Reduced manning is the process (and the result) of removing human functions from a system while retaining or improving system operability and effectiveness. Reliability and maintainability characterize a system's ...
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Reduced manning is the process (and the result) of removing human functions from a system while retaining or improving system operability and effectiveness. Reliability and maintainability characterize a system's operability and effectiveness. Reduced manning impacts system reliability by changing the characteristics of (1) human error associated with system operation and maintenance, (2) time to repair failed components, and (3) mean-time-between-failures (MBTF) in a reduced manning environment. Simply reducing manning without compensating for system dependence on human involvement generally has a negative impact on system maintainability. Methods to address this include (1) human-system integrationdesign of maintenance interfaces and (2) design of operations activities that are closely related to device failures. After demonstrating reliable performance through testing and operation, ship commanders can be assured that fewer people can effectively operate and maintain Navy ships and systems.
In the pulp and paper industry, during major modernization projects the overall energy system consequences are often not estimated in detail, usually only local energy consequences are taken into account when evaluati...
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In the pulp and paper industry, during major modernization projects the overall energy system consequences are often not estimated in detail, usually only local energy consequences are taken into account when evaluating possible projects. In this paper, the effects on the overall energy system when installing an advanced delignification process (i.e., a “state‐of‐the‐art” pulp digester and oxygen delignification process) will be presented. Also, the effect such an installation has on the potential for further energy integration is discussed. Furthermore, the CO 2 consequences for both installing such a system and integrating the mill further energy‐wise are presented. Dans l'industrie des pâtes et papiers lors de projets de modernisation importants, les conséquences globales des systèmes d'énergie ne sont pas estimées en détail; en général, seules les conséquences locales sont prises en compte lors de l'évaluation de projets possibles. Dans cet article, on présente les effets sur le système d'énergie global de l'installation d'un procédé de délignification avancé (soient un digesteur de pulpe de conception actuelle et un procédé de délignification à l'oxygène). De même, on analyse l'effet d'une telle installation sur le potentiel pour une plus grande intégration des énergies. En outre, on présente les conséquences en terme de CO 2 liées à l'installation d'un tel système et à l'intégration énergétique de l'usine.
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