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7 篇 会议

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Steady and dynamic models of fuel and air flow in carburetors for small engines

Steady and dynamic models of fuel and air flow in carburetor...

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作者： Arias, Diego A. Shedd, Timothy A. Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison 53706

This work presents the mathematical model of a complex flow network containing short metering orifices, compressible flow, and two-phase flow in small diameter pipes. It has been developed to study the steady and dynamic flows in a carburetor for small engines. It extends the previously published models by incorporating a detailed review of two-phase flow pressure drop, the effect of the fuel well on the control of air-bleed flow, and dynamic flow. The homogeneous two-phase flow model, which is commonly used in previous models, was compared to an empirical correlation derived from experiments in small pipes and found to be in poor agreement. In order to assess dynamic flow conditions, the model was extended by solving instantaneous one-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in single-phase pipes. This strategy proved successful in explaining the mixture enrichment seen under pulsating flow conditions. The model was also used to derive a sensitivity analysis of geometries and physical properties of air and fuel. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.

关键词： Carburetors

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Numerical study of fuel flow through small orifices

Numerical study of fuel flow through small orifices

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2004 ASME International mechanical engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE 2004

作者： Arias, Diego A. Mueller, Stephanie I. Shedd, Timothy A. Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison WI 53706

Fuel delivery in carburetors strongly depends on the flow characteristics through a small orifice whose function is to limit the flow between a constant pressure reservoir and a fuel tube. The geometry of this orifice is developed by a trial and error procedure, often without a good understanding of the underlying physics of the flow. In this work, a commercial CFD package was used to perform a numerical simulation of the flow through square edged orifices in order to study the effect of individual parameters on the discharge coefficient, the development of the boundary layer and the velocity profile at the exit of the orifice. Parameters of the study included orifice diameter, length and fuel properties. The simulation used a two-dimensional, axisymmetric, fully turbulent two-equation model in single-phase flow, and was validated by comparison with experimental discharge coefficients of orifices. Copyright © 2004 by ASME.

关键词： flow of fluids

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Empirical heat transfer models of single- and multiple-nozzle spray cooling for electronics

Empirical heat transfer models of single- and multiple-nozzl...

引用

Proceedings of the ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids engineering Summer Conference 2004, HT/FED 2004

作者： Shedd, Timothy A. Pautsch, Adam G. Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 United States

The performance of single- and four-nozzle spays for high heat flux electronics cooling using nitrogen-saturated FC-72 was evaluated in this study. The testing was performed using a multichip module (MCM) test setup, similar to MCM's used in current high-end computer systems. The MCM contained eight test chips;four of these were cooled by single-nozzle sprays and four by four-nozzle sprays simultaneously. The swirl-atomizing, full-cone spray nozzles were incorporated into a production spray plate and were positioned about 6 mm above the test chips. An additional facility was constructed for visualization of the sprays and heat transfer behavior using clear heating elements coated with an indium titanium oxide (ITO) film. Using both the heat transfer and visualization data, it was determined that the heat transfer could be broken down into two or three components: a dominant single-phase component in and around the spray impact, a two-phase liquid film boiling component in the corners away from the spray impact, and, for the multiple-nozzle sprays, a single-phase drainage flow component. Multi-part empirical models were generated based on this conceptual model, and the correlations predict the data to within 5%. In addition, a phenomenological critical heat flux (CHF) model was generated based on previous work with thin liquid-film boiling that suggests CHF in thin films occurs due to a homogeneous nucleation mechanism. This model predicts the current data to within 12% for both single- and four-nozzle arrays. Copyright © 2004 by ASME.

关键词： Cooling

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Cross-sectional imaging of the liquid film in horizontal two-phase annular flow

Cross-sectional imaging of the liquid film in horizontal two...

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Proceedings of the ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids engineering Summer Conference 2004, HT/FED 2004

作者： Rodriguez, Daniel J. Shedd, Timothy A. Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 United States

Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) was applied to horizontal air/water two-phase annular flow in order to clearly image the liquid film and interfacial wave behavior at the top, side and bottom of the tube. The visualization section was fabricated from FEP, which has nearly the same refractive index as water at room temperature. This index-matched test section was used to allow imaging of the water to within approximately 10 microns of the 15.1 mm I.D. tube wall. A small amount of dye was added to the water with a peak excitation wavelength near that of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The laser system generated an approximately 5 ns pulsed light sheet at 30 Hz. Images of the liquid film were captured using a digital video camera with a macro lens for a resolution of about 8.2 microns/pixel. Cross-sectional data at 68 annular flow conditions were obtained. The observations of the liquid film between waves indicated that the film thickness was relatively insensitive to both gas and liquid flow in the annular regime, confirming film thickness measurements reported elsewhere. In addition, the structure of waves changes significantly from wavy-annular, where peaked or cresting waves dominate, to fully annular, where the waves are much more turbulent and unstructured. The wave height decreases with increased gas flow and is relatively insensitive to increased liquid flow in the annular regime. The entrainment of gas in the liquid by the waves is very apparent from these images. Although the precise entrainment mechanisms are not entirely clear, a viable folding action mechanism is proposed. The visualization results will be discussed in relation to both conceptual and computational annular flow modeling. Copyright © 2004 by ASME.

关键词： Imaging techniques

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Thermoreflectance wall temperature measurement in annular two-phase flow 17

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ASME 2019 17th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels, ICNMM 2019

作者： Chan, Jason Fehring, Brian E. Morse, Roman W. Dressler, Kristofer M. Hurlburt, Evan T. Nellis, Gregory F. Berson, Arganthaël Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison MadisonWI53706 United States Naval Nuclear Laboratory Bettis West MifflinPA United States Solar Energy Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison MadisonWI53706 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9780791858738

A thermoreflectance method to measure wall temperature in two-phase annular flow is described. In high heat flux conditions, momentary dry-out occurs as the liquid film vaporizes, resulting in dramatic decreases in heat transfer coefficient. Simultaneous liquid and vapor thermoreflectance measurements allow calculations of instantaneous and time-averaged heat transfer coefficients. Validation, calibration and uncertainty of the technique are discussed. Copyright © 2019 ASME

关键词： Heat transfer coefficients

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Spray Cooling with Mixtures of Dielectric Fluids

Spray Cooling with Mixtures of Dielectric Fluids

引用

IEEE Symposium on Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management (SEMI-THERM)

作者： Andrea C. Ashwood Timothy A. Shedd Multiphase Flow Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

Spray cooling is one technology with the potential to help solve the thermal management issues of future generations of electronics. To date, however, its implementation has been limited by the lack of understanding of how spray cooling systems can be engineered rather than designed by trial and error. This work presents a comprehensive set of heat transfer data for single- and four-nozzle spray arrays using 5 different pure fluids and mixtures of pairs of these 5. Importantly, it was found that the heat transfer performance of the mixtures was not impaired as is often the case in convective flow boiling. In addition, a single correlation is presented that predicts all of the data to within 9% mean average error.

关键词： Heat transfer Electronics cooling Thermal spraying Liquid cooling Temperature sensors Thermal management of electronics Dielectric liquids Pumps Dielectric thin films Fluid flow measurement

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Contact angles and liquid loss behavior of high index fluids

Contact angles and liquid loss behavior of high index fluids

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European Mask and Lithography Conference

作者： Paul M. Harder Timothy A. Shedd Multiphase Flow and Visualization and Analysis Laboratory Dept. of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Engineering Drive Madison WI U.S.A. 53706-1609

ISBN: (纸本)9780819466556

To achieve the numerical aperture required for the next generation of immersion lithography, water may be replaced with a high index liquid as the immersion fluid. Due to their low surface tension to viscosity ratios, candidate high index fluids have an increased tendency to lose liquid from the under-lens region during scanning. Since any residual liquid left on the wafer is a potential defect mechanism, the conversion to high index fluids may drastically reduce scanning speeds and chip throughput. The mechanism for liquid loss strongly depends on the behavior of the three-phase contact line, so this work focuses on the experimental study of the static and dynamic contact behavior of five high index fluids. Contact angle and critical liquid loss velocity data is compared to the critical velocity model we previously developed, and the liquid loss behavior is discussed.

关键词： liquids Fluid contact angle Indexes Surface Tension numerical aperture critical velocity scanning CONTACT Contact Information Wafer Dosage Form

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