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environmental Management 1977年第1期1卷 67-96页

作者： Frankenfeld, John W. Schulz, Wolfgang McMurty, George J. Petersen, Gary W. May, G. A. Hering, F. S. Schwartz, J. I. Heywood, J. B. Chigier, N. A. Grohse, e. W. Walker, J. D. Colwell, R. R. Petrakis, L. Pergament, H. S. Thorpe, R. D. Schoepf, Richard W. Krzyczkowski, Roman Henneman, Suzanne S. Hudson, Charles L. Putnam, evelyn S. Thiesen, Donna J. Parks, G. A. McCarty, Perry L. Leckie, J. O. Schrumpf, Barry J. Simonson, G. H. Paine, D. P. Lawrence, R. D. Pyott, W. T. Leh, M. elders, W. Combs, J. Caplen, T. Harrison, F. L. Wong, K. M. Heft., R. e. Charnell, Robert L. Lehmann, edward J. Mallon, Lawrence G. Hatfield, Cecile Adams, Gerald H. Johanning, James Talvitie, Antti Noll, Kenneth e. Miller, Terry Smiarowski, Joseph F. Willis, Cleve e. Foster, John H. Schlesinger, Benjamin Daetz, Douglas Lear, Donald U. Smith, Mona F. Hundemann, Audrey S. Crockett, Pernell W. Werner, Kirk G. Carroll, Thomas e. Maase, David L. Genco, Joseph e. Ifeadi, Christopher N. Lowman, F. G. Christensen, S. W. Van Winkle, W. Mattice, J. S. Harrison, elizabeth A. Barker, James C. Chesness, Jerry L. Smith, Ralph e. Shaheeen, Donald G. Raney, R. Keith Borton, T. Wezernak, C. T. Raney, R. K. Sherwani, Jabbor K. Moreau, David H. eisenberg, Norman A. Lynch, Cornelius J. Breeding, Roger J. Johnson, J. D. Foster, K. e. Mouat, D. A. Clark, R. Hyden, John William Owen, Wilfred Bayfield, Neil G. Barrow, Graham C. Stolz, Stephanie B. Wienckowski, Louis A. Brown, Betram S. Keyfitz, Nathan Wilson, W. L. Newman, Peter W. G. Bammi, Deepak Bammi, Dalip Goddard, James e. Chisholm, Tony Walsh, Cliff Brennan, Geoffrey Thompson, K. S. Richardson, R. Jensen, Clayton e. Brown, Dail W. Mirabito, John A. Cowing, Thomas G. Binghamton, Suny Siehl, George H. Albrecht, O. W. Alexander, Ariel Barde, Jean -Philippe Darby, William P. McMichael, Francis Clay Dunlap, Robert W. Muckleston, Keith W. Frankenhoff, Charles A. Giulini, Lorenzo T. Wyatt, T. Black, Peter e. Keating, William Thomas Leonard, M. e. Fisher, e. L. Brunelle, M. F. Dickinson, J. e. Pethig, Rudiger Clapham Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Linden Government Research Lab Coast Guard Washington D.C. Department of Transportation Washington D.C. Office For Remote Sensing of Earth Resources. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Pennsylvania State University Washington D.C. Department of the Navy Washington D.C. Cambridge. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Inst. of Technology USA Huntsville. School of Graduate Studies and Research Alabama Univ. USA Dept. of Microbiology. Office of Naval Research Maryland Univ. Arlington Research and Development Co. Pittsburgh AeroChem Research Labs. Inc. Princeton Dept. of the Interior Office of Library Services. Bibliographic Series (Final) Washington D.C. Interplan Corp. Santa Barbara Urban Mass Transportation Adm. Washington D.C. Naval Underwater Systems Center Newport Calif. Mercury Project. National Science Found Stanford Univ Washington D.C. Div. of Advanced Environmental Research & Tech. USA Corvallis. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Oregon State Univ. Washington D.C. Riverside. Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics National Science Foundation California Univ. Washington D.C. Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab. California Univ. USA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami National Technical Information Service Springfield Miami Univ. Coral Gables School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville National Academy of Sciences Office of Sea Grant Washington D. C. School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant. Rockville Norman. Dept. of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science. Urban Mass Transportation Administration Oklahoma Univ. Washington D. C. Knoxville.Dept. of Civil Engineering. Federal Highway Administration Tennessee Univ. Washington D. C. Amherst.Water Resources Research Center. Office of Water Research and Technology Massachusetts Univ. Washington D. C. Calif. Dept. of Industria

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The Future of Low-Carbon electricity

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environment and Resources 1000年第1期42卷 289-316页

作者： Jeffery B. Greenblatt Nicholas R. Brown Rachel Slaybaugh Theresa Wilks emma Stewart Sean T. McCoy 1Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 email: jbgreenblatt@lbl.gov 2Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 3Department of Nuclear Engineering University of California Berkeley California 94720 4Plasma Science and Fusion Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 5Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 6Global Security E Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550

We review future global demand for electricity and major technologies positioned to supply it with minimal greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: renewables (wind, solar, water, geothermal, and biomass), nuclear fission, and fossil power with CO2 capture and sequestration. We discuss two breakthrough technologies (space solar power and nuclear fusion) as exciting but uncertain additional options for low-net GHG emissions (i.e., low-carbon) electricity generation. In addition, we discuss grid integration technologies (monitoring and forecasting of transmission and distribution systems, demand-side load management, energy storage, and load balancing with low-carbon fuel substitutes). For each topic, recent historical trends and future prospects are reviewed, along with technical challenges, costs, and other issues as appropriate. Although no technology represents an ideal solution, their strengths can be enhanced by deployment in combination, along with grid integration that forms a critical set of enabling technologies to assure a reliable and robust future low-carbon electricity system.

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entertainment for education. Digital Techniques and Systems 1

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丛书名： Lecture Notes in Computer science

1000年

作者： Xiaopeng Zhang Shaochun Zhong Zhigeng Pan Kevin Wong Ruwei Yun

ISBN: (数字)9783642145339

ISBN: (纸本)9783642145322

With the technical advancement of digital media and the medium of communication in recent years, there is a widespread interest in digital entertainment. An emerging te- nical research area edutainment, or educational entertainment, has been accepted as education using digital entertainment. edutainment has been recognized as an eff- tive way of learning using modern digital media tools, like computers, games, mobile phones, televisions, or other virtual reality applications, which emphasizes the use of entertainment with application to the education domain. The edutainment conference series was established in 2006 and subsequently - ganized as a special event for researchers working in this new interest area of e-learning and digital entertainment. The main purpose of edutainment conferences is to facilitate the discussion, presentation, and information exchange of the scientific and technological development in the new community. The edutainment conference series becomes a valuable opportunity for researchers, engineers, and graduate s- dents to communicate at these international annual events. The conference series - cludes plenary invited talks, workshops, tutorials, paper presentation tracks, and panel discussions. The edutainment conference series was initiated in Hangzhou, China in 2006. Following the success of the first event, the second (edutainment 2007 in Hong Kong, China), third (edutainment 2008 in Nanjing, China), and fourth editions (edutainment 2009 in Banff, Canada) were organized. edutainment 2010 was held during August 16–18, 2010 in Changchun, China. Two workshops were jointly org- ized together with edutainment 2010.

关键词： Computers and education

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energy efficiency: What Has Research Delivered in the Last 40 Years?

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environment and Resources 1000年第1期46卷 135-165页

作者： Harry D. Saunders Joyashree Roy Inês M.L. Azevedo Debalina Chakravarty Shyamasree Dasgupta Stephane de la Rue du Can Angela Druckman Roger Fouquet Michael Grubb Boqiang Lin Robert Lowe Reinhard Madlener Daire M. McCoy Luis Mundaca Tadj Oreszczyn Steven Sorrell David Stern Kanako Tanaka Taoyuan Wei 1Carnegie Institution for Science Global Ecology Group Stanford California 94305 USA email: hsaunders@*** 3Department of Economics Jadavpur University Kolkata 700032 India 2Sustainable Energy Transition Program Department of Energy Environment and Climate Change Asian Institute of Technology Klongluang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand 4Department of Energy Resources Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 USA 5Department of Economics St. Xavier's University Kolkata 700160 India 6School of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Himachal Pradesh 175005 India 7Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA 8Centre for Environment and Sustainability University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 5XH United Kingdom 9Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment London School of Economics and Political Science London WC2A 2AE United Kingdom 10UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment Bartlett School of Environment Energy & Resources University College London London NW1 2HE United Kingdom 11China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China 12UCL Energy Institute University College London London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom 14Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) 7491 Trondheim Norway 13School of Business and Economics/E.ON Energy Research Center RWTH Aachen University Aachen 52074 Germany 15The Economic and Social Research Institute Dublin D02 K138 Ireland 16International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics Lund University Lund SE-221 00 Sweden 17Bartlett School of Environment Energy & Resources University College London London WC1H 0NN United Kingdom 18Science Policy Research Unit University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RH United Kingdom 19Crawford School of Public Policy College of Asia & the Pacific Australian National Univ

This article presents a critical assessment of 40 years of research that may be brought under the umbrella of energy efficiency, spanning different aggregations and domains—from individual producing and consuming agents to economy-wide effects to the role of innovation to the influence of policy. After 40 years of research, energy efficiency initiatives are generally perceived as highly effective. Innovation has contributed to lowering energy technology costs and increasing energy productivity. energy efficiency programs in many cases have reduced energy use per unit of economic output and have been associated with net improvements in welfare, emission reductions, or both. Rebound effects at the macro level still warrant careful policy attention, as they may be nontrivial. Complexity of energy efficiency dynamics calls for further methodological and empirical advances, multidisciplinary approaches, and granular data at the service level for research in this field to be of greatest societal benefit.

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Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography

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Marine science 1000年第1期8卷 185-215页

作者： L.D. Talley R.A. Feely B.M. Sloyan R. Wanninkhof M.O. Baringer J.L. Bullister C.A. Carlson S.C. Doney R.A. Fine e. Firing N. Gruber D.A. Hansell M. Ishii G.C. Johnson K. Katsumata R.M. Key M. Kramp C. Langdon A.M. Macdonald J.T. Mathis e.L. McDonagh S. Mecking F.J. Millero C.W. Mordy T. Nakano C.L. Sabine W.M. Smethie J.H. Swift T. Tanhua A.M. Thurnherr M.J. Warner J.-Z. Zhang 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 email: ltalley@ucsd.edu jswift@ucsd.edu 2Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Seattle Washington 98115 email: richard.a.feely@noaa.gov john.l.bullister@noaa.gov gregory.c.johnson@noaa.gov jeremy.mathis@noaa.gov chris.sabine@noaa.gov 3Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia email: bernadette.sloyan@csiro.au 4Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami Florida 33149 email: rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov molly.baringer@noaa.gov jia-zhong.zhang@noaa.gov 5Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California 93106 email: carlson@lifesci.ucsb.edu 6Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 email: sdoney@whoi.edu amacdonald@whoi.edu 7Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of Miami Miami Florida 33149 email: rfine@rsmas.miami.edu dhansell@rsmas.miami.edu clangdon@rsmas.miami.edu fmillero@rsmas.miami.edu 8Department of Oceanography University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 email: efiring@hawaii.edu 9Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zurich Zurich 8092 Switzerland email: nicolas.gruber@env.ethz.ch 10Meteorological Research Institute Japan Meteorological Agency Tsukuba 305-0052 Japan email: mishii@mri-jma.go.jp 11Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Yokosuka 237-0061 Japan email: k.katsumata@jamstec.go.jp 12Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08544 email: key@princeton.edu 13JCOMM in-situ Observations Programme Support Center (JCOMMOPS) Technopôle Brest Iroise Plouzané 29280 France email: mkramp@*** 14National Oceanography Centre Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom email: e.mcdonagh@noc.ac.uk 15A

Global ship-based programs, with highly accurate, full water column physical and biogeochemical observations repeated decadally since the 1970s, provide a crucial resource for documenting ocean change. The ocean, a central component of earth's climate system, is taking up most of earth's excess anthropogenic heat, with about 19% of this excess in the abyssal ocean beneath 2,000 m, dominated by Southern Ocean warming. The ocean also has taken up about 27% of anthropogenic carbon, resulting in acidification of the upper ocean. Increased stratification has resulted in a decline in oxygen and increase in nutrients in the Northern Hemisphere thermocline and an expansion of tropical oxygen minimum zones. Southern Hemisphere thermocline oxygen increased in the 2000s owing to stronger wind forcingand ventilation. The most recent decade of global hydrography has mapped dissolved organic carbon, a large, bioactive reservoir, for the first time and quantified its contribution to export production (∼20%) and deep-ocean oxygen utilization. Ship-based measurements also show that vertical diffusivity increases from a minimum in the thermocline to a maximum within the bottom 1,500 m, shifting our physical paradigm of the ocean's overturning circulation.

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Modes and Mechanisms of Pacific Decadal-Scale Variability

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Marine science 1000年第1期15卷 249-275页

作者： e. Di Lorenzo T. Xu Y. Zhao M. Newman A. Capotondi S. Stevenson D.J. Amaya B.T. Anderson R. Ding J.C. Furtado Y. Joh G. Liguori J. Lou A.J. Miller G. Navarra N. Schneider D.J. Vimont S. Wu H. Zhang 1Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary Sciences Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA email: e.dilorenzo@brown.edu 2Physical Sciences Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder Colorado USA 3Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao China 4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado USA 5Bren School of Environmental Science and Management University of California Santa Barbara California USA 6Department of Earth and Environment Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA 7State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal University Beijing China 8School of Meteorology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA 9Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA 11School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia 10Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy 12Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA 13Program in Ocean Science and Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA 14International Pacific Research Center and Department of Oceanography University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii USA 15Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA 16Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing China 17Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston Houston Texas USA

The modes of Pacific decadal-scale variability (PDV), traditionally defined as statistical patterns of variance, reflect to first order the ocean's integration (i.e., reddening) of atmospheric forcing that arises from both a shift and a change in strength of the climatological (time-mean) atmospheric circulation. While these patterns concisely describe PDV, they do not distinguish among the key dynamical processes driving the evolution of PDV anomalies, including atmospheric and ocean teleconnections and coupled feedbacks with similar spatial structures that operate on different timescales. In this review, we synthesize past analysis using an empirical dynamical model constructed from monthly ocean surface anomalies drawn from several reanalysis products, showing that the PDV modes of variance result from two fundamental low-frequency dynamical eigenmodes: the North Pacific–central Pacific (NP-CP) and Kuroshio–Oyashio extension (KOe) modes. Both eigenmodes highlight how two-way tropical–extratropical teleconnection dynamics are the primary mechanisms energizing and synchronizing the basin-scale footprint of PDV. While the NP-CP mode captures interannual- to decadal-scale variability, the KOe mode is linked to the basin-scale expression of PDV on decadal to multidecadal timescales, including contributions from the South Pacific.

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