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Stealthy Attacks on Sampled-Data control and Encryption-Based Countermeasures

IEEE Transactions on Automatic control 2025年

作者： Shang, Jun Li, Yuzhe Chen, Tongwen Tongji University Department of Control Science and Engineering Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems Shanghai200092 China Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Shenyang110004 China University of Alberta Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EdmontonABT6G 1H9 Canada

This paper investigates stealthy attacks on sampled-data control systems, where a continuous process is sampled periodically, and the resultant discrete output and control signals are transmitted through dual channels in wireless communication networks. Acknowledging the vulnerability of these transmitted data to cyber threats, we analyze two types of stealthy attacks that compromise either one or both channels. We explicitly present the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of stealthy single-channel attacks. To mitigate these security risks, we implement encryption-based countermeasures, including linear time-invariant and periodic encryption methods. We detail sufficient conditions under which these encryption strategies effectively thwart single- and dual-channel stealthy attacks. The effectiveness of these approaches and the theoretical findings are demonstrated through numerical simulations. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Cyber attacks

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Utilizing Ca3(PO4)2 and calcium superphosphate fertilizer for the passage of heavy metals in coal gangue: Mechanical insights and efficiency evaluation

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Environmental Engineering Research 2025年第4期30卷

作者： Zhang, Hualin Bai, Wenlong Tian, Shaojing Zhao, Mengfei Yang, Youming Jiang, Xiaoliang Li, Tinggang School of Metallurgical engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou341099 China Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production of Rare Earths Jiangxi Institute of Rare Earths Ganjiang Innovation Academy Chinese Academy of Sciences Ganzhou341003 China CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Inner Mongolia Dongyuan Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd Ordos014300 China State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China

Coal gangue is a typical industrial waste, which will bring environmental challenges and resource depletion when piled up in large quantities, and heavy metal pollution is a prominent problem. In this study, Ca3(PO4)2 and calcium superphosphate fertilizer (CSF) were utilized to passivate coal gangue at different pollution levels, and its passivation mechanism was discussed. The results show that both Ca3(PO4)2 and CSF can effectively passivate coal gangue and effectively reduce moderate or high levels of coal gangue pollution to a slight or clean level. The passivation effect of CSF is slightly better than that of Ca3(PO4)2. Through characterization of coal gangue before and after passivation and simulation with Visual MINTEQ and PHREEQC software, it is found that Ca3(PO4)2 can provide PO3 2−, while CSF releases HPO3 –, which is ionized to generate more PO3 2−, and finally forms insoluble or slightly soluble phosphate with heavy metals. Leaching experiments show that the treated samples contain obviously more stable heavy metal components, and the leaching risk is lower than that of untreated coal gangue. In summary, this method proves its effectiveness in fixing heavy metals in coal gangue and provides an effective method for the harmless treatment of coal gangue. © 2025, Korean Society of Environmental Engineers. All rights reserved.

关键词： Coal tailings

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Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2022年第3期21卷 826-839页

作者： Muhammad QASWAR LI Dong-chu HUANG Jing HAN Tian-fu Waqas AHMED Sehrish ALI Muhammad Numan KHAN Zulqarnain Haider KHAN XU Yong-mei LI Qian ZHANG Hui-min WANG Bo-ren Ahmad TAUQEER National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081P.R.China Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering School of Environmental Science and TechnologyDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P.R.China National Observation Station of Qiyang Agri-Ecology System/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQiyang 426182P.R.China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Radionuclides Pollution Control and Resources School of Environmental Science and EngineeringGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou 510006P.R.China Agro-Environmental Protection Institute Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsTianjin 300191P.R.China Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water ConservationXinjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesUrumqi 830091P.R.China College of Agriculture Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang 471000P.R.China School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P.R.China

Soil organic carbon(SOC)and nitrogen(N)are two of the most important indicators for agricultural *** primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile(up to 100 cm)and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term(since 1990)fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping *** included CK(control),NP(inorganic N and phosphorus(P)fertilizers),NPK(inorganic N,P and potassium fertilizers),NPKM(NPK plus manure),and M(manure).Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009.C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and *** results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer(NP and NPK)*** average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP,NPK,NPKM,and M treatments(compared with the CK treatment)increased by 38,115,383,and 381%,respectively,for wheat and 348,891,2738,and 1845%,respectively,for *** long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate(cf POC),fine free particulate(ff POC),intramicroaggregate particulate(i POC),and mineral-associated(m SOC)organic carbon *** the experimental years of 2001 and 2009,soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments:m SOC>cf POC>i POC>ff *** fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization *** to the inorganic fertilization treatments,manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer(0–20 cm)but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer(80–100 cm).This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients,especially N,compared to inorganic fertilization *** findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics,which could help mitigate climate change impact o

关键词： carbon stock nitrogen stock carbon fraction soil profile organic amendments long-term experiment

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Advancements in Amorphous Oxides For Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Materials Today Catalysis

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Materials Today Catalysis 2024年 7卷

作者： Meng, Youcai Ding, Junyang Liu, Yifan Hu, Guangzhi Feng, Yanhong Wu, Yinghong Liu, Xijun MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials School of Resources Environment and Materials Guangxi University Nanning530004 China Institute of Advanced Science Facilities Guangdong Shenzhen518107 China Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes School of Ecology and Environmental Science Yunnan University Kunming650504 China National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Group Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zürich Zürich8008 Switzerland

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) is a crucial energy conversion technology that transforms CO2 into value-added chemicals, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and advancing energy transitions. Designing high-performance catalysts is pivotal for widespread adoption of CO2 reduction reactions, aiming for high activity, selectivity, and stability. Amorphous oxides represent a burgeoning frontier in this field, attracting attention due to their abundant active sites that refine the catalyst structure-performance relationship. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent advances in using amorphous oxides for ECR. We begin by introducing the basic theory of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, followed by discussing current synthesis approaches for amorphous oxides in CO2 reduction, focusing on optimization strategies for these catalysts. Finally, we address challenges and future perspectives of amorphous oxides in ECR, aiming to foster the development of more efficient catalyst designs. © 2024 The Authors

关键词： Catalyst selectivity

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Distributed Online Convex Optimization with Time-Varying Constraints: Tighter Cumulative Constraint Violation Bounds under Slater's Condition

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IEEE Transactions on Automatic control 2025年

作者： Yi, Xinlei Li, Xiuxian Yang, Tao Xie, Lihua Hong, Yiguang Chai, Tianyou Johansson, Karl H. National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology China Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Intelligent Autonomous Systems China Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lab for Information & Decision Systems CambridgeMA02139 United States Northeastern University State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Shenyang110819 China Nanyang Technological University School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Kth Royal Institute of Technology Division of Decision and Control Systems School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Sweden Digital Futures Stockholm10044 Sweden

This paper considers distributed online convex optimization with time-varying constraints. In this setting, a network of agents makes decisions at each round, and then only a portion of the loss function and a coordinate block of the constraint function are privately revealed to each agent. The loss and constraint functions are convex and can vary arbitrarily across rounds. The agents collaborate to minimize static network regret and network cumulative constraint violation. A novel distributed online algorithm with a vanishing stepsize is proposed and it achieves an O(Tmax {c,1-c}) static network regret bound and an O(T1-c/2) network cumulative constraint violation bound, where T is the number of rounds and c∈ (0,1) is a user-defined trade-off parameter. When Slater's condition holds (i.e, there is a point that strictly satisfies the inequality constraints), the network cumulative constraint violation bound is reduced to O(T1-c). Moreover, if the loss functions are strongly convex, then static network regret bound is reduced to O(log (T)), and the network cumulative constraint violation bound is reduced to O(√log (T)T) and O(log (T)) without and with Slater's condition, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to achieve tighter (network) cumulative constraint violation bounds for (distributed) online convex optimization with time-varying constraints under Slater's condition. Finally, the theoretical results are verified through numerical simulations. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Convex optimization

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Iron-based materials functionalized with carbon and phosphorus recovered from sludge enhanced the formation of stable minerals to passivate lead and chromium in wastewater and soil

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Chemosphere 2024年 359卷 142340页

作者： Wang, Liyan Jia, Bojie Teng, Zedong Cao, Hao Miao, Yanli Guo, Huiyuan Li, Tinggang School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Beijing100083 China CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture Institute of Process Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Key Laboratory of Rare Earths Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production of Rare Earths Ganjiang Innovation Academy Chinese Academy of Sciences Ganzhou341119 China State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China

The bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals are serious threats to human activities and ecological health. The exploitation of environmentally friendly passivated materials is major importance for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. This research developed a new type of environmental functional material with a core-shell structure, which is an iron-based material functionalized with phosphorus and carbon from sludge for heavy metal pollution remediation. The results indicated that the C/P@Fe exhibits excellent heavy metal removal ability, and the maximum removal rates of the two heavy metals in simulated wastewater could reach 100% under optimum reaction conditions. It also effectively converts the labile Cr/Pb into the stable fraction after 28 days of incubation, which increased the maximum residual fraction percentage of Cr and Pb by 32.43% and 160% in soil. Further analysis found that the carbon layer wrapped around the iron base could improve the electron transport efficiency of reducing iron, phosphorus and ferrum could react with heavy metal ions to form stable minerals, such as FeCr2O4, FeO·Cr2O3, Pb5(PO4)3OH, PbCO3, 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2 and PbS, after reacting with C/P@Fe. The study demonstrated that the Iron-based materials functionalized with carbon and phosphorus from sludge provided a more efficient way to remove heavy metals. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Lead compounds

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Indole-3-Acetic Acid Mediated Removal of Sludge Toxicity by Microalgae: Focus on the Role of Extracellular Polymeric Substances

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Li, Renjie Song, Meijing Yin, Danning Ye, Xiaoyun Yu, Jiayu Chen, Xiurong National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China

The use of indole-3-acid (IAA) as an additive aided in achieving the objectives of reducing sludge extract toxicity, increasing Tetradesmus obliquus biomass yield, and enhancing extracellular polysaccharide production. Proteomics analysis can unveil the microalgae's response mechanism to sludge toxicity stress. With 10-6 M IAA addition, microalgae biomass reached 3.426 ± 0.067 g/L. Sludge extract demonstrated 78.3 ± 3.2% total organic carbon removal and 72.2 ± 2.1% toxicity removal. Extracellular polysaccharides and proteins witnessed 2.08 and 1.76-fold increments, respectively. Proteomic analysis indicated that Tetradesmus obliquus directed carbon sources towards glycogen accumulation and amino acid synthesis, regulating pathways associated with carbon metabolism (glycolysis, TCA cycle, and amino acid metabolism) to adapt to the stressful environment. These findings lay the groundwork for future waste sludge treatment and offer novel insights into microalgae cultivation and extracellular polysaccharide enrichment in sludge. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Toxicity

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The Efficient Capture of Polysaccharides in Tetradesmus Obliquus of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Coupling Sludge Cextraction

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Yu, Jiayu Ding, Biao Li, Renjie Chen, Xiurong Yin, Danning Song, Meijing Ye, Xiaoyun National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China

Polysaccharide is an important biomass of algae. The sludge extract is beneficial to the enrichment of polysaccharide due to the abundance of organic matter, while its organic toxicity has an inhibitory effect on algae. To overcome inhibition and improve polysaccharide enrichment,, Tetradesmus obliquus were cultured with sludge extract with different indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations. Within 30 days of culture cycle, T. obliquus showed in good condition at the IAA dosage content of 10-6 M, the maximum cell density and dry weight were respectively (106.78 ± 2.20) × 106 cell/mL and 2.941 ± 0.067 g/L while the contents of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoid were 1.79, 1.91 and 2.80 times that of blank group, respectively. The highest polysaccharide accumulation was obtained under this culture condition, reaching 533.15 ± 21.11 mg/L on the 30th day, which was 2.49 times of that in blank group. Proteomic showed that the up-regulation of A0A383WLM8 promoted the light capture capacity, A0A383WMJ2 and A0A249RWW6 enhanced the accumulation of NADPH and ATP. The up-regulation of A0A383WMK4 promoted the fixation of carbon dioxide and thus the accumulation of polysaccharide. Above findings provide new insights into the mechanism of sludge toxicity removal of T. obliquus and the enhancement of polysaccharide accumulation effect under different concentrations of IAA. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： pH

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Analysis of the Regulatory Mechanism of Exogenous Iaa-Mediated Tryptophan Accumulation and Synthesis of Endogenous Iaa in Chlorococcum Humicola

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Chen, Xiurong Ye, Xiaoyun Yu, Xiao Zhao, Jiamin Song, Meijing Yin, Danning Yu, Jiayu National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai200237 China

The activated sludge method is widely used for the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater, which gives rise to the problem of toxic residual sludge accumulation. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as a typical phytohormone can promote the removal of toxicity and the accumulation of biomass by microalgae. Proteomics analysis can reveal the mechanism of microalgae response to exogenous IAA. The results showed that the IAA concentration of 5×10-6 mol/L was most beneficial for Chlorococcum humicola to cope with the toxic stress in the sludge extract medium, enhance the antioxidant capacity and promote rubisco enzyme expression, and finally, it accumulated 1.57 times more protein than the control group. Exogenous IAA altered the relative abundance of various amino acids in Chlorococcum humicola cells, and proteomic analyses showed that exogenous IAA stimulated the algal cells to produce more IGP, indole, and serine, and tryptophan synthase (A0A383V983) was significantly up-regulated. IGP and serine were converted to tryptophan under the regulation of tryptophan synthase, and tryptophan served as a precursor for the synthesis of endogenous IAA, which also formed a promotional effect on the growth of Chlorococcum humicola. These findings have important implications for the treatment of toxic residual sludge while enriching for high-value amino acids. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microalgae

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Simultaneous hydrogen production with the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by a noble‐metal‐free photocatalyst VC/CdS nanowires

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Chinese Journal of Catalysis 2022年第4期43卷 1165-1175页

作者： Muhammad Tayyab Yujie Liu Shixiong Min Rana Muhammad Irfan Qiaohong Zhu Liang Zhou Juying Lei Jinlong Zhang Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi‐media Environmental Catalysis and Resource UtilizationJoint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringFeringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research CenterSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science&TechnologyShanghai 200237China National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering North Minzu UniversityYinchuan 750021NingxiaChina College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations(SIEMIS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006JiangsuChina

In this work we used CdS NWs(nanowires)with vanadium carbide(VC)attached via facile electrostatic self‐assembly and calcination *** results showed that compared to pristine CdS NWs,the photocatalytic activity of CdS NWs loaded with the particular amount of VC was dramatically *** them,the VC/CS‐15 indicated the highest enhancement for simultaneous production of H2 with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol(BO)into benzaldehyde(BD).The highest hydrogen evolution rate of 20.5 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)was obtained with more than 99%selectivity for BD production under visible light(λ˃420 nm)irradiation for 2 h,which was almost 661 times higher than the pristine CdS *** enhancement of photocatalytic activity is due to the VC,which provides a favorable attraction for BO by lowering the zeta potential,along with the active site for hydrogen production,and retard the recombination of electron‐hole pairs by increasing the conductivity of the ***,the apparent quantum efficiency(AQE)of VC/CS‐15 for BD and H_(2)production at monochromatic 420 nm is about 7.5%.At the end of the hydrogen evolution test,the selective oxidation with more than 99%selectivity was *** hopes this work will prove its future significance and move scientific community toward a more economical way for achieving the commercialization of H_(2) by photocatalysis.

关键词： Hydrogen production Selective oxidation Benzaldehyde Noble‐metal‐free Visible light

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