load cells, a type of compliant mechanism, find frequent application in force measurement and weighing technology. They can be categorized into strain-based cells and compensation ***-based load cells, considered deformation-based cells, are commonly seen in household kitchen scales. These cells register deformation caused by a load, measured as resistance using strain gauges. Current design methods rely on finite element simulations or complex empirical approaches, but an analytical approach is also *** theory of large deflections of rod-like structures proves suitable for analytically describing compliant mechanisms, which are symmetric along the beam axis. It enables the analysis of deformations and strains along the entire beam axis, which is crucial for measuring forces. This paper aims to develop an analytical model for describing such load cells, which consist of transversally symmetric hinges and, therefore, are not described analytically. Additionally, the authors aim to implement the developed model in a user-friendly graphical interface for broader accessibility. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Strain gages

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Fiber-optic multimode interference sensing: comprehensive characterization and its potential for strain-insensitive temperature sensing

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Wang, Kun Mizuno, Yosuke Dong, Xingchen Kurz, Wolfgang Fink, Maximilian Lee, Heeyoung Jakobi, Martin Koch, Alexander W. Technical University of Munich Germany Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology Munich80333 Germany Yokohama National University Faculty of Engineering Yokohama240-8501 Japan College of Engineering Shibaura Institute of Technology Tokyo135-8548 Japan

A strain-insensitive temperature sensor based on multimode interference using standard multimode fibers (MMFs) is proposed according to the comprehensive study of the characteristics of the MMFs. The temperature and strain dependences on the core diameter, numerical aperture (NA), and the length of the MMF section in the single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure are investigated experimentally. The results indicate that the larger core diameter of the MMF leads to higher temperature sensitivity but lower strain sensitivity (absolute values);the higher NA does not influence the temperature sensitivity but results in higher absolute value of strain sensitivity;the longer MMF section brings lower temperature sensitivity but does not have an impact on strain sensitivity. These findings also contribute to the theoretical analysis of the length dependence in the SMS fiber sensors. Besides, the results of the characterization study show that the strain sensitivity is relatively low, which brings a possibility to develop a strain-insensitive temperature sensor. The proposed sensor is used for temperature sensing while the strain is constantly applied from 0 to 1100 µΕ with steps of 100 µΕ. The measured results are consistent with the comprehensive study. The mean temperature sensitivity is 6.14 pm/◦C with a standard deviation of 0.39 pm/◦C, which proves that the proposed temperature sensor exhibits good stability and is insensitive to strain. We expect that these results will provide a profound guideline to fiber sensors based on multimode interference. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Multimode fibers

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Corrigendum to “Flexsensor: Automated measurement software for rapid photonic circuits capturing” [SoftwareX, Volume 27, September 2024, 101879]

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SoftwareX 2024年 28卷

作者： Christoph Schmidt Jakob Wilhelm Hinum-Wagner Reinhard Klambauer Alexander Bergmann Graz University of Technology Institute of Electrical Measurement and Sensor Systems Graz Austria ams-OSRAM AG Tobelbaderstraße 30 Premstaetten Austria

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Modeling of Motion Distortion Effect of Scanning LiDAR sensors for Simulation-based Testing

TechRxiv

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TechRxiv 2023年

作者： Haider, Arsalan Haas, Lukas Koyama, Shotaro Elster, Lukas Köhler, Michael H. Schardt, Michael Zeh, Thomas Inoue, Hideo Jakobi, Martin Koch, Alexander W. IFM–Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility Kempten University of Applied Sciences Junkersstrasse 1A Benningen87734 Germany Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology Technical University of Munich Arcisstrasse 21 Munich80333 Germany Kanagawa Institute of Technology Shimoogino 1030 Kanagawa Atsugi243-0292 Japan Institute of Automotive Engineering Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt64289 Germany Blickfeld GmbH Barthstrasse 12 Munich80339 Germany

Automated vehicles use light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors for environmental scanning. However, the relative motion between the scanning LiDAR sensor and objects leads to a distortion of the point cloud. This phenomenon is known as the motion distortion effect, significantly degrading the sensor’s object detection capabilities and generating false negative or false positive errors. In this work, we have introduced ray tracing-based deterministic and analytical approaches to model the motion distortion effect on the scanning LiDAR sensor’s performance for simulation-based testing. In addition, we have performed dynamic test drives at a proving ground to compare real LiDAR data with the motion distortion effect simulation data. The real-world scenarios, the environmental conditions, the digital twin of the scenery, and the object of interest (OOI) are replicated in the virtual environment of commercial software to obtain the synthetic LiDAR data. The real and the virtual test drives are compared frame by frame to validate the motion distortion effect modeling. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the occupied cell ratio (OCR), and the Barons cross-correlation coefficient (BCC) are used to quantify the correlation between the virtual and the real LiDAR point cloud data. The results show that the deterministic approach matches the real measurements better than the analytical approach for the scenarios in which the yaw rate of the ego vehicle changes rapidly. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Optical radar

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AC-DC Single Phase Rectifiers for Nanocomposite based Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

AC-DC Single Phase Rectifiers for Nanocomposite based Flexib...

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IEEE SSD International Multi-Conference on systems, Signals and Devices

作者： Meriam Ben Ammar Ghada Bouattour Ayda Bouhamed Salwa Sahnoun Ahmed Fakhfakh Olfa Kanoun Chair of Measurement and Sensor Technology Chemnitz University Germany Laboratory of Signals Systems Artificial Intelligence and Networks Digital Research Center of Sfax University of Sfax Tunisia

Flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters have drawn attention for their potential use as power sources for wearable electronics. However, the harnessed energy cannot be directly connected to load systems. Power conditioning circuits are extremely needed to achieve conditioned and rectified signals. However, there is still no complete overview available, which exhaustively describes and classify the existing AC-DC rectifiers for flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting (F-PEH). In this paper, different rectifiers were investigated, compared, and evaluated. The strengths and limitations of the interfaces were addressed based on the results obtained. These show that for nanocomposite based F-PEH, the parallel Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor (P-SSHI) resonant rectification technique delivers better performance than the full bridge, voltage doubler and CMOS rectifiers by increasing the electromechanical conversion as well as the power extraction efficiency by 200 % than the standard single-phase full bridge rectifier which has a more stable output than the half wave voltage doubler.

关键词： Vibrations Wearable computers Rectifiers Bridge circuits Switches Reliability engineering Energy harvesting

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Micro milling of areal material measures -Study on surface generation for different up and down milling strategies 5

Micro milling of areal material measures -Study on surface g...

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5th CIRP Conference on Surface Integrity, CSI 2020

作者： Klauer, Katja Eifler, Matthias Kirsch, Benjamin Seewig, Jörg Aurich, Jan C. Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Production Systems TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler Str. Kaiserslautern67663 Germany Institute for Measurement and Sensor-Technology TU Kaiserslautern Gottlieb-Daimler Str. Kaiserslautern67663 Germany

Ball end micro milling is a suitable process for the manufacturing of freeform surfaces and therefore appropriate for the manufacturing of material measures according to ISO 25178-70. In previous studies of the authors, ball end micro milling of areal material measures with specified microstructures was experimentally investigated and the influence of the cutting parameters, as well as the influence of the control dataset parameters and the tilt angle were systematically analyzed. The influences of the surface generation strategy (up or down milling) and the chosen tool path on the surface quality of the manufactured structure are investigated experimentally in this study. For this purpose, a full factorial experimental design is created in which two different areal material measure geometries (ACS and AFL as described in ISO 25178-70) are examined applying two different tools in two different surface generation strategies (up or down milling). In addition, two different cases per surface generation strategy are tested: the tool is retracted in the milled groove (case 1: reverse movement with engaged tool) or the tool is lifted between two paths (case 2: reverse movement without tool contact). On the basis of these two cases it is possible to evaluate how the repeatability of the z-axis (case 1) or the smaller short-wavelength roughness due to the second cut (case 2) influences the surface quality of the milled structure. In addition, a meander-shaped tool path is tested as reference: the tool moves alternately in up and down milling direction without lifting from the workpiece. The meander-shaped tool path is the most time-efficient and was applied in previous studies. As a result, information on the influence of the milling strategy on dimensional accuracy and surface roughness is provided. The quality of the manufactured surfaces is compared both quantitatively (based on areal surface texture parameters) and qualitatively (measured topography compared to nominal

关键词： Surface properties

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