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Cover Feature: One-Pot Conversion of Lignin into Naphthenes Catalyzed by a Heterogeneous Rhenium Oxide-Modified Iridium Compound (ChemSusChem 17/2020)

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ChemSusChem 2020年第17期13卷 4170-4170页

作者： Xinxin Li Dr. Bo Zhang Xiaoli Pan Dr. Jianwei Ji Yujing Ren Hua Wang Dr. Na Ji Prof. Qiying Liu Prof. Changzhi Li CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P.R. China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Biomass-Derived Gas and Oil for Chinese Petrochemical Industry Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P.R. China Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis School of Chemistry and Environment Science Shaanxi Sci-tech University 1 Dongyihuan Road Hanzhong 723001 P.R. China Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy 457 Zhongshan Road Dalian 116023 P.R. China

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Processes of coastal ecosystem carbon sequestration and approaches for increasing carbon sink

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science China Earth sciences 2017年第5期60卷 809-820页

作者： ZHANG Yao ZHAO MeiXun CUI Qiu FAN Wei QI JiaGuo CHEN Ying ZHANG YongYu GAO KunShan FAN JingFeng WANG GuangYi YAN ChongLing LU HaoLiang LUO YaWei ZHANG ZiLian ZHENG Qiang XIAO Wei JIAO NianZhi State Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Science Xiamen 361100 China Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao 266101 China Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266101 China Ocean College Zhejiang University Zhoushan 316021 China National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center Dalian 116023 China School of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300387 China College of the Environment and Ecology Xiamen University Xiamen 361100 China

The oceans are the largest carbon pools on Earth, and play the role of a "buffer" in climate change. Blue carbon, the carbon(mainly organic carbon) captured by marine ecosystems, is one of the important mechanisms of marine carbon *** carbon was initially recognized only in the form of visible coastal plant carbon sequestration. In fact, microorganisms(phytoplankton, bacteria, archaea, viruses, and protozoa), which did not receive much attention in the past, account for more than 90% of the total marine biomass and are the main contributors to blue carbon. Chinese coastal seas, equivalent to 1/3 of China's total land area, have a huge carbon sink potential needing urgently research and development. In this paper, we focus on the processes and mechanisms of coastal ocean's carbon sequestration and the approaches for increasing that sequestration. We discuss the structures of coastal ecosystems, the processes of carbon cycle, and the mechanisms of carbon sequestration. Using the evolution of coastal ocean's carbon sinks in sedimentary records over geologic times, we also discuss the possible effects of natural processes and anthropogenic activities on marine carbon sinks. Finally, we discuss the prospect of using carbon sequestration engineering for increasing coastal ocean's carbon storage capacity.

关键词： Coastal ocean＇s carbon sink Mechanism for increasing carbon sink Microorganism Climate change

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Vertical Migration of Fine-Grained Sediments from Interior to Surface of Seabed Driven by Seepage Flows–‘Sub-Bottom Sediment Pump Action'

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2017年第1期16卷 15-24页

作者： ZHANG Shaotong JIA Yonggang WEN Mingzheng WANG Zhenhao Zhang Yaqi ZHU Chaoqi Li Bowen LIU Xiaolei Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100P.R.China Functional Laboratory for Marine Geology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao 266200P.R.China College of Environmental Science and Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100P.R.China College of Marine Geosciences Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100P.R.China

A scientific hypothesis is proposed and preliminarily verified in this paper: under the driving of seepage flows, there might be a vertical migration of fine-grained soil particles from interior to surface of seabed, which is defined as ‘sub-bottom sediment pump action' in this paper. Field experiments were performed twice on the intertidal flat of the Yellow River delta to study this process via both trapping the pumped materials and recording the pore pressures in the substrate. Experimental results are quite interesting as we did observe yellow slurry which is mainly composed of fine-grained soil particles appearing on the seabed surface; seepage gradients were also detected in the intertidal flat, under the action of tides and small wind waves. Preliminary conclusions are that ‘sediment pump' occurs when seepage force exceeds a certain threshold: firstly, it is big enough to disconnect the soil particles from the soil skeleton; secondly, the degree of seabed fluidization or bioturbation is big enough to provide preferred paths for the detached materials to migrate upwards. Then they would be firstly pumped from interior to the surface of seabed and then easily re-suspended into overlying water column. Influential factors of ‘sediment pump' are determined as hydrodynamics(wave energy), degree of consolidation, index of bioturbation(permeability) and content of fine-grained materials(sedimentary age). This new perspective of ‘sediment pump' may provide some implications for the mechanism interpretation of several unclear geological phenomena in the Yellow River delta area.

关键词： sediment pump action vertical migration fine-grained pore pressure seepage flows

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Magnetic Fields in Massive Star-forming Regions (MagMaR). V. The Magnetic Field at the Onset of High-mass Star Formation

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Sanhueza, Patricio Liu, Junhao Morii, Kaho Girart, Josep Miquel Zhang, Qizhou Stephens, Ian W. Jackson, James M. Cortés, Paulo C. Koch, Patrick M. Cyganowski, Claudia J. Saha, Piyali Beuther, Henrik Zhang, Suinan Beltrán, Maria T. Cheng, Yu Olguin, Fernando A. Lu, Xing Choudhury, Spandan Pattle, Kate Fernández-López, Manuel Hwang, Jihye Kang, Ji-Hyun Karoly, Janik Ginsburg, Adam Lyo, A. Ran Taniguchi, Kotomi Jiao, Wenyu Eswaraiah, Chakali Luo, Qiu-Yi Wang, Jia-Wei Commerçon, Benoît Li, Shanghuo Xu, Fengwei Chen, Huei-Ru Vivien Zapata, Luis A. Chung, Eun Jung Nakamura, Fumitaka Panigrahy, Sandhyarani Sakai, Takeshi Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Institute of Science Tokyo Meguro Tokyo152-8551 Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan National Institutes of Natural Sciences 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Astronomy Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033 Japan Can Magrans s/n Catalonia Cerdanyola del Vallès08193 Spain Catalonia Barcelona08034 Spain Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Earth Environment and Physics Worcester State University WorcesterMA01602 United States Green Bank Observatory 155 Observatory Rd. Green BankWV24944 United States Joint ALMA Observatory Alonso de Córdova 3107 Vitacura Santiago Chile National Radio Astronomy Observatory 520 Edgemont Road CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics No.1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei Taiwan SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy University of St. Andrews North Haugh St. AndrewsKY16 9SS United Kingdom Max Planck Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 Heidelberg69117 Germany Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 80 Nandan Road Shanghai200030 China INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Largo E. Fermi 5 FirenzeI-50125 Italy Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics Kyoto University Kyoto606-8502 Japan Institute of Astronomy Department of Physics National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu300044 Taiwan 776 Daedeokdae-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon34055 Korea Republic of Department of Physics and Astronomy University College London Gower Street LondonWC1E 6BT United Kingdom Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía CCT- La Plata CONICET CICPBA UNLP C.C. No. 5 Buenos Aires Villa Elisa1894 Argentina Department of Astronomy University of Florida P.O. Box 112055 GainesvilleFL32611 United States Tirupati

A complete understanding of the initial conditions of high-mass star formation and what processes determine multiplicity require the study of the magnetic field in young, massive cores. Using ALMA 250 GHz polarization observations (0′′ . 3 = 1000 au) and ALMA 220 GHz high-angular resolution observations (0′′ . 05 = 160 au), we have performed a full energy analysis including the magnetic field at core scales and have assessed what influences the multiplicity inside a massive core previously believed to be in the prestellar phase. With a mass of 31 M☉, the G11.92 MM2 core has a young CS molecular outflow with a dynamical time scale of a few thousand years. At high-resolution, the MM2 core fragments into a binary system with a projected separation of 505 au and a binary mass ratio of 1.14. Using the DCF method with an angle dispersion function analysis, we estimate in this core a magnetic field strength of 6.2 mG and a mass-to-magnetic flux ratio of 18. The MM2 core is strongly subvirialized with a virial parameter of 0.064, including the magnetic field. The high mass-to-magnetic flux ratio and low virial parameter indicate that this massive core is very likely undergoing runaway collapse, which is in direct contradiction with the core-accretion model. The MM2 core is embedded in a filament that has a velocity gradient consistent with infall. In line with clump-fed scenarios, the core can grow in mass at a rate of 1.9–5.6 × 10−4 M☉ yr−1. In spite of the magnetic field having only a minor contribution to the total energy budget at core scales (a few 1000s au), it likely plays a more important role at smaller scales (a few 100s au) by setting the binary properties. Considering energy ratios and a fragmentation criterion at the core scale, the binary system could have been formed by core fragmentation. The binary system properties (projected separation and mass ratio), however, are also consistent with radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations with super-Alfvenic, superso

关键词： Budget control

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Volumetric properties of binary mixtures of methanol with ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, and ethyl laurate from 283.15 to 318.15 K

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Energy Procedia 2018年 152卷 869-874页

作者： Juan Xia Gaolei Di Yanjun Sun Xiaopo Wang Xiaohu Yang Siyuan He China National Heavy Machinery Research Institute Co. Ltd. Xi’an 710032 China Institute of the Building Environment & Sustainability Technology School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China

Density and viscosity for mixtures of alkyl esters with alcohols is essential not only for simulation and optimization of diesel engine but also for the understanding of the interactions between them. The new densities of binary mixtures of methanol with three fatty acid ethyl esters (ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, and ethyl laurate) were measured at the atmospheric pressure for the temperatures ranging from (283.15 to 318.15) K over the entire composition range using an Anton Paar digital vibrating U-tube densimeter (model DMA 5000 M). A Redlich–Kister type equation was correlated using the excess molar volumes calculated with the experimental values and used to represent the densities of the liquid mixtures as a function of temperature and concentration.

关键词： Methanol Ethyl caprylate Ethyl caprate Ethyl laurate Density Excess molar volume

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Densities and excess molar volumes of methanol with three fatty acid methyl esters from 283.15 to 318.15 K

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Energy Procedia 2018年 152卷 143-148页

作者： Yanjun Sun Gaolei Di Juan Xia Xiaopo Wang Xiaohu Yang Siyuan He Institute of the Building Environment & Sustainability Technology School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China China National Heavy Machinery Research Institute Co. Ltd. Xi’an 710032 China Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China

The main components of biodiesel are fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) or fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). Methanol is commonly used as a reference molecule for modeling diesel fuel thermodynamics properties. In this work, experimental density data of the binary mixtures of methanol with three fatty acid methyl esters (methyl caprate, methyl laurate, methyl myristate) were reported at atmospheric pressure over the entire composition range at temperatures from 283.15 to 318.15 K. Density measurements were performed using an Anton Paar digital vibrating U-tube densimeter. Excess molar volumes were calculated from the experimental data and correlated as the Redlich-Kister equation for the binary mixtures. The optimized sets of parameters of the equation at each temperature were obtained by the least squares method.

关键词： Methanol Methyl caprate Methyl laurate Methyl myristate Density Excess molar volume

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Breaking Platinum Nanoparticles to Single-Atomic Pt-C4Co-catalysts for Enhanced Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion

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Angewandte Chemie 2020年第5期133卷

作者： Dr. Junqing Yan Dr. Yujin Ji Dr. Munkhbayar Batmunkh Dr. Pengfei An Dr. Jing Zhang Yang Fu Prof. Baohua Jia Prof. Youyong Li Prof. Shengzhong Liu Prof. Jinhua Ye Prof. Tianyi Ma Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 P.R. China Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China Centre for Clean Environment and Energy Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland 4222 Australia Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China Centre for Translational Atomaterials Faculty of Science Engineering & Technology Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba 305-0047 Japan

Effective transfer and utilization of the photogenerated electrons are a key factor for achieving highly efficient H 2 generation by photocatalytic water splitting. Apart from the activity of the co-catalyst, the interface between the co-catalyst and semiconductor is of particular importance. Guided by DFT calculations, single-atom (SA) Pt doped carbon nitride (CN) is successfully synthesized for use as the co-catalyst to the semiconducting CuS. The catalyst system (Pt1-CN@CuS) exhibits an enhanced photocatalytic performance for water splitting with a H 2 production rate of 25.4 μmol h −1 and an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 50.3 % under the illumination of LED-530. Solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency is calculated to be 0.5 % under AM 1.5 illumination. This is the very first investigation of SA as the co-catalyst, which decreases the overpotential of CN during the water splitting and lowers interfacial resistance of the catalyst/co-catalyst and co-catalyst/electrolyte.

关键词： co-catalyst H2 generation photocatalysis single-atom doping water splitting

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A global assessment of microplastic abundance and characteristics on marine turtle nesting beaches

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Marine Pollution Bulletin 2025年 215卷 117768页

作者： Botterell, Zara L.R. Ardren, Jed Dove, Elly McArthur, Ellen Addison, David S. Adegbile, Oyeronke M. Agamboue, Pierre Didier Agyekumhene, Andrews Allman, Phil Alterman, Alexandra Anderson, Adren Arenholz, Theresa Ariano-Sánchez, Daniel Arnold, Zephania Báez, José C. Bahar, Anat Barbosa, Castro Barrios-Garrido, Hector Başkale, Eyup Berumen, Michael L. Bézy, Vanessa S. Blumenthal, Janice Borja Bosquirolli, Manuela R. Boyce, Alysia J. Brammer-Robbins, Elizabeth Branco, Maria Brooks, Annabelle M.L. Bunbury, Nancy Cardona, Luis Chadwick, Helen Chalkias, Giannis Chug, Kimberly Clark, Jessica Cole, Matthew Coppock, Rachel L. Cuevas, Eduardo Dawson, Tiffany M. Denaro, Maria Donadi, Rodrigo Douglas, Corrine Douglas, Ryan Drobes, Emily Dubois, Chloé Duncan, Emily M. Elston, Chloe A. Esteban, Nicole Fernandes, Gabriela Ferreira-Airaud, Maria B. Finn, Sarah A. Fisayo Christie, Jerome Formia, Angela Fossette-Halot, Sabrina Fuentes, Mariana M.P.B. Galloway, Tamara S. Godfrey, Matthew H. Goodfellow, Joanna Guzmán-Hernández, Vicente Hart, Catherine E. Hays, Graeme C. Hirsch, Sarah E. Hochscheid, Sandra Holloway-Adkins, Karen G. Horrocks, Julia A. Inoguchi, Emi Inteca, Gélica E. Jean, Claire Kaska, Yakup Koumba Mabert, Brice Didier Lambot, Amandine Levy, Yaniv Lewis, Ceri Ley-Quiñonez, César P. Lindeque, Penelope K. Llamas, Israel Lopez-Martinez, Sergio López-Navas, Javier Mack, Kelsey Madeira, Fernando M. Maffucci, Fulvio Majewska, Roksana Mancini, Agnese Mansfield, Katherine L. Marco, Adolfo Margaritoulis, Dimitris Marques da Silva, Isabel Martins, Samir Maurer, Andrew S. McFarlane, Wendy J. Mejías-Balsalobre, Carmen Montello, Maxine A. Mortimer, Jeanne A. Nelms, Sarah E. Nogués Vera, Josep Not, Christelle Novillo-Sanjuan, Olga Oceguera Camacho, Karen Omessi, Omri Ondich, Breanna Outerbridge, Mark Paranthoen, Nicolas Pate, Jessica Pate, S. Michelle Patrício, Ana R. Paxinos, Odysseas Pearl, Tami Perrault, Justin R. Picknell, Angela S. Piovano, Susanna Pococa Arellano, Ernesto I. Ponteen, Alwyn Prakash, Shritika S. Quiros Rosales, Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter CornwallTR10 9FE United Kingdom Conservancy of Southwest Florida Naples Florida United States Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research 3 Wilmot Point Road Victoria Island Lagos Nigeria Wildlife Conservation Society - Gabon Program LibrevilleBP 7847 Gabon University of Ghana Department of Marine and Fisheries Science Ghana Goshen College Department of Biology JN Roth Marine Biology Station Long KeyFL33001 United States Georgia Sea Turtle Center 214 Stable Island Rd. Jekyll IslandGA31527 United States Virgin Islands National Park Sea Turtle Program United States Sea Turtle Trackers PO Box 67422 St. Pete BeachFL 33736 United States Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health Faculty of Technology Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences University of South-Eastern Norway Telemark3800 Bø Norway Centro de Estudios Ambientales y Biodiversidad Universidad del Valle de Guatemala 18 Avenida 11-95 zona 15 01015 Guatemala Sea Sense Organization Hse #7 Seleka Street Mikocheni B Dar es Salaam Tanzania United Republic of Plot No. 350 Regent Estate Mikocheni PO Box 63117 Dar es Salaam Tanzania United Republic of Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga Instituto Español de Oceanografía Málaga Spain Instituto Iberoamericano de Desarrollo Sostenible Universidad Autónoma de Chile Av. Alemania 1090 Región de La Araucanía Temuco4810101 Chile Israel Sea Turtle Rescue Center National Nature and Parks Authority Gan Leumi Beit Yanay Kfar Vitkin Israel Dr. Alfredo Simão da Silva Guinea-bissau Red Sea Research Center King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Makkah23955 Saudi Arabia TropWATER James Cook University Townsville4811 Australia Laboratorio de Ecologia General Facultad Experimental de Ciencias La Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo04002 Bolivia Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey Red Sea Research Center Division of Bio

Sandy coastal beaches are an important nesting habitat for marine turtles and a known sink for plastic pollution. Existing methodologies for monitoring the spatiotemporal patterns of abundance and composition of plastic are, however, disparate. We engaged a global network of marine turtle scientists to implement a large-scale sampling effort to assess microplastic abundance in beach sediments on marine turtle nesting beaches. Sand samples were collected from 209 sites spanning six oceans, microplastics (1-5 mm) were extracted through stacked sieves, visually identified, and a sub-sample verified via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Microplastics were detected in 45 % (n = 94) of beaches and within five ocean basins. Microplastic presence and abundance was found to vary markedly within and among ocean basins, with the highest proportion of contaminated beaches found in the Mediterranean (80 %). We present all data in an accessible, open access format to facilitate the extension of monitoring efforts and empower novel analytical approaches. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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Evaluation of kinetic ballooning instability in the near-earth magnetotail

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Khan, Abdullah Zhu, P. Ali, A. CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui230026 China Department of Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin-Madison MadisonWI53706 United States National Tokamak Fusion Program Islamabad3329 Pakistan

Ballooning instabilities are widely believed to be a possible triggering mechanism for the onset of substorm and current disruption initiation in the near-Earth magnetotail. Yet the stability of the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) in a global and realistic magnetotail configuration has not been well examined. In this paper, the growth rate of the KBM is calculated from analytical theory for the two-dimensional Voigt equilibrium within the framework of kinetic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. The growth rate of the KBM is found to be strongly dependent on the field line stiffening factor S, which depends on the trapped electron dynamics, the finite ion gyroradius, and the magnetic drift motion of charged particles. Furthermore, calculations show that the KBM is unstable in a finite intermediate range of equatorial βeq values and the growth rate dependence on βeq is enhanced for larger ρi. The KBM stability is further analyzed in a broad range of ky for different values of ion Larmor radius ρi and gradient ratio ηj ≡ d ln(Tj)/d ln(nj), where Tj is the particle temperature and nj is the particle density. The KBM is found to be unstable for sufficiently high values of ky, where the growth rate first increases to a maximum value and then decreases due to kinetic effects. The ky at the maximum growth rate decreases exponentially with ρi. The current sheet thinning is found to enhance the KBM growth rate and the unstable βeq regime in the near-Earth magnetotail. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Kinetics

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Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology

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Nature 2024年第8003期627卷 347-357页

作者： Ken Suzuki Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas Lorraine Southam Henry J Taylor Xianyong Yin Kim M Lorenz Ravi Mandla Alicia Huerta-Chagoya Giorgio E M Melloni Stavroula Kanoni Nigel W Rayner Ozvan Bocher Ana Luiza Arruda Kyuto Sonehara Shinichi Namba Simon S K Lee Michael H Preuss Lauren E Petty Philip Schroeder Brett Vanderwerff Mart Kals Fiona Bragg Kuang Lin Xiuqing Guo Weihua Zhang Jie Yao Young Jin Kim Mariaelisa Graff Fumihiko Takeuchi Jana Nano Amel Lamri Masahiro Nakatochi Sanghoon Moon Robert A Scott James P Cook Jung-Jin Lee Ian Pan Daniel Taliun Esteban J Parra Jin-Fang Chai Lawrence F Bielak Yasuharu Tabara Yang Hai Gudmar Thorleifsson Niels Grarup Tamar Sofer Matthias Wuttke Chloé Sarnowski Christian Gieger Darryl Nousome Stella Trompet Soo-Heon Kwak Jirong Long Meng Sun Lin Tong Wei-Min Chen Suraj S Nongmaithem Raymond Noordam Victor J Y Lim Claudia H T Tam Yoonjung Yoonie Joo Chien-Hsiun Chen Laura M Raffield Bram Peter Prins Aude Nicolas Lisa R Yanek Guanjie Chen Jennifer A Brody Edmond Kabagambe Ping An Anny H Xiang Hyeok Sun Choi Brian E Cade Jingyi Tan K Alaine Broadaway Alice Williamson Zoha Kamali Jinrui Cui Manonanthini Thangam Linda S Adair Adebowale Adeyemo Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas Tarunveer S Ahluwalia Sonia S Anand Alain Bertoni Jette Bork-Jensen Ivan Brandslund Thomas A Buchanan Charles F Burant Adam S Butterworth Mickaël Canouil Juliana C N Chan Li-Ching Chang Miao-Li Chee Ji Chen Shyh-Huei Chen Yuan-Tsong Chen Zhengming Chen Lee-Ming Chuang Mary Cushman John Danesh Swapan K Das H Janaka de Silva George Dedoussis Latchezar Dimitrov Ayo P Doumatey Shufa Du Qing Duan Kai-Uwe Eckardt Leslie S Emery Daniel S Evans Michele K Evans Krista Fischer James S Floyd Ian Ford Oscar H Franco Timothy M Frayling Barry I Freedman Pauline Genter Hertzel C Gerstein Vilmantas Giedraitis Clicerio González-Villalpando Maria Elena González-Villalpando Penny Gordon-Larsen Myron Gross Lindsay A Guare Sophie Hackinger Liisa Hakaste Sohee Han Andrew T Hattersley Christian Herder Momoko Horikoshi Annie-Green Howard Willa Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Research Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences University of Manchester Manchester UK. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan. Department of Statistical Genetics Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan. Institute of Translational Genomics Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany. konstantinos.hatzikotoulas@helmholtz-munich.de. Institute of Translational Genomics Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany. Center for Precision Health Research National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA. British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. Heart and Lung Research Institute University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China. Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA. Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA USA. Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA. Department of Genetics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA USA. Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge MA USA. Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA. TIMI Study Group Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. William Harvey Research Institute Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London L

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.

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