In this study, the effect of light incidence angle on soiling loss is investigated, as well as the effect of water condensation-drying cycles. The experimental results show, as predicted by a theoretical model that th...
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Because imitation learning relies on human demonstrations in hard-to-simulate settings, the inclusion of force control in this method has resulted in a shortage of training data, even with a simple change in speed. Al...
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There is a morphodynamic component to synaptic learning by which changes in dendritic (postsynaptic) spine head size are associated with the strengthening or weakening of the synaptic connection between two neurons, i...
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There is a morphodynamic component to synaptic learning by which changes in dendritic (postsynaptic) spine head size are associated with the strengthening or weakening of the synaptic connection between two neurons, in response to the temporal correlation of local presynaptic and postsynaptic signals. These morphological factors are in turn sculpted by the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. In this paper, we use Dynamical Graph Grammars (DGGs) implemented within a computer algebra system to model how networks of actin filaments can dynamically grow or shrink, reshaping the spine head. Dynamical Graph Grammars (DGGs) provide a well-defined way to accommodate dynamically changing system structure such as active cytoskeleton represented using dynamic graphs, within nonequilibrium statistical physics under the master equation. We show that DGGs can also incorporate biophysical forces between graph-connected objects at a finer time scale, with specialized DGG kinetic rules obeying biophysical constraints of Galilean invariance, conservation of momentum, and dissipation of conserved global energy. We use graph-local energy functions for cytoskeleton networks interacting with membranes, and derive DGG rules from the specialization of dissipative stochastic dynamics - separated into dissipative and thermal noise rule types - to a mutually exclusive and exhaustive collection of graph-local neighborhood types for the rule left hand sides. The dissipative rules comprise a stochastic version of gradient descent dynamics. The thermal noise rules use a Gaussian approximation of each position coordinate to sample jitter-like displacements. For the spine head model we designed and implemented DGG grammar mathematical sub-models including actin network growth, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, and filament-membrane mechanical interaction to regulate the re-writing of graph objects. We simulate emergent biophysics of simplified networks of actin polymers and their interactions
In this work, the effects of adding hydrogen to diesel non-premixed combustion with air in a cylindrical furnace burner are investigated. A numerical model is developed to study the effects of hydrogen addition on com...
In this work, the effects of adding hydrogen to diesel non-premixed combustion with air in a cylindrical furnace burner are investigated. A numerical model is developed to study the effects of hydrogen addition on combustion flame temperature and exhaust emissions. Different hydrogen addition ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume in the burning mixture are considered. The turbulence-chemistry interaction is modelled through the eddy dissipation combustion model to predict the concentration of exhaust emissions and the temperature of the combustion flame. The air–fuel equivalence ratio is consistently set to 1 (stoichiometry) across all the considered cases. Results show that the hydrogen enrichment of diesel increases flame temperature and diminishes carbon emissions while enhancing the generation of NO x emissions. Hence, careful consideration should be given to NO x emission control in high temperature flame systems when hydrogen is used to enrich the fuel mixture and reduce carbon emissions.
A square cylinder may gallop if subjected to fluid flow experiencing a self-excited vibration mode that can harvest energy for low-power applications. The harvested power is typically low and depends on the upstream f...
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The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease or COVID19 has disrupted all aspects of our lives in many ways since it was first detected in the early part of the year 2020; personal and professional lives were impacted includin...
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The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease or COVID19 has disrupted all aspects of our lives in many ways since it was first detected in the early part of the year 2020; personal and professional lives were impacted including workplaces, learning environments, businesses, commerce, and industry. The global toll of impacted people has been higher than many anticipated, with more than 100 M confirmed infections as of this issue and more than 2.5 M of confirmed casualties [1]. To a large degree, buildings are at the center of the pandemic in terms of spread and its control. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) virus spreads rapidly from person to person as the main contamination source presenting major challenges for human socializations and interactions, which occur mostly in indoor environments. Thus, indoor environments are a potential opportunity to reduce infection or to increase...
Energy consumption accounts for a significant portion of a product's environmental impacts. Biological research suggests the existence of a fundamental energetic limit. After reviewing research into the influence ...
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Demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing owing to the expanding use of electrical vehicles and stationary energy storage. Efficient and closed-loop battery recycling strategies are therefore needed, which...
Demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing owing to the expanding use of electrical vehicles and stationary energy storage. Efficient and closed-loop battery recycling strategies are therefore needed, which will require recovering materials from spent LIBs and reintegrating them into new batteries. In this Review, we outline the current state of LIB recycling, evaluating industrial and developing technologies. Among industrial technologies, pyrometallurgy can be broadly applied to diverse electrode materials but requires operating temperatures of over 1,000 °C and therefore has high energy consumption. Hydrometallurgy can be performed at temperatures below 200 °C and has material recovery rates of up to 93% for lithium, nickel and cobalt, but it produces large amounts of wastewater. Developing technologies such as direct recycling and upcycling aim to increase the efficiency of LIB recycling and rely on improved pretreatment processes with automated disassembly and cleaner mechanical separation. Additionally, the range of materials recovered from spent LIBs is expanding from the cathode materials recycled with established methods to include anode materials, electrolytes, binders, separators and current collectors. Achieving an efficient recycling ecosystem will require collaboration between recyclers, battery manufacturers and electric vehicle manufacturers to aid the design and automation of battery disassembly lines.
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