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A comprehensive review on natural convection in trapezoidal cavities with mono and hybrid nanofluids

International Journal of Thermofluids 2025年 27卷

作者： Rashid, Farhan Lafta Alkhekany, Zainab Abdul Karim Eleiwi, Muhammad Asmail Bouabidi, Abdallah Ahmad, Shabbir Chibani, Atef Kezzar, Mohamed Kadhim, Saif Ali Askar, Ali Habeeb Hammoodi, Karrar A. Department of Petroleum Engineering College of EngineeringmUniversity of Kerbala Karbala56001 Iraq College of Engineering University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa Karbala56001 Iraq Electromechanical Engineering Department College of Engineering University of Samarra Samarra Iraq University of Gabes Avenue of Omar Ib-Elkhattab Gabes Zrig6023 Tunisia Graduate Program of Ocean Engineering School of Engineering Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Italia Avenue km 8 Rio Grande96201-900 Brazil Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics China University of Geosciences Wuhan430074 China Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI P.O.Box 64 Algiers Cheraga16014 Algeria Department of Mechanical Engineering University of 20 Aout 1955 El Hadaiek Road B. O. 26 Skikda21000 Algeria Technology Department Faculty of Technology 20 Aout 1955 University of Skikda PO Box 26 Skikda21000 Algeria Mechanical Engineering Department University of Technology- Iraq Baghdad Iraq Department of Fluid and Heat Engineering University of Miskolc Miskolc Hungary Institute of Physics and Electrical Engineering University of Miskolc Miskolc Hungary College of Engineering University of Al Maarif Al Anbar Iraq

This review synthesises advancements in natural convection within trapezoidal cavities using mono- and hybrid nanofluids, emphasising their geometric advantages for thermal management. Trapezoidal cavities promote asymmetric flow patterns that enhance heat transfer compared to conventional geometries, as demonstrated in applications like solar absorbers and electronic cooling. Through analysis of 50+ previous studies, the review identifies key trends: Hybrid nanofluids like Cu-Al₂O₃/water consistently outperform mono nanofluids in Nusselt number improvement, with gains exceeding 20 %. Inclined walls mitigate stagnant flow zones, though exact reduction rates vary with aspect ratio and nanoparticle concentration. Magnetic fields and porous media further modulate thermal performance, but trade-offs emerge between conductivity enhancement and viscosity penalties. This review provides a framework to optimise trapezoidal cavities with nanofluids for industrial deployment. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Natural convection

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Analysis of Technological Systems for Improving Drivers' Thermal Comfort

Engineering Reports

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engineering Reports 2025年第4期7卷

作者： Duzgun, Mert Ozarisoy, Bertug Altan, Hasim Moshaver, Sam Mechanical Engineering Program Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus Mersin 10 Turkey College of Technology and Environment London South Bank University London United Kingdom College of Architecture and Design Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Eastern Province Dhahran Saudi Arabia College of Communication Architecture + The Arts Florida International University MiamiFL United States

This study investigates the integration of adaptive thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) systems in modern vehicles, emphasizing their impact on occupant well-being and automotive design innovation. The research examines state-of-the-art advancements in vehicle climate control technologies, from past developments to emerging smart thermal management solutions. It explores how artificial intelligence (AI), biometric monitoring, and energy-efficient climate control systems are transforming in-car comfort, ensuring dynamic adaptation to occupant needs while improving energy efficiency. A qualitative research methodology was adopted, incorporating explanatory and descriptive analysis. Data was collected through an extensive review of archival records, technical specifications, industry reports, and photographic sources to assess the evolution and effectiveness of thermal comfort technologies. The findings indicate that innovative HVAC and IAQ systems significantly enhance both driver and passenger comfort, leading to higher consumer demand for vehicles equipped with these technologies. Furthermore, the study highlights that future thermal comfort solutions will align with evolving user expectations, regulatory standards (such as ASHRAE-55 and EN-16798), and global sustainability goals. By bridging automotive engineering, human-centered design, and energy-efficient climate control, this study provides valuable insights into the next generation of intelligent vehicle comfort systems. The results offer a framework for optimizing thermal regulation strategies and demonstrate the potential of integrating adaptive climate control with AI-driven environmental sensing to enhance in-car experiences. Future research should focus on expanding AI-based climate personalization models and evaluating user perceptions of smart comfort technologies in real-world driving conditions. © 2025 The Author(s). engineering Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

关键词： Thermal comfort

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Machine Learning for Identifying Grain Boundaries in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Images of Nanoparticle Superlattices

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Paruchuri, Aanish Thrasher, Carl Hart, A.J. Macfarlane, Robert Jayaraman, Arthi Science in Data Science Program University of Delaware NewarkDE19713 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Delaware 150 Academy St NewarkDE19713 United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Delaware NewarkDE19713 United States Data Science Institute University of Delaware NewarkDE19713 United States

Nanoparticle superlattices consisting of ordered arrangements of nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties arising from nanoparticle characteristics as well as their collective behaviors. Understanding how processing conditions influence the nanoscale arrangement and microstructure is critical for engineering materials with desired macroscopic properties. Microstructural features such as grain boundaries, lattice defects, and pores significantly affect these properties but are challenging to quantify using traditional manual analyses as they are labor-intensive and prone to errors. In this work, we present a machine learning workflow for automating grain segmentation in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of nanoparticle superlattices. This workflow integrates signal processing techniques, such as Radon transforms, with unsupervised learning methods like agglomerative hierarchical clustering to identify and segment grains without requiring manually annotated data. In the workflow we transform the raw pixel data into explainable numerical representation of superlattice orientations for clustering. Benchmarking results demonstrate the workflow's robustness against noisy images and edge cases, with a processing speed of four images per minute on standard computational hardware. This efficiency makes the workflow scalable to large datasets and makes it a valuable tool for integrating data-driven models into decision-making processes for material design and analysis. For example, one can use this workflow to quantify grain size distributions at varying processing conditions like temperature and pressure and using that knowledge adjust processing conditions to achieve desired superlattice orientations and grain sizes. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Grain boundaries

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Bioactivity and cytotoxicity of LiF-modified bioactive glass ceramics for bone regeneration

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Ceramics International 2025年

作者： Selli, Neslihan Tamsü Başaran, Neslihan Kesmez, Ömer Yavaş, Adem Demir, Feride Ertürk, A. Tamer Department of Materials Science and Engineering Gebze Technical University Kocaeli Gebze41400 Turkey Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Akdeniz University Antalya07058 Turkey Food Technology Program Food Processing Department Çine Vocational School Aydin Adnan Menderes University Aydin Turkey Agricultural Biotechnology and Food Safety Research and Application Center Aydin Adnan Menderes University Aydin Turkey Mechanical Engineering Department Kocaeli University Umuttepe Campus Kocaeli Izmit41001 Turkey

Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics have drawn significant attention due to their excellent bone-bonding capabilities and biocompatibility. This study investigates the effects of lithium fluoride (LiF) addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of novel bioactive glass compositions. Glasses with varying LiF contents (1, 2, and 3 wt%) were synthesized using the melt-quenching method and subsequently heat-treated to obtain bioactive glass-ceramics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed an increase in the intensity of hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, and diopside phases with increasing LiF content, suggesting enhanced crystallization. Vickers hardness measurements showed a significant improvement, with the highest hardness (730 MPa) observed in the K3 composition. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the microstructural morphology, while Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to analyze the elemental composition of the samples. Furthermore, in vitro bioactivity assessments in simulated body fluid (SBF) confirmed the apatite-forming ability of all compositions. Cytotoxicity evaluations demonstrated enhanced cell viability in LiF-containing compositions, with K3 exhibiting the highest biocompatibility. The findings suggest that LiF addition optimizes crystallization, mechanical performance, and biocompatibility, making these modified bioactive glass-ceramics promising candidates for biomedical applications. © 2025

关键词： Energy dispersive spectroscopy

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Saturable intercalation doping enables scalable and selective graphene gas sensors on plastic

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Chemical engineering Journal 2025年 515卷

作者： Kwon, Bitnuri Lee, Jung Hun Jo, Sae Byeok Hwang, Jinhyun Lee, Donggeun Cha, Jonghyun Lim, Soomook Suk, Ji Won Lee, Wi Hyoung Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering Konkuk University Seoul05029 Cuba Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University 2220 Campus Drive EvanstonIL60208-3108 United States School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Cuba Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Cuba Advanced Materials Program Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University Seoul05029 Cuba School of Mechanical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Cuba Department of Smart-Fab. Technology Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Cuba Department of Materials Science and Engineering Konkuk University Seoul05029 Cuba

Developing highly sensitive and selective gas sensors for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection remains crucial for environmental monitoring and public health protection. Graphene-based chemiresistive sensors show promise due to their exceptional electronic properties and high surface area, which enhance gas adsorption. However, they face persistent challenges in selectivity, stability, and sensitivity characteristics. This study presents a facile one-step molecular intercalation doping approach that can effectively overcome these limitations. By intercalating carefully selected dopant molecules between graphene and flexible substrates during the wet-transfer process, we achieve uniform doping distribution while maintaining intrinsic carrier mobility. The resulting sensors demonstrate remarkable NO2 detection capabilities with a limit of detection of 1 ppb at room temperature. Importantly, the intercalated devices exhibit exceptional stability over extended periods of time and show minimal cross-sensitivity to common interfering gases. Moreover, the sensors retain their sensing characteristics under mechanical deformation, including fully transparent gas sensors with a dogbone structure, thereby enabling seamless integration into wearable monitoring systems. Our scalable fabrication process and comprehensive understanding of the intercalation doping mechanism provide a practical pathway for the development of reliable, flexible gas sensors capable of addressing real-world environmental and healthcare challenges. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： pH sensors

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Influence of ZnO Nanoparticle Dispersed Baheda Oil Biodiesel Blend in Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine: Vibration and Noise Assessment

引用

Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 2021年第4期102卷 941-949页

作者： Sanatha, Kaki Bhatti, Sukhvinder Kaur Jaikumar, Sagari Engineering and Technology Program Rushikonda Visakhapatnam India Department of Mechanical Engineering Andhra University Visakhapatnam India Department of Mechanical Engineering GITAM Institute of Technology Visakhapatnam India

The present study is intended for the vibration and noise analysis of variable compression ratio diesel engine operating with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle dispersed with Baheda oil biodiesel blend (BOME20). The ZnO nanoparticles were taken at the following proportions of 50 ppm, 75 ppm, and 100 ppm. Further, the QPAN dispersant was added to nanoparticles at 1:1 ratio. The compression ratio was altered from 16.5 to 19.5 by keeping the speed constant at 1500 rpm. The vibration (velocity) and noise characteristics were stated in terms of RMS values. The RMS velocity together with RMS noise was seen lower for B20 than diesel fuel. Further, the dispersion of nanoparticles has depicted a significant reduction in vibration and noise. The least RMS velocity and RMS noise was attained with BOME20 + 75 ppm ZnO + 75 ppm DSP compared to other fuels. But the compression ratio enhancement has shown a gradual increase in vibration and noise. At a compression ratio of 16.5, the lower intensity of vibration and noise of BOME20 + 75 ppm ZnO + 75 ppm DSP were 0.0792 m/sec and 55.2 dB, respectively. © 2021, The Institution of Engineers (India).

关键词： Biodiesel

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Effects of Spatial Uniformity of Continuous and Pulse Laser Irradiation on the Microstructure and mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V in Powder Bed Fusion

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Moon, Seunghwan Ji, Seungmuk Ko, Yoonseok Lee, Min-Su Jun, Tea-Sung Kim, Dong-Ik Yeo, Jong-Souk School of Integrated Technology College of Computing Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of BK21 Graduate Program in Intelligent Semiconductor Technology Yonsei University Seoul03722 Korea Republic of Seoul02792 Korea Republic of Department of Mechanical Engineering Incheon National University Incheon22012 Korea Republic of Hankook Precision Works 45 Munpyeongseo-ro Daedeok-gu Daejeon34303 Korea Republic of

Laser beam powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) with Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) powder is a promising method for fabricating medical implants owing to its ability to fabricate precise structures and the biocompatibility of the fabricated material. The use of a pulsed laser source in a PBF-LB/M system has been proposed for stable irradiation with an appropriate amount of energy. In this study, the pulse width modulation (PWM) method was adapted into a PBF-LB/M machine with a laser that operates in both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed wave modes. The effects of CW and PWM lasers on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated material based on the volumetric energy density (VED) calculated using the average power were compared. Results revealed that the uniform distribution of energy irradiation across the entire region ensured the similarity in the porosities and Vickers hardness tendencies conferred by CW and PWM lasers in the specimens according to the VED. In contrast, the spatially nonuniform distribution of the laser irradiation resulted in a significantly higher porosity in the specimen fabricated using the PWM laser than that produced using the CW laser at the same VED, resulting in reduced compressive yield strength. Additionally, the electron backscattered diffraction analysis of the grain structures in the fabricated specimens revealed that there were no significant differences in the average grain size, phase distribution, and misorientation angle of the samples produced using CW and PWM lasers at the same VED. However, sharper grains with a grain shape aspect ratio of less than 0.3 were 7% higher in specimens produced using the PWM laser. This study highlights the possibility of fabricating medical implants with desired patient bone-specific microstructure and mechanical properties. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vickers hardness

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Achieving high surface bioactivity and adhesion in Ti-6Al-4V alloy via anodic oxidation and electrophoretic deposition

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Ceramics International 2025年

作者： Wu, Yu-Jie Wang, Chi-Yun Mana-ay, Haidee Tu, Chi-Shun Lai, Po-Liang Chen, Pin-Yi International Ph.D. Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City24301 Taiwan Research Center for Intelligent Medical Devices Ming Chi University of Technology New Taipei City24301 Taiwan Department of Physics Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City24205 Taiwan Bone and Joint Research Center Department of Orthopedic Surgery Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan City33305 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering Chang Gung University Taoyuan City33302 Taiwan Department of Physics Silliman University Dumaguete City6200 Philippines

This study combines 3D printing, anodic oxidation (AO), and electrophoretic deposition (ED) technologies to develop Ti-6Al-4V alloy (abbreviated as Ti64) with high hydrophilicity, adhesion, and bioactivity. Titanium oxide nanotubes formed by AO treatment on the Ti64 surface exhibited reduced contact angles from 53 ° to 10 °. The adhesion of the calcium (Ca) layer through the integrated technology of the AO and ED treatments (herein abbreviated as AED) displays an optimal adhesive force of over 30 N on the Ti64 surface, which is attributed to the stable chemical bond due to the formation of OH− ions on the substrate after the AO treatment and the subsequent oxidation reaction of the Ca2+ ions to form a predominantly Ca(OH)2 layer after the ED treatment. Moreover, the AED treatment forms tiny needle-like structures that can effectively promote osteogenic differentiation. The expressions of the osteocyte marker genes (i.e., OCN, OPN, and DMP1) were improved after the AED treatment, showing increased osteogenic differentiation into mature bone tissue. This work presents the AED treatment as a valuable surface modification technique to boost the surface bioactivity of Ti64 for clinical orthopedic applications. © 2025

关键词： Anodic oxidation

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Structural characterization and strengthening mechanism of forsterite nanostructured scaffolds synthesized by multistep sintering method

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Journal of Materials Science & technology 2018年第12期34卷 2263-2270页

作者： Fariborz Tavangarian Abbas Fahami Guoqiang Li Mohammadhassan Kazemi Anoosha Forghani Mechanical Engineering Program School of ScienceEngineering and TechnologyPennsylvania State University Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University Department of Mechanical and industrial Engineering Louisiana State University Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University at Buffalo Department of Biomedical Engineering Millennium Science ComplexPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park

In this study, highly porous forsterite scaffolds with interconnected porosities were synthesized using multi-step sintering(MSS) method. The starting powder was nanosized forsterite, which was synthesized from talc and magnesium carbonate powders. The phase composition, average particle size and morphology of the produced forsterite powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique(XRD) and transition electron microscopy(TEM). Forsterite scaffolds were produced by foamy method using polymeric sponges. MSS process including three steps was used to efficiently sinter the forsterite nanopowders without destroying the initial porous structure of polymeric sponges. The results showed that MSS technique is an efficient and appropriate procedure to produce highly porous forsterite scaffolds with pore size in the range of 100-300 μm. The compressive strength, compressive modulus and porosity of C12 specimen(sintered at 1650℃ for 1 h with subsequent annealing at 1000℃ for 1000 min) was 1.88 MPa, 29.2 MPa, and 72.4%, respectively, which is very close to that of cancellous bone. The approach studied in this research can be developed for other nanostructure ceramics to produce highly porous scaffolds with interconnected porosities for load bearing applications.

关键词： Forsterite Multi-step sintering Scaffolds Porosity

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Severely deformed copper by equal channel angular pressing

引用

Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2017年第2期27卷 244-250页

作者： M.Ebrahimi C.Gode Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Maragheh School of Denizli Vocational Technology Program of MachinePamukkale University

mechanical and microstructural analysis of equal channel angular pressed copper was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the hardness distribution uniformity was rapidly decreased after the first pass and gradually improved at the following passes. Also, the bottom region of the pressed material experienced lower Vickers hardness magnitude irrespective of pass number. Furthermore, the addition of 0.1%magnesium to the pure copper had a considerable effect on the distribution uniformity. In addition, the material fracture mode changed from ductile to brittle by the alteration of the dimples to cleavage planes ***, the formability index was dramatically reduced after the first pass and slowly improved at the succeeding passes. Eventually, ECAP process led to the increment of low angle grain boundaries and the decrease of high angle grain boundaries at the initial passes and vice versa at the subsequent ones.

关键词： Pure copper Equal channel angular pressing mechanical properties Impact test Microstructural observation

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