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Role of di-interstitial clusters in oxygen transport in UO2+x from first principles

physical Review B 2009年第6期80卷 060101(R)-060101(R)页

作者： D. A. Andersson T. Watanabe C. Deo B. P. Uberuaga Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA

Using density functional theory, we examine a recently discovered structure for di-interstitial oxygen clusters in UO2+x in which three oxygen ions share one lattice site. This di-interstitial cluster exhibits a fast diffusion pathway; the migration barrier for these clusters is approximately half of that for mono-interstitials. Using kinetic Monte Carlo, we calculate the diffusivity of oxygen with and without the di-interstitial mechanism as a function of x and find that oxygen transport is significantly increased for higher values of x when the di-interstitial mechanism is included, agreeing much more closely with experimental data. These results emphasize the importance of clustering phenomena in UO2+x and have implications for the evolution of UO2+x.

关键词： density functional theory diffusion interstitials Monte Carlo methods uranium compounds

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Cooperativity among defect sites in AO2+x and A4O9 (A=U,Np,Pu): Density functional calculations

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physical Review B 2009年第2期79卷 024110-024110页

作者： D. A. Andersson J. Lezama B. P. Uberuaga C. Deo S. D. Conradson Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA Departamento de Fisica Aplicada CINVESTAV-Merida Merida Yucatan Mexico 97310 Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA

Actinide dioxides derived from the AO2 fluorite lattice are of high technological relevance due to their application in nuclear reactor fuels. In this paper we use density functional theory calculations to study the oxidation of uranium, neptunium and plutonium dioxides, AO2 (A=U, Np, or Pu), in O2 and O2/H2O environments. We pay particular attention to the formation of oxygen clusters (cooperativity) in AO2+x and how this phenomenon governs oxidation thermodynamics and the development of ordered A4O9 compounds. The so-called split di-interstitial, composed of two nearest-neighbor octahedral oxygen interstitials that dislocate one regular fluorite lattice oxygen ion to form a cluster of triangular geometry, is predicted to be the fundamental building block of the most stable cluster configurations. We also identify how the formation of oxygen defect clusters and the degree of oxidation in AO2+x are both governed by the ability of the O 2p orbitals of the interstitial-like (+x) ions to hybridize with regular fluorite lattice ions.

关键词： density functional theory fission reactor materials interstitials neptunium compounds oxidation plutonium compounds uranium compounds

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Cell free translation in engineered picoliter volume containers

Cell free translation in engineered picoliter volume contain...

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Annual ORNL Biomedical science & engineering Conference (BSEC)

作者： Piro Siuti Scott T. Retterer Chang Kyoung Choi Jason D. Fowlkes Mitchel J. Doktycz Genome Science and Technology program University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA Biosciences Division and the Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Michigan Technological University MI USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA Biosciences Division and the Center of Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424438372

Engineers seek to use biological design principles to manipulate information and import new functionality to synthetic devices. Such devices inspired by natural systems could, in turn, play a crucial role in allowing biologists to explore the effects of physical transport and extreme conditions of temperature and pH on reaction systems. For example, engineered reaction containers can be physically and chemically defined to control the flux of molecules of different sizes and charge. The design and testing of such a container is described here. It has a volume of 19 pL with defined slits of 200 nm. The device successfully contained DNA and protein molecules and is evaluated for carrying out cell-free protein synthesis. The effect of DNA concentration and slit size on protein yield is discussed.

关键词： Containers Biological materials Nanostructured materials Nanobioscience Laboratories DNA Biomembranes Design engineering Protein engineering Size control

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A new approach to measure melamine, cyanuric acid, and melamine cyanurate using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with gold nanosubstrates

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Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety 2008年第1期2卷 66-71页

作者： He, Lili Liu, Yang Lin, Mengshi Awika, Joseph Ledoux, David R. Li, Hao Mustapha, Azlin Food Science Program Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 United States Department of Animal Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 United States Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 United States

Vibrational spectroscopic characteristics of melamine, cyanuric acid, and melamine cyanurate were measured using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanosubstrates. Trace amounts of melamine and its analogues (cyanuric acid and melamine cyanurate) were characterized and quantified quickly and accurately by SERS in combination with partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Based on the relationship between the Raman intensity of the most prominent peak at around 676 cm-1 and log values of melamine concentrations, the limit of detection (LOD) of SERS for melamine was estimated to be 2.6 × 10-7 mol L-1 (∼33 ppb). An approximately 3 × 104 fold of enhancement factor for SERS signals of melamine on gold nanosubstrates was obtained. This result was based upon the comparison of the peak at around 676 cm-1 in the SERS spectra with that of normal Raman spectra of melamine in aqueous solutions. SERS spectra of cyanuric acid acquired from its solid form differ significantly from this compound in an aqueous solution, indicating a possible keto-enol isomerization reaction of cyanuric acid in water. When equal amounts of melamine and cyanuric acid were added together, spoke-like crystals of melamine cyanurate formed instantly, which could be measured and characterized by SERS. This study demonstrates that SERS could provide a fast and ultra-sensitive tool for detection and characterization of melamine and its derivative compounds in aqueous solutions. © Springer science+Business Media, LLC 2008.

关键词： Melamine

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Kinetics of excess oxygen migration in hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide

Kinetics of excess oxygen migration in hyperstoichiometric u...

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2008 Annual Meeting on American Nuclear Society

作者： Deo, Chaitanya Uberuaga, Blas P. George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0405 United States Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 United States

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Searches for cosmic-ray electron anisotropies with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

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physical Review D 2010年第9期82卷 092003-092003页

作者： M. Ackermann M. Ajello W. B. Atwood L. Baldini J. Ballet G. Barbiellini D. Bastieri K. Bechtol R. Bellazzini B. Berenji E. D. Bloom E. Bonamente A. W. Borgland A. Bouvier J. Bregeon A. Brez M. Brigida P. Bruel R. Buehler T. H. Burnett S. Buson G. A. Caliandro R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo S. Carrigan J. M. Casandjian C. Cecchi Ö. Çelik E. Charles A. Chekhtman C. C. Cheung J. Chiang S. Ciprini R. Claus J. Cohen-Tanugi J. Conrad A. Cuoco C. D. Dermer A. de Angelis F. de Palma S. W. Digel G. Di Bernardo E. do Couto e Silva P. S. Drell R. Dubois C. Favuzzi S. J. Fegan W. B. Focke M. Frailis Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco D. Gaggero F. Gargano S. Germani N. Giglietto P. Giommi F. Giordano M. Giroletti T. Glanzman G. Godfrey D. Grasso I. A. Grenier J. E. Grove S. Guiriec M. Gustafsson D. Hadasch A. K. Harding K. Hayashi E. Hays R. E. Hughes G. Jóhannesson A. S. Johnson W. N. Johnson T. Kamae H. Katagiri J. Kataoka M. Kerr J. Knödlseder M. Kuss J. Lande L. Latronico S.-H. Lee M. Lemoine-Goumard M. Llena Garde F. Longo F. Loparco M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano A. Makeev M. N. Mazziotta J. E. McEnery J. Mehault P. F. Michelson T. Mizuno A. A. Moiseev C. Monte M. E. Monzani E. Moretti A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko S. Murgia T. Nakamori M. Naumann-Godo P. L. Nolan E. Nuss T. Ohsugi A. Okumura N. Omodei E. Orlando J. F. Ormes D. Paneque J. H. Panetta D. Parent V. Pelassa M. Pepe M. Pesce-Rollins F. Piron T. A. Porter S. Profumo S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer T. Reposeur J. Ripken S. Ritz M. Roth H. F.-W. Sadrozinski A. Sander T. L. Schalk C. Sgrò J. Siegal-Gaskins E. J. Siskind D. A. Smith P. D. Smith G. Spandre P. Spinelli M. S. Strickman A. W. Strong D. J. Suson H. Takahashi T. Takahashi T. Tanaka J. B. Thayer J. G. Thayer D. J. Thompson L. Tibaldo D. F. Torres G. Tosti A. Tramacere Y. Uchiyama T. L. Usher J. Vandenbroucke V. Vasileiou N. Vilchez V. Vitale A. P. Waite P. Wang B. L. Winer K. S. Wood Z. Yang T. Ylinen G. Zaharijas M. Ziegler W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of California at Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95064 USA Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa Italy Laboratoire AIM CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot Service d’Astrophysique CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette France Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei ” Università di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari 70126 Bari Italy Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet École polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3 Palaiseau France Department of Physics University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-1560 USA Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEEC-CSIC) Campus UAB 08193 Barcelona Spain INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica I-20133 Milano Italy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland 20771 USA Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt Maryland 20771 USA Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore Maryland 21250 USA Space Science Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington D.C. 20375 USA George Mason University Fairfax Virgin

The Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi satellite (Fermi LAT) detected more than 1.6×106 cosmic-ray electrons/positrons with energies above 60 GeV during its first year of operation. The arrival directions of these events were searched for anisotropies of angular scale extending from ∼10° up to 90°, and of minimum energy extending from 60 GeV up to 480 GeV. Two independent techniques were used to search for anisotropies, both resulting in null results. Upper limits on the degree of the anisotropy were set that depended on the analyzed energy range and on the anisotropy’s angular scale. The upper limits for a dipole anisotropy ranged from ∼0.5% to ∼10%.

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ERRATUM: 'MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF THE FLARING GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR 3C 66A IN 2008 OCTOBER' (2011, ApJ, 726, 43)

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The Astrophysical Journal 2011年第1期731卷

作者： A. A. Abdo M. Ackermann M. Ajello L. Baldini J. Ballet G. Barbiellini D. Bastieri K. Bechtol R. Bellazzini B. Berenji R. D. Blandford E. Bonamente A. W. Borgland A. Bouvier J. Bregeon A. Brez M. Brigida P. Bruel R. Buehler S. Buson G. A. Caliandro R. A. Cameron P. A. Caraveo S. Carrigan J. M. Casandjian E. Cavazzuti C. Cecchi Ö. Çelik E. Charles A. Chekhtman C. C. Cheung J. Chiang S. Ciprini R. Claus J. Cohen-Tanugi J. Conrad L. Costamante S. Cutini D. S. Davis C.D. Dermer F. de Palma S. W. Digel E. do Couto e Silva P. S. Drell R. Dubois D. Dumora C. Favuzzi S. J. Fegan P. Fortin M. Frailis L. Fuhrmann Y. Fukazawa S. Funk P. Fusco F. Gargano D. Gasparrini N. Gehrels S. Germani N. Giglietto P. Giommi F. Giordano M. Giroletti T. Glanzman G. Godfrey I. A. Grenier J. E. Grove L. Guillemot S. Guiriec D. Hadasch M. Hayashida E. Hays D. Horan R. E. Hughes R. Itoh G. Jóhannesson A. S. Johnson T. J. Johnson W.N. Johnson T. Kamae H. Katagiri J. Kataoka J. Knödlseder M. Kuss J. Lande L. Latronico S.-H. Lee F. Longo F. Loparco B. Lott M. N. Lovellette P. Lubrano A. Makeev M. N. Mazziotta J.E. McEnery J. Mehault P. F. Michelson T. Mizuno A. A. Moiseev C. Monte M. E. Monzani A. Morselli I. V. Moskalenko S. Murgia T. Nakamori M. Naumann-Godo I. Nestoras P. L. Nolan J.P. Norris E. Nuss T. Ohsugi A. Okumura N. Omodei E. Orlando J. F. Ormes M. Ozaki D. Paneque J.H. Panetta D. Parent V. Pelassa M. Pepe M. Pesce-Rollins F. Piron T. A. Porter S. Rainò R. Rando M. Razzano A. Reimer O. Reimer L. C. Reyes J. Ripken S. Ritz R. W. Romani M. Roth H. F.-W. Sadrozinski D. Sanchez A. Sander J. D. Scargle C. Sgrò M. S. Shaw P. D. Smith G. Spandre P. Spinelli M. S. Strickman D.J. Suson H. Takahashi T. Tanaka J. B. Thayer J. G. Thayer D. J. Thompson L. Tibaldo D. F. Torres G. Tosti A. Tramacere T. L. Usher J. Vandenbroucke V. Vasileiou N. Vilchez V. Vitale A. P. Waite P. Wang B. L. Winer K. S. Wood Z. Yang T. Ylinen M. Ziegler ((The Fermi-LAT Collaboration)) V. A. Acciari E. Aliu T. Arlen T. Aune M. Beilicke W. Benbow M. Böttcher D. Boltuch S.M. Space Science Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 USA National Research Council Research Associate National Academy of Sciences Washington DC 20001 USA W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa Italy Laboratoire AIM CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot Service d'Astrophysique CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette France Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste I-34127 Trieste Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Dipartimento di Fisica 'G. Galilei ' Università di Padova I-35131 Padova Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Perugia I-06123 Perugia Italy Dipartimento di Fisica 'M. Merlin' dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari I-70126 Bari Italy Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Bari 70126 Bari Italy Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet École polytechnique CNRS/IN2P3 Palaiseau France Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC) Campus UAB 08193 Barcelona Spain INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica I-20133 Milano Italy Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center I-00044 Frascati (Roma) Italy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 USA Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21250 USA George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030 USA Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules Université Montpellier 2 CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier

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Quasicontinuum-like reduction of density functional theory calculations of nanostructures

Quasicontinuum-like reduction of density functional theory c...

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作者： Negrut, Dan Anitescu, Mihai El-Azab, Anter Zapol, Peter Materials Science Program Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 United States Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 United States School of Computational Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306 United States Materials Science and Chemistry Divisions Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 United States

Density functional theory can accurately predict chemical and mechanical properties of nanostructures, although at a high computational cost. A quasicontinuum-like framework is proposed to substantially increase the size of the nanostructures accessible to simulation. It takes advantage of the near periodicity of the atomic positions in some regions of nanocrystalline materials to establish an interpolation scheme for the electronic density in the system. The electronic problem embeds interpolation and coupled cross-domain optimization techniques through a process called electronic reconstruction. For the optimization of nuclei positions, computational gains result from explicit consideration of a reduced number of representative nuclei and interpolating the positions of the rest of nuclei following the quasicontinuum paradigm. Numerical tests using the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac functional demonstrate the validity of the proposed framework within the orbital-free density functional theory. Copyright © 2008 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

关键词： Electronic structure

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Evaluating a comprehensive middle school outreach program-the results

Evaluating a comprehensive middle school outreach program-th...

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2008 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

作者： Matkins, Juanita Jo McLaughlin, John A. Brown, Eugene Hardinge, Gail West, Nancy Stiegler, Robert Jenne, Kirk College of William and Mary Department of Science Education College of William and Mary McLauglin Associates Environmental Protection Agency Health and Human Services Administration on Aging Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Department of Mechanical Engineering Virginia Tech. William and Mary Virginia Demonstration Project College of William and Mary Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division Office of Naval Research Program Office of Naval Research Naval Undersea Warfare Center Newport RI United States

In the three years of its existence, the Virginia Demonstration Project, a middle school STEM outreach program supported by the Office of Naval Research, has grown to reach more than 3000 7th and 8th graders in its academic year and summer camp programs, to involve more than 80 science and math teachers in its professional development activities, and to employ the services of nearly 50 Navy scientists and engineers who work side-by-side with the teachers in the classroom as facilitators, mentors, and role models. This paper describes how, in the context of a comprehensive logic model, comparison-group, pre- and post-testing, and focus group mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) studies have been used to determine in a statistically significant fashion how the interventions of which this program consists can be tied to the measured achievements. Changes in the skills, knowledge, and attitudes of the teachers and students will be described as well as the influence of this program on changing student attitudes toward possible STEM careers. The human subjects-based research was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of the College of William & Mary. The results show that as a result of participating in the program, students have an increased interest in pursuing STEM careers and that they exhibit increased knowledge in and ability to use science and mathematics. Teachers indicate a high level of support for problem-based learning, which is a fundamental component of the program. The results are presented in a form of valuable results and broadly transferable methodologies that will inform a variety of K12 STEM outreach activities. © American Society for engineering Education, 2008.

关键词： Students

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Evaluation criteria for musculoskeletal and craniofacial tissue engineering constructs: A conference report

Evaluation criteria for musculoskeletal and craniofacial tis...

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作者： Butler, David L. Lewis, Jack L. Frank, Cyril B. Banes, Albert J. Caplan, Arnold I. De Deyne, Patrick G. Dowling, Mary-Ann Fleming, Braden C. Glowacki, Julie Guldberg, Robert E. Johnstone, Brian Kaplan, David L. Levenston, Marc E. Lotz, Jeffrey C. Ed, Yiling Lu Lumelsky, Nadya Mao, Jeremy J. Mauck, Robert L. McDevitt, Cahir A. Mejia, Lito C. Murray, Martha Ratcliffe, Anthony Spindler, Kurt P. Tashman, Scott Wagner, Christopher T. Weisberg, Elijah M. Williams, Chrysanthi Zhang, Renwen Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Cincinnati 840 Engineering Research Center 2901 Woodside Drive Cincinnati OH 45221-0048 United States Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN United States Division of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Surgery University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina Raleigh NC United States Flexcell International Corp. Department of Biology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH United States Preclinical Biology Johnson and Johnson Regenerative Therapeutics Raynham MA United States Smith and Nephew Research Centre York United Kingdom Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Brown University Providence RI United States Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Harvard Schools of Medicine and Dental Medicine Boston MA United States George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA United States Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Oregon Health and Science University Portland OR United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University Medford MA United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA United States Johnson and Johnson Regenerative Therapeutics Raynham MA United States Tissue Engineering and Dental and Craniofacial Regenerative Medicine Research Program National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research Bethesda MD United States Columbia University New York NY United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland OH United States Bose Corporation Ed

Over the past 20 years, tissue engineering (TE) has evolved into a thriving research and commercial development field. However, applying TE strategies to musculoskeletal (MSK) and craniofacial tissues has been particularly challenging since these tissues must also transmit loads during activities of daily living. To address this need, organizers invited a small group of bioengineers, surgeons, biologists, and material scientists from academia, industry, and government to participate in a 21/2-day conference to develop general and tissue-specific criteria for evaluating new concepts and tissue-engineered constructs, including threshold values of success. Participants were assigned to four breakout groups representing commonly injured tissues, including tendon and ligament, articular cartilage, meniscus and temporomandibular joint, and bone and intervertebral disc. Working in multidisciplinary teams, participants first carefully defined one or two important unmet clinical needs for each tissue type, including current standards of care and the potential impact of TE solutions. The groups then sought to identify important parameters for evaluating repair outcomes in preclinical studies and to specify minimally acceptable values for these parameters. The importance of in vitro TE studies was then discussed in the context of these preclinical studies. Where data were not currently available from clinical, preclinical, or culture studies, the groups sought to identify important areas of preclinical research needed to speed the development process. This report summarizes the findings of the conference. © Copyright 2008, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

关键词： Tissue engineering

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