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E-3DGS: 3D Gaussian splatting with exposure and motion events

Applied Optics 2025年第14期64卷 3897-3908页

作者： Xiaoting Yin Hao Shi Yuhan Bao Zhenshan Bing Yiyi Liao Kailun Yang Kaiwei Wang State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Zhejiang University Hangzhou China yinxiaoting@*** The Chair of Robotics AI and Real-Time Systems Technical University of Munich Munich Germany College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China School of Robotics and National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology Hunan University Changsha China kailun.yang@***

Achieving 3D reconstruction from images captured under optimal conditions has been extensively studied in the vision and imaging fields. However, in real-world scenarios, challenges such as motion blur and insufficient illumination often limit the performance of standard frame-based cameras in delivering high-quality images. To address these limitations, we incorporate a transmittance adjustment device at the hardware level, enabling event cameras to capture both motion and exposure events for diverse 3D reconstruction scenarios. Motion events (triggered by camera or object movement) are collected in fast-motion scenarios when the device is inactive, while exposure events (generated through controlled camera exposure) are captured during slower motion to reconstruct grayscale images for high-quality training and optimization of event-based 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS). Our framework supports three modes: high-quality reconstruction using exposure events, fast reconstruction relying on motion events, and balanced hybrid optimizing with initial exposure events followed by high-speed motion events. On the EventNeRF dataset, we demonstrate that exposure events significantly improve fine detail reconstruction compared to motion events and outperform frame-based cameras under challenging conditions such as low illumination and overexposure. Furthermore, we introduce EME-3D, a real-world 3D dataset with exposure events, motion events, camera calibration parameters, and sparse point clouds. Our method achieves faster and higher-quality reconstruction than event-based NeRF and is more cost-effective than methods combining event and RGB data. By combining motion and exposure events, E-3DGS sets a new benchmark for event-based 3D reconstruction with robust performance in challenging conditions and lower hardware demands. The source code and dataset are available on GitHub.

关键词： Camera calibration Image reconstruction Image resolution Imaging systems Point clouds Three dimensional reconstruction

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Salient Object Detection in Traffic Scene through the TSOD10K Dataset

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Qiu, Yu Sun, Yuhang Mei, Jie Xiao, Lin Xu, Jing College of Information Science and Engineering Hunan Normal University Changsha410081 China National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases College of Artificial Intelligence Nankai University Tianjin300350 China National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology School of Robotics Hunan University Changsha410082 China

Traffic Salient Object Detection (TSOD) aims to segment the objects critical to driving safety by combining semantic (e.g., collision risks) and visual saliency. Unlike SOD in natural scene images (NSI-SOD), which prioritizes visually distinctive regions, TSOD emphasizes the objects that demand immediate driver attention due to their semantic impact, even with low visual contrast. This dual criterion, i.e., bridging perception and contextual risk, re-defines saliency for autonomous and assisted driving systems. To address the lack of task-specific benchmarks, we collect the first large-scale TSOD dataset with pixel-wise saliency annotations, named TSOD10K. TSOD10K covers the diverse object categories in various real-world traffic scenes under various challenging weather/illumination variations (e.g., fog, snowstorms, low-contrast, and low-light). Methodologically, we propose a Mamba-based TSOD model, termed Tramba. Considering the challenge of distinguishing inconspicuous visual information from complex traffic backgrounds, Tramba introduces a novel Dual-Frequency visual State Space module equipped with shifted window partitioning and dilated scanning to enhance the perception of fine details and global structure by hierarchically decomposing high/low-frequency components. To emphasize critical regions in traffic scenes, we propose a traffic-oriented Helix 2D-Selective-Scan (Helix-SS2D) mechanism that injects driving attention priors while effectively capturing global multi-direction spatial dependencies. We establish a comprehensive benchmark by evaluating Tramba and 22 existing NSI-SOD models on TSOD10K, demonstrating Tramba’s superiority. Our research establishes the first foundation for safety-aware saliency analysis in intelligent transportation systems. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Risk perception

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MULSAM: Multidimensional Attention with Hardware Acceleration for Efficient Intrusion Detection on Vehicular CAN Bus

引用

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 2025年

作者： Xu, He Shi, Xiaokang Liu, Hansheng Wang, Yanwen Lu, Jiwu Zeng, Haibo Li, Renfa Wu, Di Hunan University National Engineering Research Center for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology Hunan Changsha410082 China Hunan University College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan Changsha410082 China Hunan University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen518000 China Virginia Tech Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering BlacksburgVA24061 United States Hunan University College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan Changsha410082 China

controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is an efficient standard enabling communication among Electronic control Units (ECUs). However, the CAN bus is vulnerable to malicious attacks because of a lack of defense features. In this article, a novel vehicle Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is developed. The challenge is that existing techniques of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) rarely consider attacks with small-batch, which are characterized by their small attack scale and concealed attack patterns, posing a significant threat to driving safety. To solve this problem, we developed an algorithm model that merges Multi-dimensional Long Short-Term Memory (MD-LSTM) and Self-Attention Mechanism (SAM), shortly named MULSAM. The MULSAM model was compared with other baseline models, including Stacked LSTM, MD-LSTM, etc. Experiments show that our approach has the best detection accuracy (98.98%) and training stability. Further, to speed up the inference of MULSAM on edge, the hardware accelerator is implemented on FPGA devices using technologies such as parallelization, modular, pipeline, and fixed-point quantization. Experiments show that our FPGA-based acceleration scheme has a better energy efficiency than the CPU platform. Even with a certain degree of quantification, the acceleration model for MULSAM still displays a high detection accuracy of 98.81% and a low latency of 1.88 ms. © 1982-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Intrusion detection

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Resilient Formation control Based on Watermarks for Networked Quadrotors under Deception Attacks

引用

IEEE Transactions on Vehicular technology 2025年

作者： Zhan, Weiwei Miao, Zhiqiang Zeng, Jianxin Chen, Yanjie Wu, Zheng-Guang He, Wei Wang, Yaonan Hunan University College of Electrical and Information Engineering Changsha410082 China Fuzhou University School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Fuzhou350108 China National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology Changsha410082 China Zhejiang University Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control Hangzhou310027 China University of Science and Technology Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bionic Unmanned Systems Ministry of Education School of Intelligence Science and Technology Institute of Artificial Intelligence Beijing100083 China

This article addresses the problem of formation control of networked UAVs under deception attacks. A lightweight resilient formation control framework based on watermarks is proposed to achieve the desired formation configuration without extra monitoring attack status. Since deception attacks are covert, the shared information is watermarked before transmission to establish the protocol among networked UAVs. To facilitate the resilient formation controller design, a decoder is first developed to decipher the inverse transformation of deception attacks, where the watermark is the criterion for approximating the inverse transformation. The Gauss error function is introduced to eliminate some unrealistic input commands under deception attacks, obtaining the predefined input performance. Then, a resilient formation controller is developed to guarantee the global boundedness of all signals within the inner-loop and outerloop system, while the formation error converges to a small neighborhood of zero by solving the linear matrix inequality. Two challenging deception attack examples in simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed resilient formation control framework. © 1967-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Inverse transforms

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HierDAMap: Towards Universal Domain Adaptive BEV Mapping via Hierarchical Perspective Priors

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Li, Siyu Cao, Yihong Shi, Hao Zang, Yongsheng He, Xuan Yang, Kailun Li, Zhiyong School of Robotics the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology Hunan University Changsha410082 China State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation Zhejiang University Hangzhou310027 China College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan University Changsha410082 China Hunan Vanguard Group Corporation Limited Changsha410100 China

The exploration of Bird’s-Eye View (BEV) mapping technology has driven significant innovation in visual perception technology for autonomous driving. BEV mapping models need to be applied to the unlabeled real world, making the study of unsupervised domain adaptation models an essential path. However, research on unsupervised domain adaptation for BEV mapping remains limited and cannot perfectly accommodate all BEV mapping tasks. To address this gap, this paper proposes HierDAMap, a universal and holistic BEV domain adaptation framework with hierarchical perspective priors. Unlike existing research that solely focuses on image-level learning using prior knowledge, this paper explores the guiding role of perspective prior knowledge across three distinct levels: global, sparse, and instance levels. With these priors, HierDA consists of three essential components, including Semantic-Guided Pseudo Supervision (SGPS), Dynamic-Aware Coherence Learning (DACL), and Cross-Domain Frustum Mixing (CDFM). SGPS constrains the cross-domain consistency of perspective feature distribution through pseudo labels generated by vision foundation models in 2D space. To mitigate feature distribution discrepancies caused by spatial variations, DACL employs uncertainty-aware predicted depth as an intermediary to derive dynamic BEV labels from perspective pseudo-labels, thereby constraining the coarse BEV features derived from corresponding perspective features. CDFM, on the other hand, leverages perspective masks of view frustum to mix multi-view perspective images from both domains, which guides cross-domain view transformation and encoding learning through mixed BEV labels. Furthermore, this paper introduces intra-domain feature exchange data augmentation to enhance the efficiency of domain adaptation learning. The proposed method is verified on multiple BEV mapping tasks, such as BEV semantic segmentation, high-definition semantic, and vectorized mapping. It demonstrates competitive perfo

关键词： Birds

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Prior Distribution and perception Radius Are Important: Learning 3-D Object Detector for Autonomous Driving

引用

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 2025年 74卷

作者： Ziming Tao Jianxu Mao Weixing Peng Yaonan Wang Junfei Yi Hui Zhang National Engineering Laboratory of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha Hunan China National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology College of Robotics Hunan University Changsha Hunan China

This article proposes an efficient 3-D object detection algorithm for LiDAR point clouds in the field of autonomous driving. Currently, despite significant performance improvements in 3-D LiDAR object detection methods, there are still problems that have impact on 3-D detection accuracy. Typically, since the sampling process and grouping process introduced background points, the final regression step in the detection task would be greatly affected. To address this problem, a method named PR-SSD is proposed to retain more important foreground points during the training pipeline, improving detection accuracy. Specifically, the proposed approach utilizes prior information to guide semantic sampling, referred to as prior distributed semantic sampling (PDSS). This mechanism encourages the network to prioritize foreground targets in regression. In addition, a module named radius-aware attention multiscale grouping (RAMSG) is designed to dynamically reassign grouping weights for multiscale features. In other words, the network has adaptive detection capabilities for targets of different scales. Furthermore, PR-SSD is a single-stage detector which can be trained end-to-end. Finally, extensive experiments and evaluations on large-scale benchmarks KITTI demonstrate that our proposed method significantly enhanced 3-D object detector. In KITTI testing set, PR-SSD achieves 89.69%, 45.08%, and 80.01% detection performance for cars, pedestrians, and cyclists.

关键词： Three-dimensional displays Detectors Point cloud compression Feature extraction Semantics Object detection Laser radar Autonomous vehicles Proposals Automobiles

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When Shannon Meets Nonstochastic Information: Communication and Estimation

引用

IEEE Transactions on Automatic control 2025年

作者： Zhang, Wentao Zuo, Zhiqiang Zhao, Rui Wang, Yijing Hu, Guoqiang Zhang, Hui Wang, Yaonan Hunan University School of Robotics Changsha410082 China Nanyang Technological University Continental-NTU Corporate Lab Singapore639798 Singapore Tianjin University Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Unmanned Swarm Technology and System School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin300072 China Nanyang Technological University School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Singapore639798 Singapore National Engineering Research Center for Robot Visual Perception and Control Changsha410082 China Hunan University College of Electrical and Information Engineering Changsha410082 China

This notes focuses on the issue of whether or not the state of a plant can be estimated when the inputs of communication channel involve noise and disturbance simultaneously. It turns out to calculate the maximum capacity of stationary memoryless multiple quasi-access channel under nonstochastic information theory. It is shown that the maximum information rate over such a channel is determined by a convex hull spanned by the zero-error capacities which are specified on the underlying sample spaces. Moreover, the state of a plant could be estimated provided that the maximal information rate is strictly greater than the topology entropy. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Communication channels (information theory)

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Differentiable Automatic Data Augmentation by Proximal Update for Medical Image Segmentation

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2022年第7期9卷 1315-1318页

作者： Wenxuan He Min Liu Yi Tang Qinghao Liu Yaonan Wang College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082 National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology Changsha 410082China

Dear editor,This letter presents an automatic data augmentation algorithm for medical image *** increase the scale and diversity of medical images,we propose a differentiable automatic data augmentation algorithm based on proximal update by finding an optimal augmentation ***,on the one hand,a dedicated search space is designed for the medical image segmentation *** the other hand,we introduce a proximal differentiable gradient descent strategy to update the data augmentation policy,which would increase the searching *** of the experiments indicate that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods,and search speed is 10 times faster than state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： editor policy Image

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Diff9D: Diffusion-Based Domain-Generalized Category-Level 9-DoF Object Pose Estimation

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Liu, Jian Sun, Wei Yang, Hui Deng, Pengchao Liu, Chongpei Sebe, Nicu Rahmani, Hossein Mian, Ajmal National Engineering Research Center for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology College of Electrical and Information Engineering School of Robotics State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body Hunan University Changsha410082 China Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science University of Trento Trento38123 Italy School of Computing and Communications Lancaster University LA1 4YW United Kingdom Department of Computer Science The University of Western Australia WA6009 Australia

Nine-degrees-of-freedom (9-DoF) object pose and size estimation is crucial for enabling augmented reality and robotic manipulation. Category-level methods have received extensive research attention due to their potential for generalization to intra-class unknown objects. However, these methods require manual collection and labeling of large-scale real-world training data. To address this problem, we introduce a diffusion-based paradigm for domain-generalized category-level 9-DoF object pose estimation. Our motivation is to leverage the latent generalization ability of the diffusion model to address the domain generalization challenge in object pose estimation. This entails training the model exclusively on rendered synthetic data to achieve generalization to real-world scenes. We propose an effective diffusion model to redefine 9-DoF object pose estimation from a generative perspective. Our model does not require any 3D shape priors during training or inference. By employing the Denoising Diffusion Implicit Model, we demonstrate that the reverse diffusion process can be executed in as few as 3 steps, achieving near real-time performance. Finally, we design a robotic grasping system comprising both hardware and software components. Through comprehensive experiments on two benchmark datasets and the real-world robotic system, we show that our method achieves state-of-the-art domain generalization performance. Our code will be made public at https://***/CNJianLiu/Diff9D. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Augmented reality

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A data-driven subspace predictive control method for air-cooled data center thermal modelling and optimization

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Journal of the Franklin Institute 2023年第5期360卷 3657-3676页

作者： Li, Zhe Wang, Haoda Fang, Qiu Wang, Yaonan National Engineering Research Center for Robot Vision Perception and Control Technology Department of Control Science and Engineering Hunan University Hunan Changsha410082 China

This paper presents a data-driven predictive control method for optimizing the energy consumption of air-cooled data centers with unknown system model parameters. First, based on the measurable data of the studied system, the subspace predictive control (SPC) method is adopted to improve the energy use efficiency of the data center by regulating the power allocation of the server racks and the supply temperature of cold air, while ensuring the safe operating environment of the electronic equipment. Furthermore, a reasonable event-triggered law is designed to solve the problem of the low computational efficiency of the conventional SPC method. The simulation results illustrate that the designed event-triggered law can improve the computational efficiency of the algorithm while maintaining the control performance of the algorithm, which verifies its application prospect in practice. © 2023 The Franklin Institute

关键词： Computational efficiency

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