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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第4期106卷 165-173页

作者： OUILLETTE, JJ THE AUTHOR is the DDG-51 class computer-aided design project manager in the Navy's Aegis program office. Ms. Ouillette is 1986 graduate of the University of Maine with a B.S. in mechanical engineering. Prior to her current position Ms. Ouillette was employed by the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Bath Me. where she was involved with engineering systems management for the DDG-51 class program.

Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing technology is being implemented in the U.S. Navy's Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) Class Aegis Destroyer program. Under the Navy's direction, the DDG-51 class construction yards are aggressively pursuing the transition to CAD-based design, construction and life cycle support. Through the CAD initiative, acquisition costs can be reduced without reduction of ships' capability. Building a three dimensional (3D) computer generated model of the ship prior to construction will facilitate the identification and resolution of interference and interface problems that would otherwise remain undetected until actual ship construction. The 3D database contains geometry and design data to support system design and concurrent engineering and is exchanged electronically between the construction yards. Detailed design drawings, fabrication sketches, and numerical control (NC) data are extracted directly from the database to support construction. At the completion of ship construction, as-built models will be provided to the planning yard for life cycle support.

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THE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS SYSTEM - RISK-BASED RESOURCE programMING AT WORK

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 279-284页

作者： JACOBS, KS SODERSTROM, GW Kenneth S. Jacobs:is the director of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Surface Ship Maintenance Division. Originally trained as a data systems technician he attended Old Dominion University in Norfolk Virginia graduating with a BS degree in mechanical engineering in 1975. Over the course of the last eighteen years Mr. Jacobs has served in NavSea as a project engineer for boats and service craft as the type desk for AFS AOR AO and AOG ship types and as manager of the Amphibious and Auxiliary Ship Maintenance Strategy Program where he was instrumental in the development and implementation of the Phased Maintenance Program. He has authored several papers on the subject of ship maintenance and is a member of Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society ASNE and the Association of Scientists and Engineers. Grant W. Soderstrom:is an engineer with American Management Systems Inc. He received his BS in Physics from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1983 and his MS in systems engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1991. While on active duty he served as weapons officer and in various engineering positions on nuclear submarines qualifying as a naval nuclear engineer. His maintenance experience includes a submarine refueling overhaul. For the past two years he has been involved with surface ship maintenance engineering.

The U.S. Navy has refined its program Objective Memorandum (POM) development process to ensure that future budgets provide adequate ship maintenance funding while maintaining the proper balance between force structure and force readiness. The Maintenance Requirements System (MRS) is now the process which allows the U.S. Navy Surface Ship community to forecast and defend its requirements by articulating the potential mission impact (risk) of funding constraints. Risk is defined across many disciplines as the product of the severity of an outcome and the probability of an outcome. For maintenance, we define relative risk as the severity of system failure times the probability of system failure if a maintenance task is not performed. Any limited budget carries some risk, since some maintenance tasks will not be funded. When funding for a future availability is constrained, MRS sorts the representative maintenance tasks in descending order of risk and cuts the list based on funding. MRS then identifies the mission impact of each unfunded maintenance task. This method does not predict or dictate the actual maintenance performed on each ship in the future, but through feedback it projects the types and costs of required maintenance and provides an estimate of the impact of funding constraints. This paper outlines the basic principles of risk-based decision making, provides a detailed discussion of an actual risk-based decision making process (MRS), and suggests some other maintenance applications of risk-based decision making.

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USING VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF SHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 91-106页

作者： JONS, OP RYAN, JC JONES, GW Otto P. Jons:received a Diplom Ing. in shipbuilding from the Technical University of Hanover W. Germany and an MS in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT. He then joined Litton Ship Systems where he was responsible for the preliminary design of the DD-963 hull structure and then for ship system integration as manager LHA ship systems engineering department. From 1972 to 1974 he was the principal research scientist at Hydronautics. In 1974 as technical director he helped establish the Crystal City office of Designers and Planners. Mr. Jons was one of the co-founders of Advanced Marine Enterprises Inc. in 1976 where he serves as corporate vice president engineering. J. Christopher Ryan:earned his bachelors and masters degrees in naval architecture from Webb Institute and MIT respectively. He spent three years at the advanced marine technology division of Litton Industries working on the DD-963 class ship design and related computer aided design projects. He subsequently went to the Navy Department concentrating on early stage design of surface combatants for twelve years including work on the FFG-7 Sea Control Ship CSGN and CVV aircraft carrier projects. He then shifted focus and became the Technical Director for the Computer Supported Design Program in NavSea for five years. Mr. Ryan has served in several supervisory positions within the Ship Design Group in NavSea since that time. He is currently the director of the future ship concepts division. Gary W. Jones:graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1971 with a BS in mechanical engineering and followed up with graduate work at George Washington University and the University of Maryland. Mr. Jones was with the Naval Sea Systems Command from 1971 until 1988 where he was a naval architect in the submarine section of the hull form design division. In 1988 he was detailed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) where he became the program manager for the advanced submarine technology program's hydrodynamic hydroac

A major contributor to the expense and length of time to design, build, and test new systems has been the need to build and test hardware prototypes to determine their effectiveness in meeting operational requirements. Recent and dramatic advances in computer simulation technologies hold forth the promise of revolutionizing design and acquisition strategies by providing the means to validate end users' requirements prior to hardware construction. By designing and operationally testing virtual prototypes in a virtual environment, these technologies will soon offer naval architects the ability to build and launch ships in computer-based cyberspace in lieu of the shipbuilder's ways. The authors of this paper provide the background for these developments, explore the significance and ramifications of these technologies to the current process of ship and system design, outline challenges lying ahead, and present their vision and recommendations for future development.

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MODAL TEST OF JONES,JOHN,PAUL (DDG-53) MAST AND MAST-MOUNTED ANTENNAS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第2期106卷 110-117页

作者： MCLEAN, M HILL, J COBB, R RANDALL, F Mark McLean:has been with the Naval Sea Systems Command for eight years and is currently with Code 03K. He is responsible for survivability assessment of combat systems equipment. He has participated in all U.S. Navy ship shock tests conducted since 1985 and is responsible for failure assessment and redesign efforts for numerous combat systems equipment. He was selected by the NavSea Program Offices to be a member of the damage assessment teams providing early inspection in the Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) and Princeton (CG-59) incidents. Mr. McLean graduated from the University of Virginia in 1983 with an MS degree in chemical engineering. Jerry Hill:has been with NKF Engineering Inc. for twelve years. Currently managing the structural dynamics department Mr. Hill is responsible for numerous survivability related analysis and design efforts. This includes dynamic mathematical simulation and prediction field testing and qualification and full-scale ship shock testing. Mr. Hill graduated from the University of Maryland with a BS degree in mechanical engineering. He is a registered Professional Engineer. Dr. Richard Cobb:has been with NKF Engineering Inc. as a senior engineer since 1990. He is involved with research and development projects including dynamics modal testing vibration design instrumentation and underwater explosion. Prior to joining NKF he was an instructor of mechanical engineering at Virginia Tech. Dr. Cobb holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Virginia Tech with dissertation research in the areas of experimental modal analysis and frequency response function estimation using Fast Fourier transform methods. Fred Randall:has been manager of the noise shock and vibration department at Bath Iron Works since 1987. As such he is responsible for all dynamic measurements conducted by the shipyard. From 1982 to 1987 he was with TRW in the survivability department conducting investigations of shock propagation structural media interaction and soils modeling and analysis. Mr. Randall gr

A modal test of the John Paul Jones (DDG-53) mainmast structure and mast-mounted antennas was conducted. The test was part of a larger effort to accurately determine dynamic characteristics of the ''as-built'' mast/antenna system and survivability in the vibration and underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock environment. Previous mathematical analysis of the DDG-51 class mast and antennas predicted response acceleration levels during a shock trials scenario to be excessive in some areas. The modal test results now provide, however, confirmed dynamic response characteristics including mode shapes, frequencies, and damping for the structure. The test data accounts for the flexibility of ship's structure including the deckhouse supporting the mast. In addition, the natural frequencies of the antennas were determined for the response range of the mast structure with the flexibility of the supporting foundations taken into account. Using the test results, a finite element model of the mast structure and antennas was built accurately representing the dynamic characteristics of the system. Dynamic transient shock analysis was conducted to provide response predictions of the mast and antennas using the validated model. Any potential response amplification conditions that might result in failure during shock trials were identified.

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FUEL-CELL POWER-PLANTS FOR SURFACE FLEET APPLICATIONS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 59-76页

作者： GOUBAULT, P GREENBERG, M HEIDENREICH, T WOERNER, J Philippe Goubault:graduated in 1983 from the “Ecole Nationale Superieure de Techniques Avancees” in Paris with a major in naval architecture. After one year of military service with the French navy he worked as naval architect and program director for the French navy between 1984 and 1988. He was in charge of the development of AGNES200 Surface Effect Ship design which completed its sea trials in 1992. He also was responsible for the construction of five ships (four hydrographic vessels and one experimental MCM vessel) which entered service between 1988 and 1991. He has been involved in a number of projects and studies for the U.S. Navy U.S. Coast Guard and other foreign and domestic customers. At Band Lavis & Associates Inc. Mr. Goubault has expanded the computer tools used to conduct parametric analysis of advanced hullforms and has developed cost-effectiveness assessment tools and methodologies for both commercial and military ships. Mr. Goubault is a member of ASNE. Marc Greenberg:is employed as a cost analyst at the cost and economic analysis branch systems assessment and engineering division Naval Surface Warfare Center. He provides cost estimates and analyses of Navy ship and submarine technologies and has assisted in the development of parametric cost models since 1991. Employed as an electronics engineer by the U.S. Army Information Systems Command from 1989 to 1991 he provided support in simulation design and construction of high frequency and microwave communication systems. Mr. Greenberg received his BS degree in ceramic science and engineering from the Pennsylvania State University May 1987. He is a member of MORS. Todd Heidenreich:is employed in the design analysis and tools branch systems assessment and engineering division of the Carde-rock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center. He is involved as a project naval architect in the conceptual design of future surface ship designs future technology impact assessments and the assessment of current domestic and foreign surface ship desig

This paper describes the results of a study undertaken to determine the impact of fuel cell technology on the design and effectiveness of future naval surface combatants. The study involved the collection of data to characterize four different fuel cell technologies: proton exchange membrane, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, and solid oxide fuel cells. This information was used to expand current computer models to develop specific fuel cell plants that met the power requirements for several applications on a nominal 5000 Lton destroyer and a nominal 2000 Lton corvette. Each of the fuel cell technologies was incorporated into several applications aboard the destroyer and the corvette. These applications included combinations of centralized and distributed ship service power, and propulsion power. In addition, the impact of fuel cell technology was determined for a ship service power backfit option aboard a DDG-51 class destroyer. The results of the impact on the ship designs were analyzed and a military effectiveness assessment was conducted to address such issues as the impact of fuel cells on mobility, survivability, affordability, and on the environment. The paper identifies which aspects of the fuel cell technologies have the greatest impact upon the ship designs and their operational costs. Recommendations are given for future technology development efforts required to make fuel cells suitable for Navy service.

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LIVE FIRE TEST AND EVALUATION FOR SHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第3期106卷 228-245页

作者： BLOOM, JB REESE, RM HOPKINS, TM Joel B. Bloom:is a staff specialist in the Office of the Deputy Director Land and Maritime Programs Test and Evaluation Directorate of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). He is the OSD action officer for developmental testing including live fire testing for ships submarines underwater weapons and Army direct fire weapons. He is responsible for day-to-day OSD oversight of Navy ship vulnerability and is a member of the crew casualty working group of the Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness. Previously he worked at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard the Marine Division of the Army Corps of Engineers the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Intelligence and on the staff of the Navy's Ship Characteristics and Improvement Board. Mr. Bloom graduated from Virginia Polytechnic Institute with a BS in mechanical engineering (naval architecture and marine engineering). His graduate work was in oceanography and in engineering administration. He is a member of ASNE SNAME the International Test and Evaluation Association the U.S. Naval Institute and the Naval Submarine League and is listed inWho's Who in the East.He is a recent recipient of the Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Medal. Dr. Ronald M. Reese:has headed the live fire test and evaluation sea systems team in the operational evaluation division of the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) for the past three years. From 1980–1990 he worked at NKF Engineering Inc. in various areas of ship survivability and ship design specializing in ship signature reduction. From 1960–1980 he served in the U.S. Navy as a surface line officer and in various capacities as an Engineering Duty Officer including Naval Ship Engineering Center Ship Design Manager for PHM and Continuing CV Conceptual Design NavSea PMS 378 Program Manager/SUPSHIP Newport News Project Officer forVirginia(CGN-38) class construction and Force Maintenance Officer Commander Naval Surface Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet. He retired from t

Live Fire Test and Evaluation (LFT&E) is a relatively recent addition to the requirements for ship acquisition programs. Ship LFT&E requires a combination of testing and analysis in order to evaluate the vulnerability of a new acquisition ship class to the threat weapons it is likely to encounter in combat. LFT&E supports the ship acquisition process by identifying vulnerability weaknesses early in a development program and enabling timely, well informed decisions regarding ship vulnerability reduction features. This paper discusses the various aspects of ship LFT&E and how they relate to make a positive impact on a ship acquisition program in a timely fashion. It describes a four-element approach to ship LFT&E consisting of (1) component, system, and full-scale ship tests, (2) surrogate tests, (3) damage scenario-based engineering analyses, and (4) a Total Ship Survivability Trial demonstrating the ability of the full-up ship to combat damage and ''fight hurt.''

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Development and integration of an equation-solving program for engineering thermodynamics courses

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Computer Applications in engineering Education 1993年第3期1卷 265-265页

作者： Klein, S.A. Mechanical Engineering Department University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706 Dr. S. A. Klein:is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Wisconsin-Madison. His engineering degrees (BS University of Illinois-Chicago MS PhD University of Wisconsin-Madison) were obtained in Chemical Engineering. Professor Klein is a member of the Solar Energy Laboratory at Wisconsin. He is the developer of the F-Chart method for sizing solar heating systems and the TRNSYS simulation program which is widely used in simulations of solar processes. Currently Professor Klein is involved in research on solar energy system performance absorption power cycles finite-time thermodynamics applications adsorption processes for air conditioning and air quality control and alternative refrigerants and systems for refrigeration and air conditioning applications. Professor Klein is also involved in the development of engineering computer tools for both instruction and research. In addition to the EES program described in this paper he is the primary author of the thermodynamics instructional program CP/Thermo and the finite element program FEHT.

Thermodynamics problems can be separated into conceptual and mathematical parts. The conceptual part consists of the problem formulation and analysis. The mathematical part seeks to obtain an answer to a problem by solving the equations identified in the analysis. The mathematical part can be complex and time-consuming and often directs the students' focus away from the concepts. An equation solving program called engineering Equation Solver (EES) was developed to reduce the time and effort required by students to solve the mathematical part of thermodynamics problems. EES differs from existing equation solving programs in that it is designed for use by students and it includes an extensive library of built-in functions for thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids. Thermodynamic and transport property data needed for solving engineering problems (eg, steam tables, refrigerant properties, psychrometric and combustion gas data) are built into the program. By eliminating table lookups and algebra, EES allows students to concentrate on engineering fundamentals, as well as to do more complex design problems.

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UNDERWATER INSPECTION FOR WELDING AND OVERHAUL

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第5期105卷 37-42页

作者： MITTLEMAN, J SWAN, L John Mittleman:is a mechanical engineer at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division Coastal Systems Station in Panama City Florida. His Primary Responsibilities are in the development of underwater nondestructive testing equipment for use by fleet divers and inspectors. He also performs research in the characterization of metal microstructure through ultrasonic scattering measurements. Mr. Mittleman received his BS from Cornell University in 1969 and science master's in ocean engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970. His research currently supports doctoral studies with Iowa State University. Mr. Mittleman received the American Society of Naval Engineer's Solberg Award in 1981 for his contributions to underwater ship hull inspection. Mr. Mittleman is a member of ASNE ASNT ASTM IoD Sigma Xi Tau Beta Pi and Phi Kappa Phi. Lisa Swan:is a mechanical engineer at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Panama City Florida. She is involved in nondestructive testing engineering primarily in the underwater arena. Ms. Swan holds a bachelor of science in materials engineering from North Carolina State University. She is a graduate of the Federal Women's Executive Leadership Program. Ms. Swan is a member of ASNT.

Significant progress has been made in making underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging and magnetic particle inspections available to the fleet. Under sponsorship from the Naval Sea systems Command, Director of Ocean engineering, Underwater Ship Husbandry Division (NavSea 00C5), the Coastal systems Station has developed complete hardware packages supporting these two nondestructive test methods, and has introduced them to military inspectors at a shore intermediate maintenance activity, a destroyer tender, and a naval shipyard. Performance trials conducted prior to taking the systems to the field have been accepted by NavSea, Ships' Concepts Group, Materials Subgroup, Metals Division (NavSea 5142) as evidence that these inspections can reliably be performed underwater. Avenues for certifying specially trained divers and inspectors are being developed;for the first time the Navy will have all of the elements in place for underwater inspections satisfying the requirements of Mil-Std-271 (Requirements for Nondestructive Testing Methods) and the Naval Ships' Technical Manual Chapter 074. Underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging has also been slated for use in the fleet, as data from laboratory and field trials have consistently shown that reliable results can be obtained by a team comprising a certified topside inspector and a diver. In tests performed at the Ship Repair Facility (SRF), Yokosuka, underwater readings were compared to those taken in dry dock by SRF inspectors, and independently by contract inspectors. On the basis of approximately 800 locations, differences between the data sets were found to be randomly distributed, with a standard deviation on the order of 0.02''. This level of accuracy is largely sufficient to distinguish plate which will need replacement during overhaul, or plate which is thick enough to weld on.

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CIRCULAR OVERMODED WAVE-GUIDE FOR SHIPBOARD USE

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1993年第2期105卷 39-52页

作者： HUTING, WA WARREN, JW GARNER, PN KRILL, JA William A. Huting:received the B.S.E. degree in electrical engineering from Duke University in 1981 the M.S.E.E. degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1982 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering (electrophysics) from the University of Maryland in 1989. From September 1981 to December 1983 he was a graduate teaching assistant with Georgia Tech. Since January 1984 he has been with The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory where he has principally been involved with the development of circular overmoded waveguides and tapered waveguide transitions for use in naval radar systems. Dr. Huting is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jeffery W. Warren:received a B.S. degree in 1982 and an M.S. degree in 1984 both in electrical engineering from the University of South Carolina. His thesis research evaluated electro-optical measurements of surface charging of insulators in low-frequency fields. He joined The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in 1984. Mr. Warren's activities include development and testing of electro-optical systems and the development of high-power low-loss overmoded waveguides. Mr. Warren is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Paul N. Garner: Jr. received the B.S. degree in mathematics and the B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland in 1973 and 1980 respectively and the M.B.A. degree from the Florida Institute of Technology in 1984. Since 1987 he has been involved with the Cooperative Engagement Capability Program as the lead mechanical engineer and since 1990 he has been with The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory where he is now a member of the Senior Professional Staff. Jerry A. Krill:received the B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees from Michigan State University in 1973 and 1974 respectively and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering (electrophysics) from the University of Maryland in 1978. From 1973 to the present he has been with The Johns

Several future Navy combat systems under development require efficient delivery of high power microwave energy from remote transmitters to array antennas. To achieve this requirement, a family of microwave components has been developed and tested. Progress is described in the design and testing of an overmoded circular TE01 mode waveguide applicable to special shipboard needs. Because such a waveguide had originally been developed for low power millimeter band trunkline communications between cities, new theoretical, design, and fabrication techniques had to be developed to meet our specific performance requirements. Moreover, in order to fulfill the combat system requirements, the waveguide would have to withstand harsh military requirements. Over several years the obstacles to the application of overmoded technology to Navy combat systems have been systematically eliminated. The effort has resulted in the invention of several new components, the development and validation of a new computer aided design package, and the implementation of new microwave measurement techniques. The first application of an overmoded waveguide to a combat system element was recently achieved in the successful demonstration of the prototype Cooperative Engagement Capability, and steps toward a production military version of the waveguide have been initiated.

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WHY ENGINEERS DONT UNDERSTAND LOGISTICS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第5期104卷 57-63页

作者： LIGHT, SP The Authoris currently the director Logistics and Material Division Security Assistance Program Management Office (PMS 380) in the Surface Combatants Directorate (SEA 91) Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his BS degree in mechanical engineering from West Virginia Institute of Technology his MS degree in systems management from the University of Southern California and he is a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College. He is also certified as a member of the NavSea's Civilian Material Professional Career Program. Among his previous employments Mr. Light has held engineering and logistics management positions with the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters in the Naval Engineering Division the Naval Ship Systems Command Engineering Interface Management Office and the Naval Ship Engineering Center where he served as manager of integrated logistics support for the FFG-7 Ship Design Project Office. He also served as the ILS manager for the CG-47 and DDG-51 ship programs during the design phases of these programs. Mr. Light was also the director of the Acquisition and Logistics Office for Surface Combatants (SEA 91) between 1984 to 1991. Mr. Light has twenty-eight years of experience in surface ship design acquisition maintenance and logistics.

The author describes his observations during twenty-eight years of naval ship design, acquisition and logistics support experience that engineers do not understand logistics or even consider logistics as part of their engineering responsibilities. This paper will explore the reasons why. The paper will also provide reasons why the engineer should understand logistics and why it should become a part of the engineer's responsibilities and lexicon. The paper presents the position that an engineer armed with a knowledge of logistics can do the best job in producing a good supportability design. Recommendations are provided to the naval engineering and logistics communities to increase the logistics knowledge of engineers. Also, the author advocates the development of design techniques to be used by the engineer to produce good supportability designs. The increased role of the engineer in applying supportability design techniques will be required in the future if we are to do more with the planned reductions in the acquisition workforce.

关键词： engineering

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