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THE UNITED STATES NAVY'S “DESIGN WORK STUDY” APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBOARD CONTROL systems

Naval Engineers Journal 1976年第6期88卷 62-74页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. GAMBREL, WILLIAM DAVID Artis I. Plato:is Head of the Design Work Study/ Shipboard Manning/Human Factors Engineering Section Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard where he remained until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne New Jersey. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and the drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a Project Engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a Project Engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty and his duties have included command of an Engineer Company various Staff positions and his present assignment as Operations Officer for a Civil Affairs Group. He has completed the U. S. A rmy Corps of Engineers Career Course and the Civil Affairs Career Course and is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course. Additionally he completed graduate studies at American University Washington D.C in 1972 receiving his MSTM degree in Technology of Management and is a member of ASE ASME CAA U. S. Naval Instit

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a system analysis technique called “Design Work Study”, that is used by the U.S. Navy for the development of improved ship control systems. The Design Work Study approach is one which brings about the most efficient and cost effective man‐machine combination for the ship control functions. Adherence to this process insures that the advantages of automation are balanced against incurred operational and maintenance expense. At present, U.S. Navy doctrine requires that certain ship operating stations, such as steering and propulsion control, be manned at specified ship conditions of readiness. Therefore, if personnel are needed to fulfill these combat environment obligations, excessive automation may only result in unnecessary additional acquisition costs and increased personnel skill requirements. The Design Work Study process can be applied to establish the required fine balance between the degree of built‐in automation and the shipboard manpower levels. In order to explain the techniques that are used for this process, the Authors will present a brief summary of the Design Work Study approach for optimizing shipboard control systems, including an explanation of the formal procedural tools that are applicable. In addition, a practical case study of ship control system design for one of the latest classes of Navy destroyers will be presented. This example will illustrate the resultant savings and benefits that can be realized by a judicious application of this technique. © 1976 American Society of Naval Engineers

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THE FT9 MARINE GAS TURBINE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT program

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Naval Engineers Journal 1975年第6期87卷 79-96页

作者： FAIRBANKS, JOHN W. The author is a graduate of the Maine Maritime Academy Stanford University and the University of Santa Clara. His undergraduate degrees were in Marine and Mechanical Engineering and his Masters Degree Specialization was in Heat-Mass-Momentum Transfer within the Mechanical Engineering Department He has taught Gas Dynamics Thermodynamics and Direct Energy Conversion at Texas A&M and the University of Maryland and has sailed as a licensed Marine Engineer for two and a half years with the American Export Lines currently holding active First Assistant Steam Unlimited and Third Assistant Diesel Unlimited licenses. From 1954 to 1957 he was on active duty in the U.S. Navy serving in the USS Montrose (APA-212) as both Main Propulsion Assistant and Chief Engineer. While employed at Hiller Aircraft Company he was in the Advanced Research Group and worked on the Detached Coanda Effect for VTOL and ground effect machines as well as designing high-speed bearings and high-speed shaft test stands for the SC-142A an experimental tilt wing aircraft program. In 1963 he went to Philco-Ford to design a Brayton Cycle Power System for a solar probe spacecraft and also worked on the Thermal and Power System Design of the IDCSP (DOD's Communication Satellite). At NASA's Goddard Space Center for six years his responsibilities included design fabrication integration test launch and flight operation of solar arrays on two spacecraft and also as Power Systems Engineer for the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory the largest unmanned spacecraft flown. In 1971 he joined NAVSEC where he is currently the Program Engineer on the FT9 Gas Turbine Development Program and Coordinator of the Navy's Materials Programs for advanced gas turbines. Having organized the first two Navy Gas Turbine Materials Conferences he is presently organizing U.S. participation in a joint U.S. Navy Royal Navy Gas Turbine Materials Conference to be held in ‘the United Kingdom in September 1976. Mr. Fairbanks has authored or coauthored 21 technical papers and i

The current Navy philosophy for marine gas turbine engine development is to marinize an existing aircraft turbo jet engine. The FT9 Marine Gas Turbine Engine is a 33,000 horsepower version of the Pratt and Whitney JT9D engine, which powers the 747 aircraft. Marinization of the JT9D basically involves removal of the fan section, addition of a power turbine, structural modification to several components, and material changes to provide corrosion‐resistance in the marine environment. Characteristics and ratings of the individual engine components are discussed as well as the assembled engine. The FT9 design incorporates the modular replacement concept. Modular replacement permits replacement of short‐life components such as the hot‐section without removing the engine from its mounts. The FT9 specification requires development of a condition monitoring system as an integral part of the engine development. Thus, provisions for sensor installations are incorporated in the design. Accelerometers are installed on the internal engine bearing housings to provide improved vibration signals. These accelerometers are mounted on rods such that they are removable without engine disassembly. Extensive borescope provisions are included to provide capability to inspect all hot‐section components without disassembling the engine. The engine life‐limiting component is the hot‐section because of the susceptibility of the blade and vane materials to sulphidation/oxidation at the temperatures encountered with the advanced engines. Sophisticated Made and vane cooling is used to allow high turbine inlet temperatures while keeping blade metal temperatures in a region where sulphidation/oxidation is only moderately active. Coatings are added to blades and vanes to extend engine life. Three FT9 engines will be delivered to the Navy. The target date for provisional Service Approval of FT9 is mid‐1978. FT9 will provide the U.S. Navy with the most advanced marine gas turbine with the highest powe

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REMOTE SENSORS - NOT MANPOWER

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1974年第1期86卷 51-&页

作者： JOHNSON, DP The author is a graduate mechanical engineer from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and has worked continuously for the Navy for the past 17 years. In 1963 he obtained an electronic engineering classification through a Civil Service sponsored program and has been assigned to the Navy Special Remote Sensor Systems Project Office in the Naval Electronics Systems Command since 1969. Prior to that he worked in the Naval Inshore Warfare Project Office PM-12 the NAVSHIPS Sonar Branch and the NAVSHIPS Gas Turbine Branch. He is also a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Virginia.

During the Vietnam war, a new technique for target detection and surveillance was developed. This technique is often referred to as “remote sensors” or “the electronic battlefield”. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in general terms the General Purpose Remote Sensor System (GPRSS) presently in use by Naval Forces to remotely detect enemy troop and vehicular movement. The complete system is comprised of the remote sensor, data link, and monitoring equipment. This paper describes the various types of detectors and how they are used. It also describes how the information is coded and transmitted to a remotely located monitoring site. Some of the equipments used to monitor the various sensors are also discussed.

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Cogas—A New Look for Naval Propulsion

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第5期86卷 41-56页

作者： Abbott, Jack W. Baham, Gary J. Head of the Systems Engineering Section Naval Ship Engineering Center. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University in 1960 and was then commissioned in the U.S. Navy serving as Engineering Officer in the USS Braine (DD-630). Upon completion of his active duty assignments he entered industry as a Development Engineer and became involved with marine application of gas turbine and fluid power systems. In 1966 he assumed full responsibility for the installation design and equipment acceptance tests of the gas turbine generator/waste-heat boiler system for the DDH-280 Class Destroyer including all associated controls ducting and silencing equipment. In 1970 he became Manager of the DD-963 Auxiliary Power “Trade-Off” Study which resulted in significant modification to the electric steam and compressed air systems. A registered Professional Mechanical Engineer in the State of California and the holder of several patents he is presently enrolled in the Masters Program at George Washington University in Engineering Administration. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME and currently holds the rank of Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Head of the Mechanical Systems Department Washington D. C. Office of George G. Sharp Inc. He received his BS degree in Engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles. His career started in the design and development of turbomachinery for commercial and marine applications with the Douglas Aircraft Co. He subsequently was employed by the Southern California Edison Co. and later the Turbo-Power and Marine Department of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft in development of power systems for marine and electrical generation applications. At Litton Ship Systems Inc. he participated in development of propulsion power train machinery for the DD-963 and LHA ship programs. He is a member of SNAME a registered Professional Mechanical Engineer in the State of California and is currently completing requirements for a Masters

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THE ENERGY CRISIS AND NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第3期86卷

作者： CDR. J. RICHARD GAUTHEY USN JOSEPH P. DeTOLLA CDR. J. RICHARD GAUTHEY USN & JOSEPH P. DeTOLLA Cdr. J. Richard Gauthey USN graduated from Cornell University in 1955 with a Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree and entered the U.S. Navy through the NROTC program. Following three tours of sea duty he attended the University of California at Berkeley where he earned his Master of Science degree. From 1963 to 1965 he was Project Officer for Aircraft Carriers and Amphibious Ships in the Design Division BUSHIPS. The succeeding three years he was Assistant Repair Superintendent for Surface Ships at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. After attending the Naval War College he was Maintenance Officer COMINELANT Staff prior to his present assignment as Director Ship Research and Technology Division NAVSHIPS where he has been since 1971. He is a member of both ASNE and SNAME. Joseph P. DeTolla a native of Philadelphia Pa. received his BS degree in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University in 1969. He began his career with the U.S. Navy in 1965 as a Mechanical Engineering Trainee in the Philidelphia Naval Shipyard Design Division under the BUSHIPS Cooperative Education Training Program. In 1911 he joined NAVSEC as a Mechanical Engineer in the Fluid Systems Branch. For the past two years he has primarily been involved in conducting alternative auxiliary heating system “tradeoff” studies and in the design of total energy/waste heat recovery systems for the PF 109 Class Sea Control Ship DG/AEGIS and AO 177 Class. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the District of Columbia a member of ASE ASME and SNAME and a candidate for the Master of Engineering Administration degree at The George Washington University.

Energy used by U.S. Navy ships is viewed in the context of the national situation. Shipboard usage and the controlling variables are summarized. Research and development being planned by the Navy is described. Efforts relate to conservation of energy as well as consideration of new fuels including hydrogen and liquid hydro-carbon fuels derived from coal, oil shale, and tar sands. A brief account is given of work sponsored by the Department of Interior to produce hydrocarbon fuels, and initial Navy efforts to characterize and evaluate one such fuel is reported. This fuel has been burned at sea in the USS Johnston (DD 821). Development of conservation measures encompasses the utilization of waste heat from gas turbine and diesel engine exhausts and diesel water jackets; more efficient machinery; and reduction of energy requirements. Specific developments discussed include a design methodology to optimize waste heat utilization and higher efficiency gas turbine systems.

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THE MAINTENANCE engineering ANALYSIS, A VITAL LINK BETWEEN THE DESIGN ENGINEER AND FLEET SUPPORT

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Naval Engineers Journal 1974年第1期86卷 84-94页

作者： MARCUCILLI, T.J. HENDRICKSON, M.L. Mr. Theodore J. Marcucilli received his Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from New York University in 1954. He joined the then Bureau of Ships in the Internal Combustion Engines Branch later to be merged with the Gas Turbine Branch. He progressed through positions of increasing responsibility in the areas of RDT&E Acoustics Shock and Vibration and by June 1962 was in charge of the Machinery Division's efforts in support of Project SEAHAWK an advanced design ASW destroyer. In September 1963 he was designated as Project Manager for the Pressure Fired Boiler Program for seventeen DE's (1040 C1 DEG-1 C1 and AGDE-1). This assignment was the first known application of the Project Management concept in the Bureau of Ships. In June 1966 he was placed in charge of the Plans Policies and Procedures Branch in the Naval Ship Engineering Center and was responsible for the formulation and implementation of Acquisition Management policy and procedures. The following November he was appointed Branch Head for Propulsion Electrical and Auxiliaries Systems in the LHA Project (PMS 377) and has remained with the project from the pre-concept formulation phase through the current building period in the development and production phase. Mr. Marshall L. Hendrickson received his Bachelor's degree in Commerce from the University of Maryland and is presently enrolled in a Master's program in Government Procurement and Contract Administration at George Washington University. He has been involved in Navy Project Management Administration since January of 1963. Prior to that he had extensive Fleet experience as a Field Serivce Engineer for the Philco Corporation. Navy projects he has been associated with include the SPARROW and SIDE-WINDER Missiles the F-4 (Phantom) Series aircraft the Navy Maintenance and Material Management (3-M) System the LHA-1 Class Amphibious Assault Ship and the Ship and Air Systems Integration (SASI) Project. Presently he is the Division Director for Integrated Logistic Support on the SASI Pro

This paper discusses the Maintenance engineering Analyses (MEA) as performed in support of a major ship acquisition process. A major impetus is to demonstrate how the MEA can be utilized better to provide a direct data link between the design agent and the logistic support community to enhance Fleet operational effectiveness. A description of the overall MEA process is provided and several examples are used showing the type of design improvements realizable through an integration of the MEA process into the early stages of ship system design. © 1974 American Society of Naval Engineers

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COST-ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE-DISPOSAL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1973年第1期85卷 86-92页

作者： PIERSALL, CH BORGSTRO.RE USN CDR Charles H. Piersall Jr.USN graduated from the New York State Maritime College in 1956 with the Bachelor of Marine Engineer's Degree. He was designated Engineering Duty Officer (1400) in June 1958 and has had numerous engineering and industrial tours of duty. He has a Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School (1965) and a Master's Degree in Business Administration (Systems Analysis) from the Defense Systems Analysis Program University of Rochester (1970). Upon completion of the latter he was ordered to The Center for Naval Analyses where he served as a cost analyst and shipbuilding/ship repair consultant. Additionally he was Project Officer for the Navy and the Environment Study. His present assignment is Director of Production Test and Integrated Logistic Support—LHA Project Naval Ship Systems Command. He is President of the CNA Sigma Xi Club and is active in the American Society of Naval Engineers. He has published articles in theASME Journal for PowertheJournal of the American Water Works Associationand theNaval Engineers Journal. Mr. Robert E. Borgstrom was graduated from the California State University at Northridge with a B.A. (1969) and an M.A. (1970) in Geography. He was Manager of Programming Services at the Laboratory for the Quantitative Analysis of Environmental and Spatial Systems and is presently with the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations assigned to the Center for Naval Analyses where his work has included studies of the Navy's program for environmental protection.

The problem of sewage and waste disposal from U. S. Navy ships is recognized by the highest authorities in the Navy. Many activities and individuals are deeply involved in the total problem and its numerous subcategories. The problem of costs of disposal is one of these. This paper discusses four optional methods for the disposal of shipboard domestic wastes. The annualized investment and operating costs associated with the implementation of each of the options are presented. The model considers non-nuclear, sea-going surface ships with a manning level greater than 50 men. Estimates were developed on a per ship per class basis and aggregated for the total surface fleet. This approach permits the inevstigation of different combinations of the options by merely specifying the number and type of ships to be considered in any option. Changes in military effectiveness, which is at least an equally important problem as costing, were not addressed.

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THE PATROL FRIGATE program‐A NEW APPROACH TO SHIP DIGIGN AND ACQUISTION

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Naval Engineers Journal 1973年第4期85卷 82-91页

作者： NEWCOMB, JOHN W. DITRAPANI, ANTHONY R. Mr. John W. Newcomb received his undergraduate education at Webb Institute of Naval Architecture graduating in 1966 and is currently completing requirements for a Master of Business Administration degree at the George Washington University. After gradwlting from Webb he was employed by Texaco Inc. Marine Department and later served three years active duty in the Navy as the DEG-7 Project Oficer at Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Third Naval District. Subsequent thereto he was employed by the Naval Ship Research and Development Center prior to assuming his present position in the Ship System Design Division of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME. Mr. Anthony R. Di'hapani received his BS degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1958 and subsequently completed course requirements for a Master of Engineering Science while an evening student at the George Washington University. He began his engineering career in 1958 in the BuShips Steam Turbine and Gear Branch specializing in steam turbine systems for nuclear submarines. In 1962 after completing a Navy-sponsored Electronics Training Program he joined the SQS-26 Sonar Project and served as Head of the Special Projects Section and subsequently the Test and Analysis Section until selected in 1967 to head the ASW Branch for the newly-churtered DXIDXG Project now the DO963 Ship Acquisition Project in the Naval Ship System Command. In 1970 he was designated a8 Acting Director of the DD963 Technical Management Plans Division and when the PF Program emerged in 1971 was reassigned as Deputy Project Manager for the Patrol Frigate Project.

Late in 1970, Admiral E. R. Zumwdt, Chid of Naval Operations, directed that study begin towards development of a new class of ocean escort to be known BS Patrol Frigate (PF) to take over some of the duties of the Navy's World War II destroyers as these 25 year old ships are retired from the active Fleet. At the same time, the Department of Defense, was significantly revising its basic policies for the development and acquisition of major weapons systems, and PF became the Nay's first major ship claw acquisition under these new policies. This new requirement, as atmound in DOD Directive 5000.1, along with the program constraints imposed by the CNO, required the development of a philosophy and approach towards design, test and evaluation and acquisition which was significantly Merent from ship procurements of the recent past. This paper disc the overall acquisition proms for the Patrol Frigate Class BS it is being developed and implemented to meet these needs and constraints, and provides a commepfary regarding the effectiveness of the appraach as of January 1973. © 1973 by the American Society of Naval Engineers

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MATERIALS IN SEA

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1968年第1期80卷 35-&页

作者： GROVES, D THE AUTHOR:is a Naval Reserve Officer currently attached to a unit (5-8) of the Navy's Research Reserve Program (ONR). He has had a wide range of experience in the Navy both while on active duty during World War II and Korea as well as in the Reserve Program. His civilian experience has included electrical and mechanical design systems engineering and advanced engineering in Naval Warfare as well as Materials Science. Groves is a member of the ASNE The Marine Technology Society and a Fellow of The Washington Academy of Science plus several other scientific and engineering societies. “Iron seemeth a simple metal … but in its nature are many mysteries … and men who bend to them their minds shall in arriving days gather therefrom greater profit not to themselves alone but to all mankind.”

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SOME ART OF NAVAL engineering

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1970年第6期82卷 87-&页

作者： GROVES, D THE AUTHOR is a staff member of the National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council in Materials Science and Engineering. He has had a wide range of experience in the Navy both while on active duty during World War II and Korea as well as in the Reserve Program. His civilian experience has included electrical and mechanical design systems engineering and advance engineering in Naval Warfare as well as Materials Science. Groves is a member of ASNE the Marine Technology Society and a Fellow of the Washington Academy of Science plus several other scientific and engineering societies.

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