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2016 IEEE Chinese Guidance, Navigation and control Conference (IEEE CGNCC2016)

作者： Lin Ma Zhengyu Song Zhijiang Shao College of Control Science and Engineering Zhejiang University National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Intelligent Control

ISBN: (纸本)9781467383196

In this study,the fuel-optimal trajectory optimization problem of lunar soft landing using variable-thrust propulsion is ***,we formulate the trajectory optimization problem of lunar soft landing with three-dimensional kinematics and dynamics,boundary constraints,and path constraints strictly *** formulated trajectory optimization problem is then solved by the simultaneous dynamic optimization *** bounds imposed on the magnitude of the engine thrust,the optimal thrust profile typically has a "bang-bang" *** general simultaneous dynamic optimization approach has difficulty handling breakpoints of control profiles.A novel adaptive mesh refinement strategy based on a constant Hamiltonian profile is proposed to address the difficulty of locating breakpoints of the thrust *** results show that the enhanced simultaneous dynamic optimization approach with the adaptive mesh refinement strategy can effectively capture breakpoints of the optimal thrust profile and obtain more refined optimal solutions,compared with the general simultaneous dynamic optimization approach.

关键词： profile red Fuel-Optimal Trajectory Optimization for Lunar Soft Landing via Enhanced Simultaneous Dynamic Optimization Approach

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The overlapping burden of the three leading causes of disability and death in sub-Saharan African children

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Nature Communications 2022年第1期13卷 1-14页

作者： Reiner, Robert C. Welgan, Catherine A. Troeger, Christopher E. Baumann, Mathew M. Weiss, Daniel J. Deshpande, Aniruddha Blacker, Brigette F. Miller-Petrie, Molly K. Earl, Lucas Bhatt, Samir Abolhassani, Hassan Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Aghaali, Mohammad Aji, Budi Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Saqib Alizade, Hesam Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M. Altirkawi, Khalid A. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Azmeraw T. Amini, Saeed Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Ansari, Fereshteh Anvari, Davood Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Floriane Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Badawi, Alaa Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Bedi, Neeraj Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Butt, Zahid A. Car, Josip Carvalho, Felix Casey, Daniel C. Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Coelho, Camila H. Cook, Aubrey J. Damiani, Giovanni Daoud, Farah Gela, Jiregna Darega Darwish, Amira Hamed Daryani, Ahmad Das, Jai K. Davis Weaver, Nicole Deribe, Kebede Desalew, Assefa Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Dorostkar, Fariba Dubljanin, Eleonora Duko, Bereket Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura Effiong, Andem El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enany, Shymaa Fattahi, Nazir Feigin, Valery L. Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Foroutan, Masoud Frostad, Joseph Jon Fukumoto, Takeshi Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gebrekrstos, Hailemikael Gebrekidan G. K. Gebremeskel, Leake Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Gething, Peter W. Gezae, Kebede Embaye Ghadiri, keyghobad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Golechha, Mahaveer Gubar Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Berhan Ethiopia Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Population Health Sciences King’s College London London United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa Department of Global Health Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Qom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran Faculty of Medicine and Public Health Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto Indonesia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center Department of Veterans Affairs St Louis MO United States Institute of Health Research University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Department of Information Systems College of Economics and Political Science Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences Bandar Abbas Iran Department of Health Policy and Management Kuwait University Safat Kuwait International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding National University of Malaysia Bandar Tun Razak Malaysia Department of Epidemiology Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran Medical Research Center

Despite substantial declines since 2000, lower respiratory infections (LRIs), diarrhoeal diseases, and malaria remain among the leading causes of nonfatal and fatal disease burden for children under 5 years of age (under 5), primarily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The spatial burden of each of these diseases has been estimated subnationally across SSA, yet no prior analyses have examined the pattern of their combined burden. Here we synthesise subnational estimates of the burden of LRIs, diarrhoea, and malaria in children under-5 from 2000 to 2017 for 43 sub-Saharan countries. Some units faced a relatively equal burden from each of the three diseases, while others had one or two dominant sources of unit-level burden, with no consistent pattern geographically across the entire subcontinent. Using a subnational counterfactual analysis, we show that nearly 300 million DALYs could have been averted since 2000 by raising all units to their national average. Our findings are directly relevant for decision-makers in determining which and targeting where the most appropriate interventions are for increasing child survival. © 2022, The Author(s).

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Satellite-to-ground quantum key distribution

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Liao, Sheng-Kai Cai, Wen-Qi Liu, Wei-Yue Zhang, Liang Li, Yang Ren, Ji-Gang Yin, Juan Shen, Qi Cao, Yuan Li, Zheng-Ping Li, Feng-Zhi Chen, Xia-Wei Sun, Li-Hua Jia, Jian-Jun Wu, Jin-Cai Jiang, Xiao-Jun Wang, Jian-Feng Huang, Yong-Mei Wang, Qiang Zhou, Yi-Lin Deng, Lei Xi, Tao Ma, Lu Hu, Tai Zhang, Qiang Chen, Yu-Ao Liu, Nai-Le Wang, Xiang-Bin Zhu, Zhen-Cai Lu, Chao-Yang Shu, Rong Peng, Cheng-Zhi Wang, Jian-Yu Pan, Jian-Wei Shanghai Branch Department of Modern Physics and National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Shanghai201315 China CAS Center for Excellence Synergetic Innovation Center in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Shanghai201315 China Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronic Technology Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200083 China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100012 China Key Laboratory of optical engineering Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu610209 China Shanghai Engineering Center for Microsatellites Shanghai201203 China State Key Laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics Xi'an Satellite Control Center Xi’an710061 China Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Urumqi830011 China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China

Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses individual light quanta in quantum superposition states to guarantee unconditional communication security between distant parties. In practice, the achievable distance for QKD has been limited to a few hundred kilometers, due to the channel loss of fibers or terrestrial free space that exponentially reduced the photon rate. Satellite-based QKD promises to establish a global-scale quantum network by exploiting the negligible photon loss and decoherence in the empty out space. Here, we develop and launch a low-Earth-orbit satellite to implement decoy-state QKD with over kHz key rate from the satellite to ground over a distance up to 1200 km, which is up to 20 orders of magnitudes more efficient than that expected using an optical fiber (with 0.2 dB/km loss) of the same length. The establishment of a reliable and efficient space-to-ground link for faithful quantum state transmission constitutes a key milestone for global-scale quantum networks. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quantum cryptography

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Manipulating Multiple order parameters via oxygen vacancies: The case of Eu0.5Ba0.5TiO3-δ

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Li, Weiwei He, Qian Wang, Le Zeng, Huizhong Bowlan, John Ling, Langsheng Yarotski, Dmitry A. Zhang, Wenrui Zhao, Run Dai, Jiahong Gu, Junxing Shen, Shipeng Guo, Haizhong Pi, Li Wang, Haiyan Wang, Yongqiang Velasco-Davalos, Ivan A. Wu, Yangjiang Hu, Zhijun Chen, Bin Li, Run-Wei Sun, Young Jin, Kuijuan Zhang, Yuheng Chen, Hou-Tong Ju, Sheng Ruediger, Andreas Shi, Daning Borisevich, Albina Y. Yang, Hao College of Science Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing211106 China Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy University of Cambridge CambridgeCB3 0FS United Kingdom Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN37831 United States Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science Beijing100190 China State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices University of Electronic Science and Technology Chengdu610054 China Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies MS K771 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States High Magnetic Field Laboratory Chinese Academy of Science Hefei230031 China Materials Science and Engineering Program Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas A&M University College StationTX77843-3128 United States College of Physics Optoelectronics and Energy Soochow University Suzhou215006 China Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM87545 United States 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet VarennesQCJ3X 1S2 Canada Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research Soochow University Suzhou215006 China Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Science Ningbo315201 China

controlling functionalities, such as magnetism or ferroelectricity, by means of oxygen vacancies (VO) is a key issue for the future development of transition metal oxides. Progress in this field is currently addressed through VO variations and their impact on mainly one order parameter. Here we reveal a new mechanism for tuning both magnetism and ferroelectricity simultaneously by using VO. Combined experimental and density-functional theory studies of Eu0.5Ba0.5TiO3-δ, we demonstrate that oxygen vacancies create Ti3+ 3d1 defect states, mediating the ferromagnetic coupling between the localized Eu 4f7 spins, and increase an off-center displacement of Ti ions, enhancing the ferroelectric Curie temperature. The dual function of Ti sites also promises a magnetoelectric coupling in the Eu0.5Ba0.5TiO3-δ. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Oxygen vacancies

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Distributed kalman filter in a network of linear dynamical systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Marelli, Damián Zamani, Mohsen Fu, Minyue Department of Control Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology Zhejiang University 388 Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province310058 French-Argentinean International Center for Information and Systems Sciences National Scientific and Technical Research Council Ocampo Esmeralda Rosario2000 Argentina School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Newcastle University Drive CallaghanNSW2308 Australia

This paper is concerned with the problem of distributed Kalman filtering in a network of interconnected subsystems with distributed control protocols. We consider networks, which can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous, of linear time-invariant subsystems, given in the state-space form. We propose a distributed Kalman filtering scheme for this setup. The proposed method provides, at each node, an estimation of the state parameter, only based on locally available measurements and those from the neighbor nodes. The special feature of this method is that it exploits the particular structure of the considered network to obtain an estimate using only one prediction/update step at each time step. We show that the estimate produced by the proposed method asymptotically approaches that of the centralized Kalman filter, i.e., the optimal one with global knowledge of all network parameters, and we are able to bound the convergence rate. Moreover, if the initial states of all subsystems are mutually uncorrelated, the estimates of these two schemes are identical at each time step. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Kalman filters

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Memristors: Memristor with Ag‐Cluster‐Doped TiO2Films as Artificial Synapse for Neuroinspired Computing (Adv. Funct. Mater. 1/2018)

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Advanced Functional Materials 2018年第1期28卷

作者： Xiaobing Yan Jianhui Zhao Sen Liu Zhenyu Zhou Qi Liu Jingsheng Chen Xiang Yang Liu Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Materials of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province College of Electron and Information Engineering Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 P. R. China Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117575 Singapore Department of Physics National University of Singapore 2 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117542 Singapore

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A New Two Feed-back control Method integrated in Digital Gate Driver for Large Power IGBT

A New Two Feed-back Control Method Integrated in Digital Gat...

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2016 IEEE Information technology,Networking,Electronic and Automation control Conference(ITNEC 2016)

作者： Hu Liangdeng Chen Yulin Ai Sheng National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vessel Integrated Power System Naval University of Engineering

ISBN: (纸本)9781467391955

In high power applications, proper gate control strategy for insulated gate bipolar transistors(IGBTs) can increase their efficient and reliability. As to the feed-back control strategy, the key issues are the control speed and control *** paper proposed a new feed-back control method integrated in digital gate driver for high power IGBT. It aims for controlling the current and voltage slope suppressing the voltage overshoot and electromagnetic interference(EMI) in switching transient. The digital gate driver for large power IGBT detects the collector current and voltage in real time. Then the detected analog signal is digitally sampled and sent to the digital core on board. An algorithm similar to bang-bang control is deployed in forward control loop to adjust the gate drive resistance. The control stability and robustness can be guaranteed as a result. The whole detection and control process is accomplished in real time with only hundreds of nanoseconds. Thus, the proposed control method can optimized the IGBT switching transient with high reliability and time effectiveness. Experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed feed-back digital control method.

关键词： IGBT digital gate driver bang-bang control feed-back digital control

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A New Method of the Virtual TDOA Estimation for the Passive Radar Source Localization Based on PSAAA

A New Method of the Virtual TDOA Estimation for the Passive ...

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International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing

作者： Pengwu Wan Zan Li Benjian Hao Boyang Liu Jianfeng Zhu State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks Xidian University Science and Technology on Communication Information Security Control Laboratory

ISBN: (纸本)9781509028610

The passive synthetic aperture antenna array (P-SAAA) technology is inspired by the idea of synthetic aperture sonar and synthetic aperture radar, which is a new method used to the passive radar source localization using only one small aircraft. Virtual time difference of arrival (VTDOA) estimation is critical for the PSAAA technology, it is defined as the time difference of the radar pulse transmission from the radar source position to different virtual receivers, where the virtual receivers are the flight track position of the small aircraft at different flight time. In this paper, we present three different algorithms of curve fitting to approximate the main-beam pattern of the radar antenna, then the VTDOA can be estimated using the corresponding time of the peak of the curve. The simulation results show that the second-order polynomial of the least squares (LS) curve fitting algorithm is the optimal method to approximate the main beam pattern of the radar antenna at the receiver, which also is the optimal method to be used in the VTDOA estimation.

关键词： Passive Localization Virtual Time Differences of Arrival Passive Synthetic Aperture Antenna Array Curve Fitting Radar

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Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2022年第7期6卷 e586-e600页

作者： Burkart, Katrin Causey, Kate Cohen, Aaron J Wozniak, Sarah S Salvi, Devashri Digvijay Abbafati, Cristiana Adekanmbi, Victor Adsuar, Jose C Ahmadi, Keivan Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alipour, Vahid Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amegah, Adeladza Kofi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Ansari, Fereshteh Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Aripov, Timur Babaee, Ebrahim Banach, MacIej Barnett, Anthony Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Bedi, Neeraj Behzadifar, Masoud Béjot, Yannick Bennett, Derrick A Bensenor, Isabela M Bernstein, Robert S Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bijani, Ali Biondi, Antonio Bohlouli, Somayeh Breitner, Susanne Brenner, Hermann Butt, Zahid A Cámera, Luis Alberto Cantu-Brito, Carlos Carvalho, Felix Cerin, Ester Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chauhan, Bal Govind Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Chu, Dinh-Toi Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Daryani, Ahmad Davletov, Kairat De Courten, Barbora Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Duncan, Bruce B El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Eskandarieh, Sharareh Fareed, Mohammad Farzadfar, Farshad Fattahi, Nazir Fazlzadeh, Mehdi Fernandes, Eduarda Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A Freitas, Marisa Ghashghaee, Ahmad Gill, Paramjit Singh Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Gopalani, Sameer Vali Guo, Yuming Gupta, Rajat Das Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie Hamadeh, Randah R Hamidi, Samer Hankey, Graeme J Hasanpoor, Edris Hassen, Hamid Yimam Hay, Simon I Heibati, Behzad Hole, Michael K Hossain, Naznin Househ, Mowafa Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Jaafari, Jalil Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kasaeian, Amir Kaydi, Neda Khader, Yousef Saleh Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khatab, Khaled Khater, Amir M Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kivimäki, Mika Knibbs, Luke D Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A Koyanagi, Ai Defo, Barthelemy Kuate Kugbey, Nuworza Lauriola, Paolo Lee, Paul H Leili, Mostafa Lewycka, Sonia Li, Shanshan Lim, Lee-Ling Li Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA United States Research Insights and Innovation Seattle WA United States Health Effects Institute Boston MA United States School of Public Health Boston University Boston MA United States Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Sport Science Department University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis MO United States Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Community and Family Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast) Barranquilla Colombia Research Group in Health Economics University of Cartagena Cartagena Colombia Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Cardiology Department Ca

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Am

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Urine Metabolites of Phthalate Esters in 434 Shanghai Children and Their Associations with Ventilation Habits

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Procedia Engineering 2017年 205卷 1146-1151页

作者： Chenxi Liao Wei Liu Jialing Zhang Wenming Shi Xueying Wang Jiao Cai Zhijun Zou Rongchun Lu Chanjuan Sun Heng Wang Chen Huang Zhuohui Zhao School of Environment and Architecture University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China Department of Building Science Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Environmental Health School of Public Health Fudan University Shanghai 200032 China School of Civil and Architectural Engineering Yangtze Normal University Chongqing 408000 China Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhoushan Zhejiang 316000 China Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health Shanghai 200030 China

Phthalate have been reported to be associated with various adverse health effects in many countries or regions. In this paper, we assessed the urine levels of phthalate metabolites (PMs) in children and investigated their associations with various ventilation habits. During March 2013 to December 2014, we conducted an on-site inspection in 454 residences of 5-10 year-old children in Shanghai, China. The first morning urine samples of these children were took by cryogenic vials. We collected information with respect to ventilation habits by questionnaire. We analyzed ten PMs [Mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), Mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), Mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP), Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl (MEOHP)] by High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare concentrations of urinary PMs among children with different ventilation habits. A total of 434 children had valid urine samples. The detection rates of PMs were >90% except for MBzP (51.2%) and MCHP (9.9%). The overall mean concentrations (standard deviation) of these metabolites were as follows: MnBP, 126.4 (205.9) μg/L; MiBP, 83.1 (119.2) μg/L; MECPP, 61.6 (111.1) μg/L; MEHHP, 42.9 (92.6) μg/L; MEP, 25.3 (51.5) μg/L; MEOHP, 23.9 (45.1) μg/L; MMP, 16.8 (21.5) μg/L; MEHP, 7.6 (19.0) μg/L; MBzP, 1.2 (4.3) μg/L; MCHP, 0.1 (0.2) μg/L. In general, averaged concentrations of PMs among children who opened the windows or doors were higher than among those who closed. Our results indicate that individual differences in PMs are obvious among Shanghai children. Natural ventilation without any mechanical ventilation or air purification is likely increase phthalate exposure in children. To reduce indoor phthalate concentrations, we suggested usi

关键词： Urine Phthalate metabolites Ventilation Children Shanghai

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