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WHITHER FAST SEALIFT - A CALL TO ACTION

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第4期101卷 81-92页

作者： HOPE, JP The author:received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Virginia in 1969. Upon graduation he began his career with the Navy in NavShips and in 1971 he transferred to the ship arrangements branch of NavSec. He was selected for the Navy long-term training program at The George Washington University in 1974 and completed the program in 1976 with the degree of master of engineering administration. While at NavSec he served as a task leader on numerous ship designs. He was selected for the first class of the NavSea commander's development program. While on that program he served in NavSea combat system program management system engineering and machinery engineering positions and also was assigned to the Navy secretariat. In 1985 he joined the staff of the assistant secretary of the Navy for shipbuilding and logistics where he is the assistant director for naval construction.

This paper begins with comments on accomplishments in sealift and a summary of current problems in fast sealift. These include: few fast sealift ships in the inventory, a diminishing industrial base capable of producing such ships, and a lack of production programs to build ships that would increase our national fast sealift capability. The paper discusses strategic mobility concepts and highlights system interactions and linkages in moving war materials and replacement forces from depots and factories to the front lines. From this foundation, the paper then discusses operational requirements “pull” as related to analysis and allocation of performance among components of the strategic mobility system. Sealift technology options are characterized and performance potential of these options are described. These characterizations include speed, ship lift capacity, equal cost fleet size, and fuel demands for a range of speeds from 24 to 50 knots. Performance potential for each option includes the total fleet lift capability stream over a 100-day time span for a notional mission with and without an assumed rate of attrition. Alternative program plans are described for each technology option addressing technological risk, system and component development needs, design requirements, production strategies, acquisition time lines, and resource requirements. The paper then revisits the operational requirements from a technologist's perspective. In a technology “push” approach, a set of practical and achievable requirements are selected that could be the basis of an effective and cost efficient production program for fast sealift ships. Finally, the paper concludes with a call to action that would suggest a modest reallocation of transportation resources to establish and sustain a fast sealift production program, sustain a sector of the maritime industrial base hard pressed by a lack of commercial shipbuilding, and achieve a relatively near-term increase in fast sealift capabil

关键词： Military engineering

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BOTTOM BOUNCE ARRAY SONAR SUBMARINE (BBASS)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第5期101卷 59-72页

作者： JACKSON, HA NEEDHAM, WD SIGMAN, DE USN (RET.) Capt. Harry A. Jackson USN (Ret.) is a graduate of the University of Michigan in naval architecture and marine engineering and completed the General Electric Company's 3-year advanced engineering course in nuclear engineering. He has been an independent consulting engineer and participated in projects involving deep submergence waste disposal water purification and submarine design both commercial and government. Cdr. William D. Needham USN is currently assigned as the repair officer of USS Hunley (AS-31) in Norfolk Virginia. He received a regular commission through NROTC at Duke University where he graduated magna cum laude in mechanical engineering. Selected for the Nuclear Power Program he served as a division officer on the USS Grayling (SSN-646) as the production training assistant at the MARE Prototype Reactor in New York and as blue crew engineer of the USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) where he completed the requirements to be designated qualified for command of submarines. Following line transfer to the EDO community in 1981 he completed a tour as nuclear repair officer (Code 310) at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and earned master of science in materials science and ocean engineer's degrees at MIT. His awards include the Meritorius Service Medal Navy Commendation Medal Navy Achievement Medal Spear Foundation Award and the Vice Admiral C.R. Bryan Award. Cdr. Needham also holds a master of arts degree in business management from Central Michigan University. Capt. Jackson was technical director of Scorpion Search Phase II. The on-site investigation included descending over 12 000 feet to the bottom of the ocean. He was also supervisor of one of the Navy's largest peacetime shipbuilding and repair programs. His responsibilities included supervision of design production and contract administration. Capt. Jackson was third from the top in managaement of a major shipyard and responsible for design material procurement work order and financial control of two major surface ship prototypes as well a

Anticipated technological advances in the quieting of potential adversary submarines mandate the use of increasingly effective detection systems for U.S. ASW forces. Based on the assumptions that sonar will continue to be the primary means of detection and that the effectiveness of each individual sonar element will not change markedly, one must increase the projected area of the sonar array to improve its capability. The primary SSN mission of anti-submarine warfare will hence require increasing the hull area devoted to the primary sonar detection system. A revolutionary hull form is proposed that maximizes the area available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of this hull form are discussed and feasibility study level design parameters and arrangements presented.

关键词： Submarines

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THE IMPROVED 16-INCH GUN WEAPON system

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 194-203页

作者： WHITE, RW ANTONIUK, TH LCdr. Richard W. White USN: is a mechanical engineering instructor at the United States Naval Academy. He holds a BS in naval architecture from the Naval Academy (Class of 1977) and an MS in mechanical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. An engineering duty officer and a weapons systems subspecialist LCdr. White served as 16-in. ammunition technical direction agent and project manager for battleship improvement programs at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Va. Thomas H. Antoniuk:holds a BS in physics from Seton Hall University and an MBA from the University of Delaware. A Reserve engineering duty officer he has been serving as system analyst for the 16 inch Naval Gunfire Improvement Program for two years at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Va. He previously performed an analysis on the Soviet 100-mm and 130-mm gun systems. He is currently examining the feasibility and operational utility of integrating veloci-meters into the Mk 92 Gun Fire Control System.

The Iowa class battleships are being returned to active service without significant modifications to their 16-inch Gun Weapon system (GWS). The ordnance, 16-in. guns and associated fire control equipment are currently 1940's vintage technology. The reactivation was accomplished without significant modernization to the gun systems due primarily to funding limitations. In the late 1970s naval gunfire had fallen out of vogue and no pressing need for 16-in. GWS improvements existed. With the development and subsequent deployment of the landing craft air cushion (LCAC) and the MV-22A Osprey, naval surface fire support (NSFS) of Marine amphibious operations was reexamined. Specifically, the means of generating supporting fire from surface combatants required extensive analysis. The resulting analysis indicated that the most cost-effective partial solution to the problem was an extensive modernization of the battleship's 16-in./50 GWS. With such a modernization, the range, lethality, and response time of the weapon would be significantly improved. Except for the gun turrets themselves, the 16-in. GWS will be almost completely modernized. Extensive modification of the ordnance and fire control system will be accomplished. This paper first discusses the reasons for the improvement in the 16-in. GWS. It describes, in detail, the new 16-in. ordnance under development, highlighting the operational issues which drive the engineering approach. Finally, the new gun fire control system (FCS) is described. The advantages of streamlining with digital equipment are highlighted. Some unique features of the FCS, which are appropriate in its operational environment, are discussed.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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SIMPLIFICATION OF GAS-TURBINE INTAKE ANTI-ICE systemS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第1期100卷 45-52页

作者： EXELL, JR KILLINGER, A LCdr. John R. Excell: USN received a bachelor of architecture from the University of Michigan and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from the U. S. Navy Postgraduate School. He was commissioned in 1973 serving first as damage control assistant aboard USSGuadalcanal(LPH-7) and later as commissioning main propulsion assistant on USSMerrill(DD-976). He became an engineering duty officer in 1979 and served at Norfolk Naval Shipyard as senior ship superintendent for six ships and later within the shipyard Design Department. In May 1984 LCdr. Exell was assigned to the DD-963 Class Special Projects Office as program manager for air system improvements including the bleed air and anti-ice systems. He recently completed the Defense Systems Management College Ft. Belvoir VA and returned to NavSea PMS 377 as deputy for strategic sealift programs. Arthur Killinger:graduated from the University of Maryland in 1968 with a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering. He joined MPR Associates Inc. working on submarine safety design reviews following the loss of USSScorpion(SSN 589). After two years in the U.S. Army Nuclear Reactor Program and a year as U.S. Army engineer maintenance advisor in the Republic of Vietnam he returned to MPR Associates Inc. in 1972. Since then he has worked on nuclear power plant projects for several electric utilities as well as submarine and surface ship overhaul and maintenance improvement programs for the U.S. Navy. Mr. Killinger is a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This paper describes the steps taken to simplify the gas turbine intake anti-ice systems on DD-963 and DDG-993 class ships. The anti-ice system was designed and built as fully-automatic protection against intake duct icing on main propulsion turbines and electric generator turbines. Operating experience with the system indicated that it was nonfunctional more than 60% of the time. The system's poor availability was caused by its complexity, lack of use, lack of spare parts, poor training and documentation, and design and material problems. A Navy Independent Design Review Team (IDRT) reexamined the technical bases for installing an automatic anti-ice system and demonstrated that automatic control was not necessary for gas turbine intake duct anti-icing. A series of design review calculations and shipboard tests confirmed that anti-icing protection could be provided by manual control of installed butterfly valves feeding hot air to each turbine intake. The time from the IDRT design simplification recommendations to the first modification of the anti-ice system was less than one year. To date, half of the 30 of the 35 ships in the two classes have been modified. This system simplification will result in life cycle maintenance cost savings in excess of 13 million dollars. Future CG-47 class and DDG-51 class ships will include this simplified approach to anti-ice system design for gas turbine intakes.

关键词： GAS TURBINES

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ROCKET MOTOR DESIGN FOR UNDERWATER SHOCK

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 215-225页

作者： YAGLA, JJ The authorreceived his B.A. degree in science (physics) from the Slate College of Iowa in 1965. He received his M.S. degree in engineering mechanics in 1968 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering and engineering science in 1981 from Arizona State University. He has done analytical and experimental research in the field of weapons blast and dynamical response since 1965 at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren Virginia. As a supervisory research mechanical engineer he was previously head of the Physical Response Analysis Branch Blast Effects Branch and Ship Engineering Branch. Dr. Yagla is the test development agent and was test conductor for the gun and missile structural test firings in USSIowaclass battleships. He is a consultant to the Naval Sea Systems Command battleship combat system engineer and the Naval Air Systems Command Cruise Missile Project for blast and structural response. He has been involved in the development of Standard missile and its launching systems since 1969. He participated in the design of shock tests for the Mk 104 rocket motor and analyzed the data. He is presently analyzing shock and vibration problems for the Standard Missile Program Office.

Naval ships and equipment are designed to survive underwater shock. The underwater shock can result from a nearby explosion of a bomb or missile, or the underwater detonation of a nuclear weapon. The shock wave travels through the water and applies an impulsive pressure load to the ship. The ship responds by a sudden acceleration in a direction up and away from the explosion. The motion of the ship is imparted to its weapons and equipment. In the case of Standard missile, impulsive loads are applied to the missiles stowed in the magazines. The evolutionary design of rocket motor chambers and launch shoes for Standard missile for underwater shock is traced from the early Tartar missile to the latest version of Standard missile. As the weight of the missile has increased and the performance requirements have become more demanding, the design of the weapon for underwater shock has become more difficult. The paper explains the design approaches and techniques. Theoretical and experimental methods have been required. Finally, the paper highlights the experiences and problems in conducting underwater shock experiments with production systems in ships at sea.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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OUT-OF-PRODUCTION MICRO-ELECTRONICS - AN ACHILLES HEEL OF DEFENSE systemS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第5期100卷 69-72页

作者： MACKENZIE, CM WOOTTEN, R HOY, K NEELY, J KOSCO, D SMITH, W C. Malcolm Mackenzie:is the Materials and Parts Availability Control program manager at U.S. Army Laboratory Command Adelphi Md. Mr. Mackenzie has a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Northwestern University an M.S. degree in the same field from the University of Michigan and an M.B.A. from East Texas State University. Richard Wootten:is project officer of the U.S. Army Material Command's Materials and Parts Availability Control Information Data System Project Adelphi Md. Mr. Wootten holds an associate's degree in mechanical engineering from Northern Virginia Community College and a Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering from The University of Alabama. Kevin Hoy:is manager of the Microelectronics Obsolescence Management Program at the Naval Avionics Center Indianapolis. Mr. Hoy holds both bachelor and master of science degrees in mathematics from Purdue University. James Neely:is leader of the Materials Management Team Industrial Materials Division in the Directorate of Manufacturing Air Force Systems Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Neely holds a bachelor's degree in political science from The University of Georgia and a master of science degree in public administration from The University of Missouri. Don Kosco:is an electronics engineer currently involved with introducing new technologies into weapons systems. He is in the Directorate of Reliability Maintainability and Technology Policy HQ Air Force Logistics Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Kosco holds a bachelor of engineering degree from Widener University a master's in systems engineering from The Air Force Institute of Technology and an MBA from the University of Texas at San Antonio. William Smith:is head of the Plans Branch in the Office of Policy and Plans Defense Electronics Supply Center (DESC) Dayton Ohio. He was for many years manager ofDESC's Diminishing Manufacturing Sources (DMS) Program. Mr. Smith holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science from Indiana University.

Both the timely manufacture of defense systems and their subsequent on-line operability depend upon the availability of component parts. The growing problem of microelectronic component nonavailability is casting a shadow over logistics support to these systems. This paper will discuss the causes of the problem and provide some examples of cases confronted by the DoD logistics community. It will also identify some actions which have been taken in the past to manage the issue as well as initiatives now underway. Finally it will look at what lies ahead.

关键词： Microelectronics

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HEAT-TRANSFER STUDIES ON A ROCKET NOZZLE FOR NAVAL APPLICATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第1期100卷 29-35页

作者： DAS, DK MOORE, GR BOYER, CT Dr. Debendra K. Das:is assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Alaska-Fairbanks. A graduate of Sambalpur University India (BS) 1972 Brown University Rhode Island (MS) 1974 and University of Rhode Island (Ph.D.) 1983 Dr. Das is a registered professional engineer in Rhode Island. He was formerly employed at the Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren Virginia where he performed studies on rocket nozzles and aerodynamic heating for the Navy's missile program. Dr. Glen R. Moore:received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Wichita State University in 1967 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering from Arizona State University in 1969 and 1971. Since 1971 he has been employed by the Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren Virginia. He has been extensively involved in the analysis and testing of Navy gun and missile system launch environments and their effects on personnel equipment and ships. Dr. Moore has authored numerous reports and papers on gun blast and rocket motor plume environments. He is currently a member of the JANNAF Exhaust Plume Technology Subcommittee. Dr. Charles T. Boyer:received his B.S. M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1969 1971 and 1984. He served as an intelligence officer and battery commander in the U.S. Army from 1971 until 1973 in Germany. Since 1974 he has worked at the Naval Surface Weapons Center Dahlgren Virginia. He was involved with the analysis and design of gun propelling charge assemblies and with the analysis and measurement of heat transfer from these charge assemblies to the gun bore from 1974 through 1980. Since 1980 he has analyzed and measured the heat transfer from rocket exhaust plumes to ablators used to protect ships and their equipment. He has also analyzed the in-depth heat transfer in these ablators. Currently Dr. Boyer is the project manager for the generic booster/vertical launching system compatibility test program. He has authored numerous reports and p

Heat transfer results are presented here for a rocket nozzle that uses aluminized solid propellant. The Solid Performance Computer program (SPP) was employed to calculate the two-dimensional, two-phase flow properties inside the nozzle. Utilizing the properties of particle phase obtained from this program, calculations were made for the heat flux due to particle impingement. Predictions are also presented for convective and radiative heat transfer along the nozzle surface. A comparison was made to assess the magnitudes of various modes of heat transfer. The methodology and results presented in this paper should provide useful data to designers of new rocket nozzles and should aid studies to improve the design of existing nozzles.

关键词： HEAT TRANSFER

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APPLICATION OF A GENERAL-PURPOSE CAD system IN THE DDG-51 DESIGN PROCESS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 265-274页

作者： AYERS, RE CALLAHAN, PJ KASSEL, B Randy E. Ayers:is a naval architect in the Computer Aided Engineering Division (Sea 507) of the Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his B.S.E. degree cum laude in structural materials and fluids engineering from the University of South Florida in 1979. Mr. Ayers began his career in the naval shipbuilding industry as a structural design engineer for the Long Beach Naval Shipyard. Currently he is the computer applications manager for the DDG-51 consultant for other ship design projects and has special responsibility for teaching CAD applications and utilization. He has received a letter of appreciation for his work on the DDG-51 ship design and has earned several superior achievement awards while involved in such projects as the battleship modernization and CIWS. Mr. Ayers has been a project leader for the LHA and FF-1052 class of ships and for a number of other ships undergoing construction. He is also an active member of ASNE. Patrick J. Callahan:is the manager of the Computer Aided Design Branch of the Computer Applications Directorate at Designers & Planners Inc. Mr. Callahan worked at General Dynamics Electric Boat Division for 10 years where he was involved in CAD detail design efforts for the SSBN-726 class and the SSN-688 class submarines. In 1984 he joined M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. and was CAD design supervisor overseeing the operations of their CAD system. Currently managing the CAD Branch at D&P he is responsible for a variety of CAD projects such as being a key member of the DDG-51 Computer Aided Ship Design Program developing procedures and documentation for systems operation. He served as project manager for the IGES conversion of 650 FFG-7 class drawings from a McAuto to a Computervision database. Most recently he was responsible for generating the digital drawing package for the AO-177 (Jumbo) contract design. Ben Kassel:received his BSME from the University of Maine in 1981 and joined the David Taylor Research Center as a mechanical design engineer and later became the CAD/CAM system

This paper describes how the Naval Sea systems Command (NavSea) applied computer-aided design (CAD) to the DDG-51 class ship design. CAD tools and techniques are described along with a discussion on how new modes of operation, procedures, and standards are being introduced to take full advantage of CAD technology. Because geometric modeling techniques and geometric model analysis are major purposes of a CAD system they are described in detail. An explanation of how the model interfaces with other design tools is also presented. A summary of the computer applications implemented during the DDG-51 design is provided and areas which require additional consideration and future development are identified.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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16-IN GUN BLAST AND THE BATTLESHIP REACTIVATION program

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1987年第3期99卷 227-238页

作者： YAGLA, JJ The authorreceived his B. A. degree in science (physics) from the State College of Iowa in 1965. He received his M. S. degree in engineering mechanics in 1968 and his Ph.D in aerospace engineering and engineering science in 1981 from Arizona State University. He has done analytical and experimental research in the field of weapons blast since 1965 at the Naval Surface Weapons Center in Dahlgren Virginia. As a supervisory research mechanical engineer he was previously head of the Physical Response Analysis Branch Blast Effects Branch and Ship Engineering Branch. Dr. Yagla is the test development agent and was test conductor for the gun and missile structural test firings in USS Iowa class battleships. He is a consultant to the Naval Sea Systems Command battleship combat system engineer and the Naval Air Systems Command Cruise Missile Project for blast and structural response. He is presently analyzing shock and vibration problems for the Standard Missile Program Office.

Reactivated and modernized USS Iowa class battleships employ many new systems, none of which were designed to withstand blast from 16-inch guns. Placement of the new equipment was driven by the need to impose the smallest possible restrictions on the guns. The design problem was complicated by two factors: first, the blast overpressure field surrounding the gun had not been accurately measured with modern instruments. Second, the blast overpressure tolerance of several important systems was unknown. The problem was solved through judicious placement of the equipment so that work could begin on the ship. Meanwhile the pressure surrounding a 16-inch gun was measured at the Dahlgren Laboratory. Mathematical functions describing the blast field were then used to design shipboard experiments in which the guns were fired at progressively more severe angles of train and elevation, while the equipment performance was carefully monitored. Four sets of shipboard experiments were required. Limiting values for the firing arcs have been determined, and the consequences of exceeding the recommended limits are now known.

关键词： WARSHIPS

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COMBAT system INDUSTRIAL-TESTING - MEASUREMENT OF SUCCESS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1986年第5期98卷 47-57页

作者： TRESSLER, DL HART, JB Dennis L. Tresseler is currently combat system test team leader for the combat systems test and evaluation branch of the Naval Sea Systems Command (SEA 61 × 11). Mr. Tresseler graduated in 1972 with a degree in mechanical engineering technology. He began his career at Newport News Shipbuilding in 1972 where he was a test director responsible for weapon system installation alignment and testing in CGN-36 thru 40 and CVN-68 and 69. In 1977 he came to the Washington area and worked for various contractors in technical and managerial positions before coming to NA VSEA in 1981. He is a member of the Naval Institute and his paper on “FF-1041 Class Modernization” has been accepted for publication in the Proceedings. J.B. Hart is currently the senior program manager combat systems for VSE Corporation headquartered in Alexandria Virginia. He is the program manager for VSE's master ordnance repair (MOR) team. His previous position was with COMPTEK Research Inc. Virginia Beach as senior combat systems engineer. Mr. Hart earned his BS degree from the University of New York in general engineering. He retired as chief ordnance control warrant officer after 22 years of service in 1982. While on active duty he served in various combat systems capacities since 1968 the most noteworthy of which were as ship's combat systems test officer/fire control officer on USS Belknap (CG-26) bringing her back into commission through major reconstruction and as combat system chief onboard USS Albany (CG-10) assisting in test and delivery of the first NTDS model 4.0 software program as well as numerous control systems updates both software and hardware.

This is an overview of the combat system test and certification (CST&C) program as a subset of the total ship test program (TSTP) for active fleet surface ships. The paper will discuss how the T&C program measures not only the suitability of repairs and modifications done during a ship's combat system industrial availability in a public or private yard period, but also the impact that successful program conduct has on the materiel effectiveness throughout a ship's operational cycle. The CST&C management organization and responsibilities, including NAVSEA's master ordnance repair program as well as combat system code 190's relationship to the CST&C program and the impact of pre- and post-industrial testing requirements on the actual conduct of industrial testing will be addressed.

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