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Calycosin enhances Heat Shock Related-Proteins in H9c2 Cells to Modulate Survival and Apoptosis against Heat Shock

The American journal of Chinese medicine 2024年第4期52卷 1173-1193页

作者： Pei-Fang Lai Ramasamy Mahendran Bruce Chi-Kang Tsai Cheng-You Lu Chia-Hua Kuo Kuan-Ho Lin Shang-Yeh Lu Yu-Ling Wu Yung-Ming Chang Wei-Wen Kuo Chih-Yang Huang Department of Emergency Medicine Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien 970 Taiwan. Department of Medicine Tzu Chi University Hualien 970 Taiwan. Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Hualien 970 Taiwan. Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan. Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry University of Taipei Taipei 111 Taiwan. Institute of Sports Sciences University of Taipei Taipei 111 Taiwan. School of Physical Education and Sports Science Soochow University Suzhou 215021 China. Department of Kinesiology and Health College of William and Mary Williamsburg VA 23185 USA. Department of Emergency Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung 404 Taiwan. College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung 406 Taiwan. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung 404 Taiwan. The School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate I-Shou University 840 Kaohsiung Taiwan. Chinese Medicine Department E-DA Hospital Kaohsiung 824 Taiwan. 1PT Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Taichung 433 Taiwan. Department of Biological Science and Technology College of Life Sciences China Medical University Taichung 406 Taiwan. Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry China Medical University Taichung 406 Taiwan. School of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung 406 Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences China Medical University Taichung 406 Taiwan. Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology Asia University Taichung 413 Taiwan. Center of General Education Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology Hualien 970 Taiwan. Department of Medical Research China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung 404 Taiwan.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs), which function as chaperones, are activated in response to various environmental stressors. In addition to their role in diverse aspects of protein production, HSPs protect against harmful protein-related stressors. Calycosin exhibits numerous beneficial properties. This study aims to explore the protective effects of calycosin in the heart under heat shock and determine its underlying mechanism. H9c2 cells, western blot, TUNeL staining, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining were used. The time-dependent effects of heat shock analyzed using western blot revealed increased HSP expression for up to 2[Formula: see text]h, followed by protein degradation after 4[Formula: see text]h. Hence, a heat shock damage duration of 4[Formula: see text]h was chosen for subsequent investigations. Calycosin administered post-heat shock demonstrated dose-dependent recovery of cell viability. Under heat shock conditions, calycosin prevented the apoptosis of H9c2 cells by upregulating HSPs, suppressing p-JNK, enhancing Bcl-2 activation, and inhibiting cleaved caspase 3. Calycosin also inhibited Fas/FasL expression and activated cell survival markers (p-PI3K, p-eRK, p-Akt), indicating their cytoprotective properties through PI3K/Akt activation and JNK inhibition. TUNeL staining and flow cytometry confirmed that calycosin reduced apoptosis. Moreover, calycosin reversed the inhibitory effects of quercetin on HSF1 and Hsp70 expression, illustrating its role in enhancing Hsp70 expression through HSF1 activation during heat shock. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated HSF1 translocation to the nucleus following calycosin treatment, emphasizing its cytoprotective effects. In conclusion, calycosin exhibits pronounced protective effects against heat shock-induced damages by modulating HSP expression and regulating key signaling pathways to promote cell survival in H9c2 cells.

关键词： Astragalus Membranaceus Calycosin Cardiomyocyte Heart Protection Heat Shock Heat Shock-Related Protein

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enhancing STeM Knowledge and Skills by Making electronic Sound Synthesizer based on TPACK Model 27

Enhancing STEM Knowledge and Skills by Making Electronic Sou...

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27th International Conference on Computers in education, ICCe 2019

作者： Hu, Chih-Chien Yeh, Hui-Chin Chen, Nian-Shing Research Center for Smart Learning National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies College of Future National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan Department of Applied Foreign Languages National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9789869721448

STeM education has received increasing attention in recent years. Thus, this study proposes a knowledge and skill enhancement framework by integrating TPACK for enhancing learners’ STeM knowledge and skills. The main idea of the proposed approach was to conduct a workshop for learners to make an electronic sound synthesizer. Related data were collected along the whole process, the results revealed that the proposed approach significantly helps learners improve their learning performance and fosters their positive attitudes toward STeM. © ICCe 2019 - 27th International Conference on Computers in education, Proceedings. All rights reserved.

关键词： learning systems

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Designing an IoT-based 3D pop-up book to engage children in english vocabulary learning 27

Designing an IoT-based 3D pop-up book to engage children in ...

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27th International Conference on Computers in education, ICCe 2019

作者： Huang, Huai-Hsuan Lin, Vivien Yang, Yu-Fen Chen, Nian-Shing Research Center for Smart Learning National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies College of Future National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan Department of Applied Foreign Languages National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9789869721448

The purpose of this study was to use the Internet of Things (IoT) technology to engage elementary school children in english vocabulary learning through a pet-care game. An IoT system consisting of a three-dimensional (3D) pop-up book, a toy character, an educational robot, and a near-field communication wire network was developed. Based on this proposed IoT-based language learning environment, interactions among individual learners, an educational robot (accompanied by a tablet), and the 3D pop-up book augmented by a sensor network were induced. Two fourth graders followed the english robotic prompts, which were simple sentence structures embedded with target vocabulary, to interact with the 3D pop-up book so that each learner carried out daily life tasks under robotic guidance and human facilitation. A video analysis revealed that the IoT-augmented 3D pop-up book game effectively provided a learning environment for behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement. It is thus concluded that creating an IoT-based game environment for young learners and engaging them in interactions can enhance their performance in english vocabulary learning. Instructional designers may find the outcomes of this study useful for creating language learning opportunities with the support of IoT-based technology. © ICCe 2019 - 27th International Conference on Computers in education, Proceedings. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computer aided instruction

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The ALMA-QUARKS Survey.Ⅱ.The ACA 1.3 mm Continuum Source Catalog and the Assembly of Dense Gas in Massive Star-Forming Clumps

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2024年第6期24卷 119-139页

作者：许峰玮 Ke Wang Tie Liu Lei Zhu Guido Garay Xunchuan Liu Paul Goldsmith Qizhou Zhang Patricio Sanhueza Shengli Qin Jinhua He Mika Juvela Anandmayee Tej Hongli Liu Shanghuo Li Kaho Morii Siju Zhang Jianwen Zhou Amelia Stutz Neal Jevans Kee-Tae Kim Shengyuan Liu Diego Mardones Guangxing Li Leonardo Bronfman Ken’ichi Tatematsu Chang Won Lee Xing Lu Xiaofeng Mai Sihan Jiao James O.Chibueze Keyun Su Viktor L.Tóth Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Department of Astronomy School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200030China Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy National Astronomical ObservatoriesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Departamento de Astronomía Universidad de ChileLas Condes7591245 SantiagoChile Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadena CA 91109USA Center for Astrophysics|Harvard&Smithsonian 60 Garden StreetCambridgeMA 02138USA National Astronomical Observatory of Japan National Institutes of Natural Sciences2-21-1 OsawaMitakaTokyo 181-8588Japan Astronomical Science Program The Graduate University for Advanced StudiesSOKENDAI2-21-1 OsawaMitakaTokyo 181-8588Japan School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China Yunnan Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650216China Department of Physics University of HelsinkiPO Box 64FI-00014 HelsinkiFinland Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram 695547KeralaIndia Max Planck Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17D-69117 HeidelbergGermany Department of Astronomy Graduate School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo 113-0033Japan Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 6953121 BonnGermany Departamento de AstronomÂıa Universidad de ConcepcionCasilla 160-CConcepci onChile Department of Astronomy The University of Texas at AustinTexas 78712-1205USA Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 776 Daedeokdae-roYuseong-guDaejeon 34055Republic of Korea Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia SinicaRoosevelt RoadTaipei 10617TaiwanChina South-Western Institute for Astronomy Research Yunnan UniversityKunming 650091China Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 776 Daedeok-daeroYuseong-guDaejeon 34055Republic of

Leveraging the high resolution,sensitivity,and wide frequency coverage of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(ALMA),the QUARKS survey,standing for“Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation with ALMA-Resolved gas Kinematics and Structures”,is observing 139 massive starforming clumps at ALMA Band 6(λ~1.3 mm).This paper introduces the Atacama Compact Array(ACA)7 m data of the QUARKS survey,describing the ACA observations and data *** multiwavelength data,we provide the first edition of QUARKS atlas,offering insights into the multiscale and multiphase interstellar medium in high-mass star *** ACA 1.3 mm catalog includes 207 continuum sources that are called ACA *** gas kinetic temperatures are estimated using three formaldehyde transitions with a non-LTe radiation transfer model,and the mass and density are derived from a dust emission *** ACA sources are massive(16–84 percentile values of 6–160 M_(⊙)),gravity-dominated(M∝R^(1.1))fragments within massive clumps,with supersonic turbulence(M>1)and embedded star-forming *** find a linear correlation between the masses of the fragments and the massive clumps,with a ratio of 6%between the *** considering fragments as representative of dense gas,the ratio indicates a dense gas fraction(DGF)of 6%,although with a wide scatter ranging from 1%to 10%.If we consider the QUARKS massive clumps to be what is observed at various scales,then the size-independent DGF indicates a self-similar fragmentation or collapsing mode in protocluster *** the ACA data over four orders of magnitude of luminosity-to-mass ratio(L/M),we find that the DGF increases significantly with L/M,which indicates clump evolutionary *** observed a limited fragmentation at the subclump scale,which can be explained by a dynamic global collapse process.

关键词： stars:formation ISM:kinematics and dynamics ISM:clouds stars:protostars

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In-situ growth of novel iron oxide/iron organic framework composites as efficient electroactive materials of battery supercapacitor hybrids

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Journal of energy Storage 2024年 97卷

作者： Kuo, Tsung-Rong Saukani, Muhammad Kuo, Tsung-Rong Kubendhiran, Subbiramaniyan Wang, Yu-Min Tai, Po-Chun Wu, Chang-Feng Lin, Lu-Yin Kongvarhodom, Chutima Kongvarhodom, Chutima Husain, Sadang Yougbaré, Sibidou Chen, Hung-Ming International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering College of Biomedical Engineering Taipei Medical University Taipei11031 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Pracha-u-thit Toong-kru Bangkok10140 Thailand Department of Chemical Engineering University of New Brunswick FrederictonNBE3B5A3 Canada Department of Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Lambung Mangkurat University Banjarmasin70124 Indonesia /Nanoro 03 B.P 7192 Ouagadougou03 Burkina Faso Gingen technology Co. LTD. Rm. 7 10F. No.189 Sec. 2 Keelung Rd. Xinyi Dist. Taipei11054 Taiwan

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) with a high theoretical capacitance, wide potential ranges and easy availability has attracted much attentions as the electrode material of battery supercapacitor hybrids (BSH). Metal–organic framework (MOF) is one of the promising potential energy storage materials due to its large surface area and controllable pore structures. In this work, novel iron oxide/iron organic framework composites (Fe2O3/FeMOF) are in-situ grown on the Ni foam as efficient energy storage electrodes of BSH. By tuning the solvothermal durations, the morphology changes from random sizes of sheets, regular grown vertical sheets, to flower-like structures. The d-spacing also increases for the Fe2O3/FeMOF synthesized using longer solvothermal durations. The optimal Fe2O3/FeMOF electrode synthesized using 9 h shows a high areal capacitance of 10.97 F/cm2 along with an areal capacity of 5.49 F/cm2 at the current density of 35 mA/cm2, owing to the most regular growth of sheets, the large d-spacing, and the smallest charge-transfer resistances. A BSH composed of the Fe2O3/FeMOF positive electrode and a graphene negative electrode shows a maximum energy density of 0.76 mWh/cm2 at 22.5 mW/cm2. The excellent long-term cycling stability with the capacitance retention of 85% and Coulombic efficiency of 98% are also achieved after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. © 2024 elsevier Ltd

关键词： Supercapacitor

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Probing digital game-based science learning experience through eye-tracking 27

Probing digital game-based science learning experience throu...

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27th International Conference on Computers in education, ICCe 2019

作者： Cheng, Bo-Yuan Wang, Hung-Yuan Hsu, Chung-Yuan Chiou, Guo-Li Tsai, Meng-Jung Department of Child Care National Pingtung University of Science and Technology Taiwan Kaohsiung Municipal Fushan Elementary School Taiwan Program of Learning Sciences National Taiwan Normal University Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9789869721448

This study aimed to investigate the role the students’ prior knowledge in their visual attention and behavioral patterns while playing a digital game. The participants were 39 fourth graders from an elementary school in the southern part of taiwan. The Tobii 4C eye Tracker (with a sampling rate of 90Hz) was utilized to track the students’ visual attention while they were playing the game. In addition, the lag sequential analyses were conducted to examine the visual transitional patterns of the participants with different levels of prior knowledge. The results of this study showed that students with the lower level of prior knowledge tended to put more mental effort on the trivial information of the game. In contrast, the participants with the higher level of prior knowledge were more likely to employ more effective gameplaying strategies (e.g., evaluation). © ICCe 2019 - 27th International Conference on Computers in education, Proceedings. All rights reserved.

关键词： eye tracking

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The escalating threat of human-associated infectious bacteria in surface aquatic resources: Insights into prevalence, antibiotic resistance, survival mechanisms, detection, and prevention strategies

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Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2024年 265卷 104371页

作者： Asif, Aslia Chen, Jung-Sheng Hussain, Bashir Hsu, Gwo-Jong Rathod, Jagat Huang, Shih-Wei Wu, Chin-Chia Hsu, Bing-Mu Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences National Chung Cheng University Chiayi County Taiwan Doctoral Program in Science Technology Environment and Mathematics National Chung Cheng University Chiayi County Taiwan Department of Medical Research E-Da Hospital I-Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Internal Medicine Chiayi Christian Hospital Chiayi Taiwan Department of Environmental Biotechnology Gujarat Biotechnology University Near Gujarat International Finance and Tec (GIFT)-City Gujarat Gandhinagar 382355 India Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant Cheng Shiu University Kaohsiung Taiwan Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant Research Cheng Shiu University Kaohsiung Taiwan Division of Colorectal Surgery Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation Chiayi Taiwan

Anthropogenic activities and climate change profoundly impact water quality, leading to a concerning increase in the prevalence and abundance of bacterial pathogens across diverse aquatic environments. This rise has resulted in a growing challenge concerning the safety of water sources, particularly surface waters and marine environments. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted challenges presented by bacterial pathogens, emphasizing threads to human health within ground and surface waters, including marine ecosystems. The exploration encompasses the intricate survival mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogens and the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance, largely driven by human-generated antibiotic contamination in aquatic systems. The review further addresses prevalent pathogenic bacteria, elucidating associated risk factors, exploring their eco-physiology, and discussing the production of potent toxins. The spectrum of detection techniques, ranging from conventional to cutting-edge molecular approaches, is thoroughly examined to underscore their significance in identifying and understanding waterborne bacterial pathogens. A critical aspect highlighted in this review is the imperative for real-time monitoring of biomarkers associated with waterborne bacterial pathogens. This monitoring serves as an early warning system, facilitating the swift implementation of action plans to preserve and protect global water resources. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides fresh insights and perspectives, emphasizing the paramount importance of preserving the quality of aquatic resources to safeguard human health on a global scale. © 2024

关键词： Anti-microbial resistance Infectious diseases Pathogen survival Pathogenic bacteria Surface aquatic resources

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Design of experiments as a strategy for modulating the colloidal stability, physico-chemical properties and drug-delivery potential of small mesoporous silica nanoparticles

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Advanced Powder technology 2023年第10期34卷

作者： Lestari, Windy Ayu Saputra, Ozi Adi Díaz-García, Diana Wahyuningsih, Sayekti Gómez-Ruiz, Santiago Wibowo, Fajar Rakhman Magister Program in Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta57126 Indonesia Department of Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta57126 Indonesia COMET-NANO Group Departamento de Biología y Geología Física y Química Inorgánica Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Calle Tulipán s/n Madrid MóstolesE-28933 Spain Institute of Chemistry Taiwan International Graduate Program Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology Academia Sinica Taipei115 China Department of Chemical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei10617 China

The synthesis of highly stable small mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SMSN) in colloid dispersions is still challenging for biomedical applications. This study is focus on the successfully synthesis and formulation of porous, highly dispersed and colloidal stable SMSN via the soft–templating method. This study reports how the differences in synthesis variables, namely, temperature, amount of triethylamine (TeA) and/or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) influence the morphology and textural properties of SMSN. The analysis of the particle size, surface area, pore size, pore volume, zeta potential, and colloidal stability (represent by absorbance decreasing rate) show that temperature is the most influential factor governing the preparation of SMSN. The optimal conditions found for the synthesis of these nanoparticles were 50 °C, using a molar ratio between TeA and CTAB (3.5971: 1). Therefore, our study shows interesting insights on the effect of each variable to control the morphology and properties of small MSN for the design of this kind of nanoparticulated systems, therefore, giving valuable data to be considered for the future construction of tailor-made effective drug carrier materials. © 2023 The Society of Powder technology Japan

关键词： Synthesis (chemical)

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Transformative and sustainable insights of agricultural waste-based adsorbents for water defluoridation: Biosorption dynamics, economic viability, and spent adsorbent management

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Heliyon 2024年第8期10卷 e29747页

作者： Das, Koyeli Sukul, Uttara Chen, Jung-Sheng Sharma, Raju Kumar Banerjee, Pritam Dey, Gobinda Taharia, Md. Wijaya, Christian J. Lee, Cheng-I Wang, Shan-Li Nuong, Nguyen Hoang Kim Chen, Chien-Yen Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Institute of Molecular Biology National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Doctoral Program in Science Technology Environment and Mathematics Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Department of Medical Research E-Da Hospital Kaohsiung 82445 Taiwan Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University Kalijudan 37 Surbaya 60114 Indonesia Collaborative Research Center for Zero Waste and Sustainability Kalijudan 37 Surabaya 60114 Indonesia Center for Nano Bio-Detection Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society AIM-HI National Chung Cheng University 168 University Road Min-Hsiung Chiayi County 62102 Taiwan Department of Agricultural Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei 106319 Taiwan

With the progression of civilization, the harmony within nature has been disrupted, giving rise to various ecocidal activities that are evident in every spheres of the earth. These activities have had a profound and far-reaching impact on global health. One significant example of this is the presence of fluoride in groundwater exceeding acceptable limits, resulting in the widespread occurrence of “Fluorosis” worldwide. It is imperative to mitigate the concentration of fluoride in drinking water to meet safety standards. While various defluoridation techniques exist, they often have drawbacks. Biosorption, being a simple, affordable and eco-friendly method, has gained preference for defluoridation. However, its limited commercialization underscores the pressing need for further research in this domain. This comprehensive review article offers a thorough examination of the defluoridation potential of agro-based adsorbents, encompassing their specific chemical compositions and preparation methods. The review presents an in-depth discussion of the factors influencing fluoride biosorption and conducts a detailed exploration of adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetic models to gain a comprehensive understanding of the nature of the adsorption process. Furthermore, it evaluates the commercial viability through an assessment of regeneration potential and a cost analysis of these agro-adsorbents, with the aim of facilitating the scalability of the defluoridation process. The elucidation of the adsorption mechanism and recommendations for overcoming challenges in large-scale implementation offer a comprehensive outlook on this eco-friendly and sustainable approach to fluoride removal. In summary, this review article equips readers with a lucid understanding of agro-adsorbents, elucidates their ideal conditions for improved performance, offers a more profound insight into the fluoride biosorption mechanism, and introduces the concept of effective spent adsorbent management.

关键词： Adsorption mechanism Agricultural waste Bio-sorption Cost analysis Defluoridation Regeneration Spent adsorbent management

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BTeX exposure and its body burden pose differential risks for asthma and its phenotypic clusters

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Allergy 2023年第7期78卷 2036-2040页

作者： Yuan-Ting Hsu Chao-Chien Wu Chin-Chou Wang Wen-Yu Chung Chau-Chyun Sheu Yi-Hsin Yang Ming-Yen Cheng Ruay-Sheng Lai Sum-Yee Leung Chi-Cheng Lin Yu-Feng Wei Ching-Hsiung Lin Sheng-Hao Lin Jeng-Yuan Hsu Wei-Chang Huang Chia-Cheng Tseng Yung-Fa Lai Meng-Hsuan Cheng Huang-Chi Chen Chih-Jen Yang Chian-Heng Su Chien-Jen Wang Shih-Chang Hsu Chih-Hsing Hung Chon-Lin Lee Ming-Shyan Huang Shau-Ku Huang National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Health Research Institutes Miaoli Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine Kaohsiung Taiwan. Department of Public Health Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine College of Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan. National Institute of Cancer Research National Health Research Institutes Tainan Taiwan. Department of Mathematics Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China. Division of Chest Medicine Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine Chest Division Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital Pingtung Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine E-Da Cancer Hospital I-Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine Division of Chest Medicine Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua Taiwan. Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan. Department of Recreation and Holistic Wellness MingDao University Changhua Taiwan. Department of Medical Research Division of Clinical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan. Department of Internal Medicine Division of Chest Medicine Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan. Department of Medical Technology Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine Nursing and Management Miaoli Taiwan. School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan. Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine National Chung Hsing Universi

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