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USING VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS IN THE design OF SHIPS

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 91-106页

作者： JONS, OP RYAN, JC JONES, GW Otto P. Jons:received a Diplom Ing. in shipbuilding from the Technical University of Hanover W. Germany and an MS in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT. He then joined Litton Ship Systems where he was responsible for the preliminary design of the DD-963 hull structure and then for ship system integration as manager LHA ship systems engineering department. From 1972 to 1974 he was the principal research scientist at Hydronautics. In 1974 as technical director he helped establish the Crystal City office of Designers and Planners. Mr. Jons was one of the co-founders of Advanced Marine Enterprises Inc. in 1976 where he serves as corporate vice president engineering. J. Christopher Ryan:earned his bachelors and masters degrees in naval architecture from Webb Institute and MIT respectively. He spent three years at the advanced marine technology division of Litton Industries working on the DD-963 class ship design and related computer aided design projects. He subsequently went to the Navy Department concentrating on early stage design of surface combatants for twelve years including work on the FFG-7 Sea Control Ship CSGN and CVV aircraft carrier projects. He then shifted focus and became the Technical Director for the Computer Supported Design Program in NavSea for five years. Mr. Ryan has served in several supervisory positions within the Ship Design Group in NavSea since that time. He is currently the director of the future ship concepts division. Gary W. Jones:graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1971 with a BS in mechanical engineering and followed up with graduate work at George Washington University and the University of Maryland. Mr. Jones was with the Naval Sea Systems Command from 1971 until 1988 where he was a naval architect in the submarine section of the hull form design division. In 1988 he was detailed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) where he became the program manager for the advanced submarine technology program's hydrodynamic hydroac

A major contributor to the expense and length of time to design, build, and test new systems has been the need to build and test hardware prototypes to determine their effectiveness in meeting operational requirements. Recent and dramatic advances in computer simulation technologies hold forth the promise of revolutionizing design and acquisition strategies by providing the means to validate end users' requirements prior to hardware construction. By designing and operationally testing virtual prototypes in a virtual environment, these technologies will soon offer naval architects the ability to build and launch ships in computer-based cyberspace in lieu of the shipbuilder's ways. The authors of this paper provide the background for these developments, explore the significance and ramifications of these technologies to the current process of ship and system design, outline challenges lying ahead, and present their vision and recommendations for future development.

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MAIN PROPULSION POWER TAKE-OFF CONFIGURATION FOR AN ETC GUN PULSED-POWER GENERATOR

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 52-58页

作者： PETTERSEN, KE BIELITZ, CL CIANCI, J Kenneth E. Pettersen:graduated from the University of Maryland Baltimore County in J 978. He is a mechanical engineer in the power systems directorate of the Annapolis Detachment Carde-rock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center (formerly David Taylor Research Center) and has been with the Department of the Navy since 1981. Mr. Pettersen worked for the Naval Sea Systems Command from May 1981 until June 1985. He has been employed with NSWC Annapolis Detachment since June 1985. Charles L. Bielitz:is a mechanical engineer in the mechanical transmissions branch of Annapolis Detachment Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center where he has worked for the past six years. He received his BSME from Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1981. Prior to joining NSWC Annapolis he was employed by the General Electric Company in the medium steam turbine department. John Cianci:received his ASME from Tufts University in 1958 and his BSME from Tufts University in 1962. Mr. Cianci joined General Electric in 1954. He has thirty-seven years of experience in design manufacturing testing installation and customer support of high speed high power industrial marine and Navy gearing bearings couplings and lube systems. His experience includes positions of both engineer and manager in the areas of gear design gear products quality control and gear manufacturing engineering he is currently technical leader Gear Development Programs. He is a member of the American Gear Manufacturers Association and is on the Marine and High Speed Gearing committees.

Electro-Thermal Chemical (ETC) Gun technology will increase the range and capabilities of existing CIWS and 5 inch guns. Because of their faster, yet more controllable acceleration, ETC guns will allow for the utilization of smart munitions and, in the case of the 5 inch guns, increase range to beyond 50 nautical miles. This paper examines five power take-off (PTO) gear configurations from a surface ship class main reduction gears (MRG's) which drive a nominal 10 Megawatt (MW) Pulsed Power (PP) generator. The PP generator is utilized to charge a capacitor-based pulsed forming network (PFN) which, in turn, provides an electrical pulse to the cartridge of a munition at the breech of an ETC gun upon demand. The PTO gear and resultant placement of the generator will be the major focus of this paper. Major issues that will be examined will include space constraints within the main engine and auxiliary machinery rooms, gear sizing, survivability, shock and vibration, the penetration of watertight bulkheads with high speed shafting and equipment accessibility. Also, design guidelines for the PP generator will be provided. Special emphasis will be placed on the connection of the PTO gear to the MRGs.

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EFFECTS OF SAMPLE ISOLATION AND HANDLING ON THE RECOVERY OF PURGEABLE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第2期14卷 142-152页

作者： GIBS, J IMBRIGIOTTA, TE FICKEN, JH PANKOW, JF ROSEN, ME Jacob Gibs is a water quality specialist with the USGS Water Resources Division (810 Bear Tavern Rd. Ste. 206 West Trenton NJ 08628). He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1968 his M.S. in environmental engineering in 1975 and his Ph.D. in environmental engineering in 1983 all from Drexel University in Philadelphia. His research interests include evaluating representative ground water and surface water sampling techniques for trace levels of organic and inorganic compounds and designing new sampling devices. Thomas E. Imbrigiotta received a B.S. in chemistry with a concentration in environmental studies from Oakland University Rochester Michigan in 1975. He then attended the University of Wisconsin Madison and received an M.S. in water chemistry in 1982. He has been a hydrologist with the USGS Water Resources Division (810 Bear Tavern Rd. Ste. 206 West Trenton NJ 08628) since 1977. He worked in the Indiana District from 1977 to 1984 prior to coming to the New Jersey District. Currently he is project coordinator for the Picatinny Research project a study of the fate and transport of chlorinated solvents in ground water at Picatinny Arsenal New Jersey. Previously he was chief of a project evaluating sampling techniques for organics in ground water. James H. Ficken worked for the USGS Water Resources Division as a chemical engineer from 1964 to 1992. He received his B.S. in chemical engineering in 1962 from Washington University in St. Louis Missouri. His research interests were water quality instrumentation and sensors that measure real-time environmental data. He contributed as a team member to the design and development of the USGS water quality flow-through and mini-monitor system. Ficken passed away in 1992. James F. Pankow is a professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Oregon Graduate Institute (Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Department of Environmental Science and Engineering P.O. Box 1900 Portland OR 97291–1000). He

This report compares the recovery of purgeable organic compounds (POCs) obtained by using a downhole isobaric sampler developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, a helical-rotor submersible pump, and a point source bailer to collect and isolate samples of ground water from three wells in New York and New Jersey, the samples contained a total of 13 POCs detectable at concentrations ranging from 0.5 mug/L to about 400 mug/L. This report also compares the effects of sample handling, specifically the differences in POC concentration recovery when an isobaric sample container is filled at land surface vs. when it is filled downhole, and when samples are taken using a bailer with and without a bottom-emptying device. These case studies are used to quantify the possible effects of different sample-isolation and sample-handling techniques on POC recovery. The relative effectiveness of the three devices varied by site and by compound. Overall, the POC recoveries achieved by using the helical-rotor submersible pump and the downhole isobaric sampler were not significantly different at the 95 percent confidence level. POC recovery obtained by using the point source bailer was 11 percent lower overall. The downhole isobaric sampler results exhibited smaller coefficients of variation than did the helical-rotor submersible pump or the point-source bailer results. However, the differences between the coefficients of variation of the downhole isobaric sampler and those of the helical-rotor submersible pump were not significant the 95 percent confidence level. The nonsignificant smaller coefficient of variation of the downhole isobaric sampler apparently resulted from two fewer sample handling steps that exposed the sample water to ambient air. An independent experiment performed with a different downhole sampler at one of the wells used in this investigation produced a similar statistical result. Also, the POC recovery obtained by pouring sample water out the top Of a point source bail

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ACTIVE MASS DAMPER DEMONSTRATION FOR SHIP VIBRATION REDUCTION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 46-52页

作者： KAKINOUCHI, T ASANO, T TANIDA, K TAKAHASHI, N Tsutomu Kakinouchi:is employed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. in the Hull Design Group of the Naval and Special Vessel Engineering and Design Department where he is charged with performing design studies in structural strength and the vibration of hulls. He completed a postgraduate course in naval architecture and received a master of engineering degree from Kyushu University in 1984 Faculty of Engineering. He is a member of The Society of Naval Architects of Japan and the West-Japan Society of Naval Architects. Toshio Asano:is employed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. as Hull Structure Design Group section manager in the Naval and Special Vessel Engineering and Design Department where he has responsibility for design studies in structural strength and the vibration of hulls. He received a bachelor of engineering degree from Yokohama National University in 1971 Faculty of Engineering Department of Naval Architecture. He is a member of The Society of Naval Architects of Japan. Dr. Koji Tanida:is employed by the Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. Research Institute as Vibration and Triboology Department section manager. He is charged with research and development studies in vibration control. He received a bachelor of engineering degree in 1970 and a doctor of engineering degree in 1987 from Yokohama National University Faculty of Engineering Department of Naval Architecture. Dr. Tanida is a member of The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Japan Society of Civil Engineers The Society of Naval Architects of Japan and The Kansai Society of Naval Architects Japan. Norio Takahashi:is employed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co. Ltd. as the Machinery and Structures Section manager in the Industrial Machinery Division. He is charged with design studies in vibration control. He received a bachelor of engineering degree in 1965 from the Tokyo Institute of Technology Faculty of Engineering Department of Control Engineering. He is a member of The Society of

Modern naval vessels, which mount a large number of advanced electronic equipment, require such equipment to be well protected against external disturbance, including particularly vibration. The conventional means of minimizing vibration is to increase structural rigidity, but this entails the increase of structural mass. If vibration could be suppressed by means of a lightweight compact device, it should immensely benefit naval vessel design. To this end, a two-axis active mass damper driven by a hydraulic actuator has been developed, which effectively reduces the vibration of ship superstructures. A prototype model damper unit has been tested in a laboratory, which proved to corroborate closely the high performance of the design estimated from simulated calculations. It is shown that;1. The acceleration generated in the model structure by a sinusoidal exciting vibration was reduced to about 1/5 upon actuation of the device, and 2. A similar reduction of acceleration, to about 1/5, was obtained when the exciting vibration wave pattern reproduced the actual movement of a ship at sea.

关键词： Ships

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COMPARISON OF DOWNHOLE AND SURFACE SAMPLING FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS (VOCS) IN GROUND-WATER

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1992年第1期12卷 126-133页

作者： ROSEN, ME PANKOW, JF GIBS, J IMBRIGIOTTA, TE Michael E. Rosen received his B.A. in chemistry from the State University of New York at Binghamton in 1981 and a Ph.D. in environmental science and engineering from the Oregon Graduate Institute in 1988. His research interests include trace environmental analysis of organic compounds. He is now manager of the Voluntary Cleanup Section of the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (Environmental Cleanup Division 811 S.W. 6th Ave. Portland OR 97204) where he is working to develop streamlined procedures and processes for the investigation and cleanup of hazardous substance sites. James F. Pankow is professor and chairman of the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Oregon Graduate Institute (Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Department of Environmental Science and Engineering 19600 N.W. von Neumann Dr. Beaverton OR 97006–1999). He received his B.A. in chemistry in 1973 from the State University of New York in Binghamton and his Ph.D. in environmental engineering science from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena California in 1979. His group is involved in the study of the physical and chemical processes affecting the behavior of organic and inorganic chemicals in the environment. This work includes the development and application of sensitive analytical methods for the determination of trace organic contaminants in ground water systems. Jacob Gibs is an environmental engineer with the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division (810 Bear Tavern Rd. Ste. 207 West Trenton NJ 08628). He received a B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1968 an M.S. in environmental engineering in 1975 and a Ph.D. in environmental engineering in 1983 all from Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania. He is currently project chief of a study on representative sampling of ground water for trace levels of organic compounds. His research interests include evaluating ground water sampling techniques and devices for purgeable organic compounds design of sampling

The relative precision and accuracy of sampling and analysis methods for the determination of trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water were compared. Samples were collected from a well containing nanogram-per-liter (ng/L) to microgram-per-liter (mu-g/L) levels of VOCs. A Keck helical rotor submersible pump was used to collect samples at the surface for analysis by purge and trap (P&T) and for analysis by adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD). Downhole samples were collected by passing water through an ATD cartridge. Although slight spontaneous bubble outgassing occurred when the water was brought to the surface, the relative precisions and comparabilities of the surface and downhole methods were generally found to be equivalent from a statistical point of view. A main conclusion of this study is that bringing sample water to the surface for placement in VOC vials (and subsequent analysis by P&T) can be done reliably under many circumstances. However, care must still be taken to prevent adsorption losses and cross contamination. Samples subject to strong bubble outgassing will need to be handled in a special fashion (e.g., by downhole ATD) to minimize volatilization losses. Additionally, the higher sensitivity of the ATD method allows lower detection limits than are possible with P&T. For example, several compounds present at the ng/L level could be determined with confidence by ATD, but not by P&T.

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WIND VECTOR DERIVATION USING THE SSR MODE-S DATA LINK

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF systems SCIENCE 1991年第8期22卷 1495-1508页

作者： REKKAS, CM TSIOUMAS, SA KRIKELIS, NJ Control Systems Section Department of Mechanical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens Patission 10682 Greece

The need for good meterological data is a problem of great importance for the aviation community. This need is related to areas of major interest such as aircraft operating costs and the Air Traffic control systems automation. The wind vector derivation problem is investigated and a simple algorithm is proposed, capable of running together with all potential trackers. The new algorithm requires the transmission of the on board heading and true air speed measurements to the ground station via the Secondary Surveillance Radar Mode S data link. The algorithm performance is evaluated, and the results obtained are shown to be very satisfactory.

关键词： Anemometers

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STRESS-ANALYSIS AND LIFE PREDICTIONS OF SHIP PROPULSION SYSTEM GAS-TURBINE UPTAKE STRUCTURES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 263-274页

作者： FARRINGTON, HO FALK, PT MORRONE, A SAVORELLI, S Herbert O. Farrington:is a senior designer in the Machinery Arrangements Design Branch Propulsion Systems Subgroup Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) Washington D.C. He has been employed by the Department of the Navy for the past 29 years with the last 19 years in his current position. At NavSea he is responsible for the life cycle management of machinery arrangement design and intake/uptake design for naval surface ships. He attended the University of New Hampshire is a member of ASE and has published aDeckplatemagazine article. P. T. Falk:is an advisory engineer for Teledyne Brown Engineering Huntsville Alabama. While contributing towards Navy ship gas turbine uptake development he was employed as a principal engineer at Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He has over 25 years of experience in the structural analysis testing and design of nuclear and ship components and lightweight aerospace structures. He is a graduate of the Universtiy of Hartford Hartford Conn. with a BS degree in mechanical engineering and is a member of the Society for Experimental Mechanics. Anthony Morrone:is manager of the Structural Mechanics Section Propulsion Systems Department Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division (MTD) Pittsburgh Penn. He has over 30 years of experience in structural dynamics and stress analysis on nuclear power plant components and Navy ship equipment. At MTD he directs dynamic shock vibrations finite element stress and fracture mechanics analyses for Navy propulsion systems equipment. He received a BS degree in civil engineering from Ohio University Athens Ohio and an MS degree in engineering from the University of Akron Akron Ohio. He has published and presented sixteen technical papers and holds membership in ASNE and ASME. Sam Savorelli:is a principal engineer in the Structural Mechanics Section Propulsion Systems Department Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division (MTD) Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He has 20 years experience in flow-induced vibra

Gas turbine uptakes in some FFG-7 class ships have undergone cracking, a consequence of cyclic thermal stresses that occur during startup and powered operation. Because of this cracking, mainly in duct walls and some stiffeners, NavSea redesigned the FFG-7 class uptake, and ship designers have improved designs for new ship classes such as DDG-51 and MCM-1. These new designs employ insulation schemes and other features to reduce the thermal stresses associated with a gas turbine startup transient. This paper discusses the finite element methodology and thermal transient stress results of analyses on the redesigned FFG-7 class uptake, and the DDG-51 class and MCM-1 class gas turbine uptakes. It briefly describes the applicable ASME Code criteria and follows this discussion with a fatigue life evaluation with regard to crack initiation. Some design features that would mitigate thermal transient stresses due to startup, such as placement of insulation, stiffeners, and thicknesses are presented. A description is given of the dynamic shock analysis methodology used for shock qualification, and the application of computational fracture mechanics to predict the remaining life of the uptake at a location with an initial crack.

关键词： Gas Turbines

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CAD CAM MANUFACTURING OF PROTOTYPE SHIPBOARD COMPONENTS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第3期102卷 93-99页

作者： CALVERT, TE RODRIGUEZ, FA SLEBZAK, JS Thomas E. Calvert P.E.: is a senior project engineer with the Propulsion and Auxiliary Systems Department David Taylor Research Center Annapolis Md. His interests include application of computers to all aspects of engineering with particular emphasis on utilization of small computers. Mr. Calvert is a licensed professional engineer in Maryland. He received a BSEE from Drexel University in 1969 and since that time has completed a number of graduate courses related to machinery acoustics. Francisco A. Rodriguez:is an engineer with the Propulsion and Auxiliary Systems Department David Taylor Research Center. He was formerly with the Computer-Aided Design/Interactive Graphics Group of the Division of Engineering and Weapons U.S. Naval Academy. His interests include interfacing the computer aided design to the computer aided manufacturing along with related software and hardware development. Mr. Rodriguez received a BSEEfrom the University of Virginia in 1968. James S. Slebzak:is a mechanical engineering technician with the Propulsion and Auxiliary Systems Department David Taylor Research Center. He received his machinists papers in 1971 after serving his apprenticeship at David Taylor Research Center. He continued his education and became the senior numerical control programmer at the Annapolis Laboratory. He completed his mechanical technology degree from Anne Arundel Community College in 1986. His interests are in the application of numerically controlled manufacturing techniques to prototype machinery components.

The machine shop at the Annapolis Laboratory of the David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) provides model making and prototype support to a large variety of naval ship related engineering projects. In order to meet these challenging requirements, computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques are being used to produce “one of a kind” prototypes or very low volume production parts. The use of computer aides in these cases is to facilitate the accurate manufacture of a difficult part, rather than to improve manufacturing efficiencies. In addition, the approach provides the flexibility required to support research and development projects. Several examples of prototype shipboard components manufactured using CAD/CAM techniques are presented in this paper. The hardware and software that facilitated these projects are discussed. The examples described have met the requirements to produce a wide variety of prototype shipboard machinery components quickly and accurately.

关键词： Ship Equipment

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FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY OF COMPOSITE-MATERIALS FOR MARINE VEHICLES

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 45-54页

作者： SEVART, JL GRIFFIN, OH GURDAL, Z WARNER, GA Jeffrey L. Sevart:is a native of Kansas and a 1985 graduate of Kansas State University with a B.S. in mechanical engineering (magna cum laude). After working as a stress analysis engineer at Boeing Military Airplane Company in Wichita Kans. he attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and received an M.S. in engineering mechanics in February 1988. He currently resides in Akron Ohio working as a research engineer in tire composites research at The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. O. Hayden Griffin Jr.:received his B.S. and M.S. in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University in 1970 and 1971 respectively. He received his Ph.D. in engineering mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1980. Prior to joining the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as associate professor of engineering science and mechanics in September 1985 he was employed at the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center (Dahlgren Virginia) BF Goodrich Tire Group (Akron Ohio) the Bendix Advanced Technology Center (Columbia Maryland) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Laurel Maryland). He is currently an associate director of the Virginia Institute for Material Systems. He is a registered professional engineer in Virginia and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Composites. Zafer Gürdal:received his M.S. in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985. He worked as a research associate in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department at Virginia Tech before joining the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department as an assistant professor in September 1985. Professor Gürdal's research interests include: composite structures failure mechanics of composites structural optimization and damage tolerant design. He is a member of the American Institute

Characteristics of both thermoplastic and thermoset composite materials as they pertain to marine vehicle applications are discussed. Comparison of various material selection factors such as strength, damage and moisture resistance, and flammability and toxicity as well as cost and availability of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials are presented. Methods for testing and reducing the flammability and toxicity are discussed. Many commercially available composite systems are reported to provide favorable characteristics for marine applications. Although there seems to be a need for improved production technology for thermoplastics, they present potential advantages in physical properties over thermoset composites.

关键词： Composite Materials

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SIMPLIFICATION OF GAS-TURBINE INTAKE ANTI-ICE systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第1期100卷 45-52页

作者： EXELL, JR KILLINGER, A LCdr. John R. Excell: USN received a bachelor of architecture from the University of Michigan and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the U. S. Navy Postgraduate School. He was commissioned in 1973 serving first as damage control assistant aboard USSGuadalcanal(LPH-7) and later as commissioning main propulsion assistant on USSMerrill(DD-976). He became an engineering duty officer in 1979 and served at Norfolk Naval Shipyard as senior ship superintendent for six ships and later within the shipyard Design Department. In May 1984 LCdr. Exell was assigned to the DD-963 Class Special Projects Office as program manager for air system improvements including the bleed air and anti-ice systems. He recently completed the Defense Systems Management College Ft. Belvoir VA and returned to NavSea PMS 377 as deputy for strategic sealift programs. Arthur Killinger:graduated from the University of Maryland in 1968 with a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering. He joined MPR Associates Inc. working on submarine safety design reviews following the loss of USSScorpion(SSN 589). After two years in the U.S. Army Nuclear Reactor Program and a year as U.S. Army engineer maintenance advisor in the Republic of Vietnam he returned to MPR Associates Inc. in 1972. Since then he has worked on nuclear power plant projects for several electric utilities as well as submarine and surface ship overhaul and maintenance improvement programs for the U.S. Navy. Mr. Killinger is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This paper describes the steps taken to simplify the gas turbine intake anti-ice systems on DD-963 and DDG-993 class ships. The anti-ice system was designed and built as fully-automatic protection against intake duct icing on main propulsion turbines and electric generator turbines. Operating experience with the system indicated that it was nonfunctional more than 60% of the time. The system's poor availability was caused by its complexity, lack of use, lack of spare parts, poor training and documentation, and design and material problems. A Navy Independent design Review Team (IDRT) reexamined the technical bases for installing an automatic anti-ice system and demonstrated that automatic control was not necessary for gas turbine intake duct anti-icing. A series of design review calculations and shipboard tests confirmed that anti-icing protection could be provided by manual control of installed butterfly valves feeding hot air to each turbine intake. The time from the IDRT design simplification recommendations to the first modification of the anti-ice system was less than one year. To date, half of the 30 of the 35 ships in the two classes have been modified. This system simplification will result in life cycle maintenance cost savings in excess of 13 million dollars. Future CG-47 class and DDG-51 class ships will include this simplified approach to anti-ice system design for gas turbine intakes.

关键词： GAS TURBINES

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