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Exploration of ZnO:SiC composite material for photovoltaic applications

Interactions 2025年第1期246卷 1-10页

作者： Mosabbir, A.S.M. Sadek, M.S. Mahmood, Minhaz Sultan, Sakhr M. Alshammari, Fuhaid Alobaid, Mohammad Alghafis, Abdullah A. Ibrahim, Mohd Adib Sobayel, K. Bangi43600 Malaysia Department of Avionics Engineering Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Aviation and Aerospace University Dhaka Bangladesh Dept. of Electrical Electronic and Systems Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi43600 Malaysia Mechanical Engineering Department Engineering College University of Hail Hail2440 Saudi Arabia Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering College of Engineering Majmaah University Almajmaah11952 Saudi Arabia Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering Qassim University Buraydah51431 Saudi Arabia

This study explores the development and characterization of zinc oxide—silicon carbide (ZnO-SiC) composite materials fabricated using RF magnetron sputtering, with a focus on their potential application as electron transport layers (ETL) in perovskite solar cell. The ZnO-SiC composites were prepared by varying the SiC sputtering power from 10 to 30W, and the resulting films were analyzed for their optical, electrical, and morphological properties. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the bandgap of the films ranged between 3.3 eV and 3.8 eV, with high transmittance values, making them suitable for ETL applications. Hall effect measurements indicated that all films exhibited n-type conductivity with the highest carrier concentration observed at 20W SiC power. Additionally, AFM analysis showed that the surface roughness decreased with increasing SiC power, with Sample 2 (SiC at 15W) demonstrating the smoothest surface, which is advantageous for enhancing charge transfer efficiency in photovoltaic devices. The results suggest that ZnO-SiC composites, particularly those sputtered at moderate SiC power, hold promise as effective ETLs in perovskite solar cells. Future research should focus on optimizing sputtering parameters to further enhance the electrical properties and crystallinity of these materials. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.

关键词： Carrier concentration

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Effects of Outlier Elimination in Magnetometer Calibration Data on the Performance of Ellipsoid Fitting-based Calibration

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Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and systems 2024年第12期30卷 1373-1378页

作者： Kim, Ji Hoon Lee, Chang June Lee, Jung Keun School of ICT Robotics & Mechanical Engineering Hankyong National University Korea Republic of Department of Integrated Systems Engineering Hankyong National University Korea Republic of

A magnetometer should be calibrated to correct errors such as offset, scale factor, misalignment soft iron distortion, and hard iron distortion so as to achieve accurate azimuth estimation. An outlier elimination method has been recently proposed to improve calibration performance by eliminating the outliers of calibration data. In this method, it is assumed that calibration data is collected in a uniform distribution to form a sphere. However, considering the actual data collection process, it is difficult to guarantee uniformly distributed data. Thus, this study investigates the effects of outlier elimination on the performance of ellipsoid fitting-based magnetometer calibration. In this study, the calibration performances before and after outlier elimination were compared for the following three cases: uniformly distributed data with insignificant outliers (Case 1), uniformly distributed data with significant outliers (Case 2), and nonuniformly distributed data (Case 3). In addition, the calibration performances were compared according to a threshold for detecting outliers. The results of this study showed that outlier elimination changed the azimuth estimation performance by −0.002°, 0.711°, and −2.588° for Cases 1–3, respectively, in terms of root mean squared error. Overall, these results indicate that outlier elimination is effective for uniformly distributed data with significant outliers;however, it causes performance degradation for nonuniformly distributed data. Therefore, it is essential to examine the distribution of calibration data before applying outlier elimination. © ICROS 2024.

关键词： Magnetometers

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A Review of Orientation Estimation Algorithms for AHRS Using Rule-based Filtering and Machine Learning

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Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and systems 2024年第5期30卷 511-523页

作者： Lee, Chang June Lee, Jung Keun Department of Integrated Systems Engineering Hankyong National University Korea Republic of School of ICT Robotics & Mechanical Engineering Hankyong National University Korea Republic of

Accurate orientation estimation is important in various applications such as robotics, unmanned vehicles, and biomechanics, in which an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) is essential. The AHRS provides orientation by processing signals from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) consisting of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, and a magnetometer. Numerous rule-based filtering algorithms have been developed to estimate orientation based on IMU signals. However, several studies have recently been conducted to develop machine-learning-based algorithms. In this study, the methodology and estimation performance of IMU-based orientation estimation algorithms were reviewed by using rule-based filtering and machine learning approaches. A total of 37 papers were selected after searching the databases of IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Rule-based filtering algorithms were divided into Kalman and complementary filters depending on the weight calculation process. Approaches were also categorized into the direct estimation of the orientation and the correction of the error terms in the orientation or angular velocity. The machine learning algorithms were divided into the following: a combined method that estimated or corrected orientation by combining machine learning model with a rule-based filtering algorithm;and an end-to-end method that directly estimated orientation through the model. Results showed that although the machine learning algorithms could reliably perform attitude estimation, the rule-based filtering algorithms still demonstrated superior performance in the estimation of 3D orientation, including attitude and heading. © ICROS 2024.

关键词： Kalman filters

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Analysis of Attitude and Heading Estimation Errors Caused by Error Factors in Inertial/Magnetic Sensors Under Undisturbed Conditions

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Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and systems 2024年第11期30卷 1287-1293页

The Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS) plays a crucial role in various application fields, including unmanned vehicles, aerospace, and navigation. In an AHRS, 3D orientation, which encompasses both attitude and heading, is determined by processing signals from an inertial/magnetic sensor, which consists of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and a magnetometer. Specifically, the accelerometer is used to directly determine attitude, while the magnetometer is employed for heading. Consequently, the accuracy of attitude and heading measurements is influenced by the error factors associated with the accelerometer and magnetometer. In this study, we analyze the impact of error factors in inertial/magnetic sensors on the accuracy of attitude and heading under undisturbed conditions, such as static environments and uniform magnetic fields. We compare attitude and heading errors from two orientation estimation algorithms (TRIAD and QUEST) based on various sensor error factors, including noise, bias, nonorthogonality, and misalignment errors. Noise density and bias instability are assessed through Allan deviation analysis, while nonorthogonal and misalignment errors are selected according to the specifications of the commercial AHRS module (MTw, Xsens, Netherlands). Our results present the root mean square errors (RMSEs) of attitude and heading for each individual error factor, as well as for various combinations of error factors. We found that sensor noise with a constant noise density produces attitude and heading errors that converge to a specific RMSE, whereas nonorthogonality and misalignment lead to significant deviations in errors depending on the sensor orientation. In terms of bias, the effects of bias instability were found to be negligible for zero constant bias. However, as the constant bias of the accelerometer and magnetometer increased by 1 mg and 0.5 mGauss, respectively, the attitude and heading errors increased by approximately 0.03°–0.04° and 0.04°, r

关键词： Accelerometers

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Multi-model ensemble learning for battery state-of-health estimation:Recent advances and perspectives

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 739-759页

作者： Chuanping Lin Jun Xu Delong Jiang Jiayang Hou Ying Liang Zhongyue Zou Xuesong Mei State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049ShaanxiChina Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots School of Mechanical EngineeringXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049ShaanxiChina Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation Luoyang Institute of Science and TechnologyLuoyang 471023HenanChina School of Mechanical Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi UniversityHangzhou 310018ZhejiangChina

The burgeoning market for lithium-ion batteries has stimulated a growing need for more reliable battery performance monitoring. Accurate state-of-health(SOH) estimation is critical for ensuring battery operational performance. Despite numerous data-driven methods reported in existing research for battery SOH estimation, these methods often exhibit inconsistent performance across different application scenarios. To address this issue and overcome the performance limitations of individual data-driven models,integrating multiple models for SOH estimation has received considerable attention. Ensemble learning(EL) typically leverages the strengths of multiple base models to achieve more robust and accurate outputs. However, the lack of a clear review of current research hinders the further development of ensemble methods in SOH estimation. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews multi-model ensemble learning methods for battery SOH estimation. First, existing ensemble methods are systematically categorized into 6 classes based on their combination strategies. Different realizations and underlying connections are meticulously analyzed for each category of EL methods, highlighting distinctions, innovations, and typical applications. Subsequently, these ensemble methods are comprehensively compared in terms of base models, combination strategies, and publication trends. Evaluations across 6 dimensions underscore the outstanding performance of stacking-based ensemble methods. Following this, these ensemble methods are further inspected from the perspectives of weighted ensemble and diversity, aiming to inspire potential approaches for enhancing ensemble performance. Moreover, addressing challenges such as base model selection, measuring model robustness and uncertainty, and interpretability of ensemble models in practical applications is emphasized. Finally, future research prospects are outlined, specifically noting that deep learning ensemble is poised to advance ens

关键词： Lithium-ion battery State-of-health estimation Data-driven Machine learning Ensemble learning Ensemble diversity

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Single-Electrode Electrostatic Repulsion Phenomenon for Remote Actuation and Manipulation

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Research 2025年第1期2024卷 333-345页

作者： Wei Tang Dong Yan Kecheng Qin Xinyu Guo Yiding Zhong Huxiu Xu Huayong Yang Jun Zou State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina School of Mechanical Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina Institute of Process Equipment College of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina

One of the fundamental principles of electrostatics is that an uncharged object will be attracted to a charged object through electrostatic induction as the two approaches one *** refer to the charged object as a single electrode and examine the scenario where a positive voltage is *** of electrostatic induction phenomenon,single-electrode electrostatics only generates electrostatic attraction ***,we discover that single-electrode electrostatics can generate electrostatic repulsion forces and define this new phenomenon as single-electrode electrostatic repulsion *** investigate the fundamental electrostatic phenomena,giving a curve of electrostatic force versus voltage and then defining 3 *** actuation and manipulation are essential technologies that are of enormous concern,with tweezers playing an important *** tweezers designed on the basis of external fields of optics,acoustics,and magnetism can be used for remote actuation and manipulation,but some inherent drawbacks still *** would benefit greatly from our discovery in *** the basis of this discovery,we propose the concept of electrostatic tweezers,which can achieve noncontact and remote actuation and *** characterizations and successful applications in metamaterials,robots,and manipulating objects demonstrated that electrostatic tweezers can produce large deformation rates(>6,000%),fast actuation(>100 Hz),and remote manipulating distance(~15 cm)and have the advantages of simple device structure,easy control,lightweight,no dielectric breakdown,and low *** work may deepen people's understanding of single-electrode electrostatics and opens new opportunities for remote actuation and manipulation.

关键词： electrostatic induction remote actuation single electrode single electrode electrostatics charged object electrostatic repulsion

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Study on the Efficiency Increase of Horizontal Wet Scrubber Based on Volume Change

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Transactions of the Korean Society of mechanical Engineers, B 2024年第3期48卷 183-191页

作者： Lee, Sang Hoon Kim, Han Su Im, Dong Kyun Shin, Jong Su Dept. of Mechanical and Aeronautical Systems Engineering Graduate School Cheongju University Korea Republic of Dept. of Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering Cheongju University Korea Republic of Shin Yang Company Taiwan

A computational fluid dynamics analysis was conducted to verify the experimental values of a basic horizontal wet scrubber and the internal flow characteristics were analyzed to determine the optimum shape that can improve the efficiency of the scrubber as a function of its volume. Owing to manufacturing considerations, the shape was changed by setting only the lower wall as a variable, and various phases were considered by applying VOF, a multi-phase flow analysis method. Based on the characteristics that hydrogen fluoride, a harmful substance, dissolves well in water, the efficiency of the device was calculated by analyzing the volume of water flowing out of each outlet. From the analysis, it was observed that there was no correlation between the size and efficiency, and the shape;however, it was confirmed that the best efficiency was obtained when the length of the inner wall was increased in all the shapes investigated. © 2024 The Korean Society of mechanical Engineers.

关键词： Efficiency

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SAD-YOLO: A Small Object Detector for Airport Optical Sensors based on Improved YOLOv8

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第11期25卷 20513-20522页

作者： Zhou, Wentao Cai, Chengtao Srigrarom, Sutthiphong Xu, Hao Liu, Ronglei Li, Chenming Harbin Engineering University College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering Harbin150001 China National University of Singapore Department of Mechanical Engineering Singapore119260 Singapore Harbin Engineering University College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Intelligent Perception The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Application of Marine Equipment Ministry of Education Harbin150001 China National University of Singapore Department of Mechanical Engineering Singapore119260 Singapore

As a crucial technology for enhancing the autonomous perception capability of airport optical sensors, object detection has become a research focus. This article proposes a small object detector for airport optical sensors named SAD-YOLO to improve airport safety and assist airport traffic management. Firstly, our experiment finds that the YOLOv8x with the anchor box performs better in small object detection. Secondly, the ELAN-A module is designed based on YOLOv8x, which utilizes position, channel, and spatial attention methods to improve the neck and effectively enhance the feature fusion ability. Then, we introduce the Swin Transformer in the backbone and a SODL in the head to improve the small object feature extraction capability. Finally, we introduce the SIoU loss function to find the optimal model parameters for the proposed method. The airport traffic management system is equipped with high-performance computers. Therefore, this article focuses more on the accuracy and generalization of the proposed method. The comparison experiments show that the SAD-YOLO improves by 7.4% mAP on the ASS1 dataset compared to the official YOLOv8x. Compared to classical detectors, the proposed method obtains the optimal mAP on the generalizability experiments of MASD and ASS2 datasets, demonstrating that SAD-YOLO has excellent robustness and generalization. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Information management

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A Large-Stroke 3-DOF Micromirror With Novel Lorentz Force-Based Actuators Utilizing Metallic Glass Thin Film

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Journal of Microelectromechanical systems 2024年第1期33卷 46-53页

作者： Ou, Chuan-Hui Van Toan, Nguyen Tsai, Yao-Chuan Voiculescu, Ioana Toda, Masaya Ono, Takahito Tohoku University Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering Sendai980-8570 Japan National Chung Hsing University Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering Taichung City40227 Taiwan The City College of New York Department of Mechanical Engineering New YorkNY10031 United States Tohoku University Micro System Integration Center Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering Sendai980-8570 Japan

An electromagnetic tip-tilt-piston micromirror with a large stroke is presented. This research introduced a novel actuation structure, based on a spring made from conductive metallic glass with excellent mechanical properties. For the first time, two functional elements, an electromagnetic actuation element and a mechanical support structure, were successfully integrated into a single-layer spring, made of metallic glass. With this novel actuator, the performance of stroke and angle controllability is remarkably improved. The fabricated device can achieve a 418 ~\mu \text{m} static stroke in upward direction. Furthermore, the tilting angles of the micromirror can be controlled with maximum accuracy of 0.05°/mA. The device is robust and has miniature dimensions, comparable or smaller, than existing electromagnetic micromirror dimensions published in literature. The displacement values of the micromirror are larger, compared to state-of-the-art electromagnetic micromirrors, which usually have strokes under 300 ~\mu \text{m} and do not have angle control mechanism. In spectrometer applications, the micromirror with a large stroke and controllable angle allows spectrometers to achieve higher resolution. These special qualities of the micromirror, will provide efficient, and reliable spatial light modulation required for interferometer applications. [2023-0104] © 1992-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Interferometers

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Optimal material and geometry of 2D-FGM tapered microbeams under dynamic and static constraints

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Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 2024年第8期52卷 5227-5262页

作者： Abo-bakr, H.M. Abo-bakr, R.M. Shanab, R.A. Eltaher, M.A. Computers and Systems Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt Mathematical Department Faculty of Science Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt Engineering Mathematics Department Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia Mechanical Design and Production Department Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University Egypt

The present work applies meta-heuristic multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA)-II algorithms to predict optimal shape and material distribution of two-directional functionally graded tapered (2DFG-T) microbeams. The cross-section of the microbeam changes linearly along its length in both height and width directions. The rates of these changes are taken as the geometric design variables. Rather than the simple power law, two different trigonometric functions are introduced to provide various effective and flexible 2D- distributions of metal and ceramic phases. Using Hamilton’s principle, the mathematical model is derived based on the third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) and modified couple stress theory (MCST). Developing a computationally efficient and time saving semi-analytical approach, the governing set of variable-coefficients partial differential equations is solved for the frequency and critical buckling under different boundary conditions. Several constrained single- and multi-objective optimization problems are formulated and solved to determine optimal material and geometry parameters of 2DFG-T microbeams to achieve maximization of fundamental frequency and/or critical buckling load while minimizing the structural mass. Various optimization results demonstrate that including shape parameters in addition to material distribution parameters as design variables results in more economical and flexible profiles that is critical for the manufacture of 2DFG-T microbeams. The following model can be exploited in the optimum design of FG microscale nanobeams including their shapes and material distribution. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： Multiobjective optimization

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