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Robust Audio Watermarking Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition and Group Differential Relations

AES: Journal of the Audio engineering Society 2023年第3期71卷 100-117页

作者： Lai, Wen-Hsing Chou, Tsung-Yuan Chou, Meng-Chen Schuller, Björn W. Department of Computer and Communication Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology No. 1 University Rd. Yanchao Dist. Kaohsiung City82445 Taiwan ZD.B Chair of Embedded Intelligence for Health Care and Wellbeing University of Augsburg Germany Ph.D. Program in Engineering Science and Technology College of Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Taiwan GLAM – Group on Language Audio & Music Imperial College London United Kingdom

An audio watermarking technique using Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and group differential relations of average absolute amplitudes of the last Intrinsic Mode Function (IMF) is proposed. By using group differential relations, the relationship with neighboring samples in the last IMF is well preserved, and near-imperceptibility can be achieved. Placing a watermark on low-frequency components, the last IMF, which is perceptually significant, therefore makes the watermark difficult to be removed. The embedding watermark, which is a logo image in our experiment, is processed by Arnold transformation, secret key encryption, and Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem coding to enhance robustness and security. Experimental results of the signal-to-noise ratio fit the recommendations of imperceptibility of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. The average Objective Difference Grade (an objective measure that correlates very well with subjective assessment) and subjective quality assessment were performed to evaluate the imperceptibility. Furthermore, our method accomplishes robustness under 13 different categories of attacks, including noise corruption, amplitude scaling, echo addition, resampling, re-quantization, low-pass filtering, MPEG-1 Audio Layer III compression, Digital-to-Analog/Analog-to-Digital conversion, cropping, time shift, zero thresholding, jittering, and combined attacks. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Intrinsic mode functions

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Classifying alarms: Seeking durability, credibility, consistency, and simplicity

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Biomedical Instrumentation and technology 2017年第HORIZONS期51卷 50-57页

作者： Edworthy, Judy Reed Schlesinger, Joseph J. McNeer, Richard R. Kristensen, Michael Sonne Bennett, Christopher L. Cognition Institute United Kingdom Plymouth University United Kingdom Department of Anesthesiology Division of Critical Care Medicine United States Vanderbilt University Medical Center NashvilleTN United States University of Miami Miller School of Medicine MiamiFL United States Cognition Institute Plymouth University United Kingdom Music Engineering Technology Program University of Miami Frost School of Music Coral GablesFL United States

Alongside the development and testing of new audible alarms intended to support International Electrotechnical Commission 60601-1-8, a global standard concerned with alarm safety, the categories of risk that the standard denotes require further thought and possible updating. In this article, we revisit the origins of the categories covered by the standard. These categories were based on the ways that tissue damage can be caused. We consider these categories from the varied professional perspectives of the authors: human factors, semiotics, clinical practice, and the patient or family (layperson). We conclude that while the categories possess many clinically applicable and defensible features from our range of perspectives, the advances in alarm design now available may allow a more flexible approach. We present a three-tier system with superordinate, basic, and subordinate levels that fit both within the thinking embodied in the current standard and possible new developments. Work is underway to update the audible alarms associated with an important global medical device standard, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60601-1-8, General requirements, tests and guidance for alarm systems in medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems.1 The standard, which is concerned with the safety of medical devices, specifies the audible alarms that should accompany the risk categories described. The audible alarms themselves were demonstrated to be less than optimal.2-5 Four sets of prototype updates were developed and are in the process of being benchmarked.6 The alarms then will be made available for further testing. An important issue emerging from this work is that the categories of risk specified in the standard may require updating in addition to the audible alarms. In this article, we revisit the categories from our multidisciplinary perspective in an attempt to open up a discussion of the categories and suggest how updating them might be approac

关键词： Alarm systems

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I see sick people: Beliefs about sensory detection of infectious disease are largely consistent across cultures

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Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2025年 128卷 737-750页

作者： Ackerman, Joshua M. Samore, Theodore Fessler, Daniel M.T. Kupfer, Tom R. Choi, Soyeon Merrell, Wilson N. Aarøe, Lene Aavik, Toivo Acabado, Stephen Akello, Grace Alfian, Ilham N. Al-Shawaf, Laith Alvarez, Marinés M. Ammann, Jeanine Arikan, Gizem Asha, Saiyeda A. Astobiza, Anibal M. Baeza-Ugarte, Carmen G. Barclay, Pat Barlow, Fiona Kate Bizarro, Lisiane Bressan, Paola Castellanos-Chacón, Andres Choy, Bryan K.C. Chusairi, Achmad Contreras-Garduño, Jorge Chávez Cosamalón, Brenda L. Costa-Neves, Bernardo De, Mallika de Lima, Tiago J.S. de Zoysa, Piyanjali Dryžaitė, Ieva Elbæk, Christian T. Fedor, Peter Fernández, Ana M. Fernandez-Morales, Regina Fülöp, Márta Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer Lado Garcia-Gómez, Leonor Garcia-Marques, Leonel Garduño-Franco, Jimena Pilar Grazioso, María del Habacht, Fanny Hasan, Youssef Haugestad, Camila P. Haugestad, Christian A.P. Havlíček, Jan Hernandez, Earl J. Hoang, Vu M. Hong, Minsung Hromatko, Ivana Iliško, Dzintra Imada, Hirotaka Jakšić, Ivana Jarmakowski, Tomasz Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Harpa L. Kajokaite, Kotrina Kaňková, Šárka Kervyn, Nicolas Kim, Jinseok P. Kunst, Jonas R. Laakasuo, Michael Leongómez, Juan David Li, Norman P. Lu, Junsong Lynch, Nathan Maegli, María A. Manley, Harry Marcu, Gabriela McAfee, Thea Mitkidis, Panagiotis Molnár, Nándor B. Morvinski, Coby Muhamad, Haslina Nejat, Pegah Huy, Hoang Nguyen Oliveira, Angelica N. Olsson, Mats J. Onyishi, Charity N. Onyishi, Ike E. Orozco, Reegan Otterbring, Tobias Ottersen, Ida S. Pacheco-López, Gustavo Panagiotopoulou, Penny Paniagua, Walter Parvin, Roksana Pavlović, Zoran Prokop, Pavol Raffman, Emma Rizwan, Muhammad Rojas, Sheila Różycka-Tran, Joanna Sánchez, Oscar R. Selim, Heyla Sevi, Barış Shani, Yaniv Shastry, Madhulika S. Stieger, Stefan Suh, Eunkook M. Sumari, Melati Takemura, Kosuke Tognetti, Arnaud Trombetta, Roberta Z.R. Tybur, Joshua M. Ucak, Eylul B. Uchida, Yukiko Valentova, Jaroslava V. Viciana, Hugo Visine, Amandine Wang, Jin Wang, XT Yahiiaiev, Illia I. Zein, Rizqy A. Žeželj, Iris Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Religion Programme University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand Department of Anthropology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Center for Behavior Evolution & Culture University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Bedari Kindness Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Department of Psychology Nottingham Trent University England Nottingham United Kingdom Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States Center for the Experimental-Philosophical Study of Discrimination Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Department of Political Science Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia Department of Mental Health Faculty of Medicine Gulu University Gulu Uganda Department of Psychology Universitas Airlangga East Java Indonesia Department of Psychology University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs CO United States Department of Psychology Universidad del Valle Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala Agroscope Research group Economic Modelling and Policy Analysis Ettenhausen Switzerland Department of Political Science Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland Department of Psychology International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Philosophy University of Granada Granada Spain Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada School of Psychology University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia Graduate Program in Psychology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul RS Porto Alegre Brazil Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy Faculty of Psychology Universidad El Bosque Bogotá Colombia Ministry of Defence Singapore Sustainability and Education Policy Network Saskatoon SK Canada Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores unid

Identifying cues to contagious disease is critical for effectively tracking and defending against interpersonal infection threats. People hold lay beliefs about the types of sensory information most relevant for identifying whether others are sick with transmissible illnesses. Are these beliefs universal, or do they vary along cultural and ecological dimensions? Participants in 58 countries (N = 19,217) judged how effective, and how likely they were to use, cues involving each of the five major sensory modalities in an imagined social interaction during a flu outbreak. Belief patterns were strongly consistent across countries (sight > audition > touch > smell > taste), suggesting a largely universal conceptualization of the role of sensory information for interpersonal respiratory disease detection. Results also support a safe senses hypothesis, with perceivers reporting that they would use senses that function at a distance—and thus reduce pathogen transmission risk—more than would be expected given participants’ beliefs as to the efficacy of these senses for disease detection. Where societal variation did emerge, it was captured by a cohesive set of socio-ecological factors, including human development, latitude, pathogen prevalence, and population density. Together, these findings reveal a shared lens through which contagious respiratory disease is assessed, one that prioritizes minimizing risk to perceivers, and may offer leverage for designing interventions to improve public health. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Behavioral immune system Culture Iterpersonal perception Pathogen threat Sensation Threat detection

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Testing the assumption of normality in body sway area calculations during unipedal stance tests with an inertial sensor

Testing the assumption of normality in body sway area calcul...

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)

作者： Kyoung Jae Kim Jennifer Lučarević Christopher Bennett Ignacio Gaunaurd Robert Gailey Vibhor Agrawal Department of Physical Therapy University of Miami Coral Gables FL University of Miami Music Engineering Technology program

The quantification of postural sway during the unipedal stance test is one of the essentials of posturography. A shift of center of pressure (CoP) is an indirect measure of postural sway and also a measure of a person's ability to maintain balance. A widely used method in laboratory settings to calculate the sway of body center of mass (CoM) is through an ellipse that encloses 95% of CoP trajectory. The 95% ellipse can be computed under the assumption that the spatial distribution of the CoP points recorded from force platforms is normal. However, to date, this assumption of normality has not been demonstrated for sway measurements recorded from a sacral inertial measurement unit (IMU). This work provides evidence for non-normality of sway trajectories calculated at a sacral IMU with injured subjects as well as healthy subjects.

关键词： Trajectory Legged locomotion Pressure measurement Force Floors Foot Testing

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Knee Angle Estimation based on IMU data and Artificial Neural Networks

Knee Angle Estimation based on IMU data and Artificial Neura...

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Southern Biomedical engineering Conference

作者： Christopher L. Bennett Crispin Odom Matan Ben-Asher Music Engineering Technology Program University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA

The measurement of joint angles is of profound importance in analysis of human gait. However, currently these measurements can be acquired only with the use of dedicated measuring devices such as a goniometer or in a gait lab with a motion capture system. The low-cost and portability of recent IMU technology makes them ideal for continuous monitoring of kinematic data. In this research we present an algorithm for estimating knee angles based on IMU data with the use of artificial neural networks. Two IMUs with tri-axis accelerometers and gyroscopes were used above and below the knee under investigation. Simultaneously, an electro-goniometer was used to measure the angle, acquired at 64 Hz. A feed-forward ANN with one hidden layer was fed IMU data from 25 of the acquired steps as inputs and trained against the goniometer angles. The ANN was evaluated on 25 trials for a single subject. The estimated knee angle exhibited strong correlation and minimal error compared to the actual angle.

关键词： Knee Artificial neural networks Sensors Gyroscopes Accelerometers Biomedical measurement Estimation

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Development of an Insole System for Real-time Capture of Ground Reaction Forces in Lower-limb Amputees

Development of an Insole System for Real-time Capture of Gro...

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Southern Biomedical engineering Conference

作者： Monica Stalin Christopher L. Bennett Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA Music Engineering Technology Program University of Miami Coral Gables FL USA

Current insole systems often require costly equipment and additionally exhibit large form factors and are often of limited in their range of activities that they can measure. These problems can be addressed if spatial resolution in the insole is sacrificed. In this study, a low-resolution smart insole system was designed and developed for the real-time determination of several gait parameters. Tekscan flexi-force sensors were selected to meet the required sensor properties: durability, sensitivity, precision and sensing-area. F-Scan system and PressureStat film were used to accurately position the sensors on the insole to capture the heel and metatarsals. Sensor data from the insole were acquired and wirelessly transmitted to a PC using an Arduino microcontroller with XBee radio. The insole was calibrated for pressure with a Kistler force plate system. Captured ground reaction forces were analyzed for symmetry in external work and gait phase transitions in unilateral lower-limb amputees on both anatomical and prosthetic feet in multiple ambulation tasks, including level-ground and ramp walking. The developed wireless instrumented insole system has the advantages of broadcasting real-time insole forces with minimal computational resources as well as being durable and portable.

关键词： Sensors Foot Force Biomedical measurement Prosthetics Wireless sensor networks Wireless communication

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Melody Line Detection and source separation in classical saxophone recordings

Melody Line Detection and source separation in classical sax...

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12th International Conference on Digital Audio Effects, DAFx 2009

作者： Cano C., Estefanía Cheng, Corey TU Ilmenau/ Fraunhofer Institute IDMT Ilmenau Germany Music Engineering Technology Program Frost School of Music University of Miami Coral Gables FL United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables FL United States

We propose a system which separates saxophone melodies from composite recordings of saxophone, piano, and/or orchestra. The system is intended to produce an accompaniment sans saxophone suitable for rehearsal and practice purposes. A Melody Line Detection (MLD) algorithm is proposed as the starting point for a source separation implementation which incorporates known information about typical saxophone melody lines, acoustic characteristics and range of the saxophone in order to prevent and correct detection errors. By extracting reliable information about the soloist melody line, the system separates piano or orchestra accompaniments from the solo part. The system was tested with commercial recordings and a performance of 79.7% of accurate detections was achieved. The accompaniment tracks obtained after source separation successfully remove most of the saxophone sound while preserving the original nature of the accompaniment track.

关键词： Source separation

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Predicting Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) Distributions: Broad-Ranging Versus Patchily Distributed Species Using a Presence-Only Environmental Niche Modeling Technique

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South American Journal of Herpetology 2009年第2期4卷 103-116页

作者： Miguel Fernández Daniel Cole W. Ronald Heyer Steffen Reichle Rafael O. De Sá 1Center for Biodiversity and Research California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive Gol 2Environmental Systems Graduate Group School of Engineering University of California Merced PO B 3Information Technology Office National Museum of Natural History MRC 136 PO Box 37012 Smithsoni 4Amphibians and Reptiles National Museum of Natural History MRC 162 PO Box 37012 Smithsonian Ins 5The Nature Conservancy Southern Andes Conservation Program Avenida 2 de Agosto/4. Anillo Bolfor 6Rafael O. de Sá Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond Virginia 23173 USA.

Locality data available for many, if not most, species of Neotropical frogs are based on written descriptions of the collecting sites, not on GPS device determined coordinate data. The pre-GPS device data are imprecise relative to GPS data. Niche modeling is a powerful technique for predicting geographic distributions that provides the best results when the locality data are precise. The purpose of this study is to determine whether imprecise historical locality data are sufficient such that niche modeling techniques can yield realistic new insights to species-level distributions. Two sets of frogs of the genus Leptodactylus that have known different kinds of distributions are evaluated: two species with broad, presumably continuous distributions, and four species known to occur in patchy, disjunct habitats in South America. BIOCLIM, a presence-only environmental niche modeling algorithm,was used to define suitable occupancy areas based on multiple sets of environmental parameters that include: monthly mean, max, and min temperatures, and monthly precipitation. A Nature Conservancy — Natureserve ecoregion layer and a high resolution elevation layer were also included in the analyses. Our analyses yield new realistic insights and questions regarding distributions of the Leptodactylus species we evaluated. We recommend incorporation of the Nature Conservancy — Natureserve layer to evaluate Neotropical distributions, as the layer gave much more robust results than use of only the climatic variable analyses.

关键词： environmental niche modeling Leptodactylus. locality data precision

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Incorporation of broadband access technology in a telecommunications engineering technology program

Incorporation of broadband access technology in a telecommun...

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2008 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

作者： Koontz, Warren Glenn, Chance Indelicato, Mark Rochester Institute of Technology College of Applied Science and Technology RIT Telecommunications Engineering Technology Program Community Education Division Eastman School of Music ECTET Department Rochester Institute of Technology William G. McGowan Center for Telecommunications Innovation and Collaborative Research

The so-called "last mile" of the telecommunications network, which links residences and business locations to the network, has traditionally been the last bastion of old technology. Residential voice service is still mostly provided via an analog signal over a pair of copper wires that connects the telephone to a switching system in a central office. The high-speed digital technology employed by modern switching systems and inter-office transmission systems does not extend to most residences. The local access network is a landscape of copper wires bound into large cables, splices, cross-boxes and other equipment that has provided voice-grade service over the years. However, the landscape is changing dramatically as both residential and business customers demand more and more bandwidth for a growing number of services including highspeed Internet access and video as well as voice. Teleos such as AT&T and Verizon as well as Multi-Service Operators (MSOs) are both vying to provide the "triple play" (voice, data and video) to these customers. In order to provide the triple play, service providers are introducing digital transmission and optical fiber, which have revolutionized long-haul communication, to the local access network. The Telecommunication engineering technology program at RIT is responding to this trend by providing courses and laboratory facilities to introduce students to the associated technology. Our Telecommunication Systems Laboratory now features both passive optical network (PON) and hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) technology. These are two leading approaches to provide broadband access to support the triple play. In addition, we are developing new courses to cover topics such as video transmission and broadband network engineering. This paper presents the current status of our laboratory and course development along with our plans for future enhancements. © American Society for engineering Education, 2008.

关键词： Copper

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Using pitch, amplitude modulation, and spatial cues for separation of harmonic instruments from stereo music recordings

Eurasip Journal on Advances in Signal Processing

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Eurasip Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2007年 2007卷

作者： Woodruff, John Pardo, Bryan Music Technology Program School of Music Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 United States

Recent work in blind source separation applied to anechoic mixtures of speech allows for improved reconstruction of sources that rarely overlap in a time-frequency representation. While the assumption that speech mixtures do not overlap significantly in time-frequency is reasonable, music mixtures rarely meet this constraint, requiring new approaches. We introduce a method that uses spatial cues from anechoic, stereo music recordings and assumptions regarding the structure of musical source signals to effectively separate mixtures of tonal music. We discuss existing techniques to create partial source signal estimates from regions of the mixture where source signals do not overlap significantly. We use these partial signals within a new demixing framework, in which we estimate harmonic masks for each source, allowing the determination of the number of active sources in important time-frequency frames of the mixture. We then propose a method for distributing energy from time-frequency frames of the mixture to multiple source signals. This allows dealing with mixtures that contain time-frequency frames in which multiple harmonic sources are active without requiring knowledge of source characteristics. Copyright © 2007 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.

关键词： Harmonic generation

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