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Global and regional molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, 1990-2015: a systematic review, global survey, and trend analysis

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019年第2期19卷 143-155页

作者： Hemelaar, Joris Elangovan, Ramyiadarsini Yun, Jason Dickson-Tetteh, Leslie Fleminger, Isabella Kirtley, Shona Williams, Brian Gouws-Williams, Eleanor Ghys, Peter D. Abimiku, Alash'le G. Agwale, Simon Archibald, Chris Avidor, Boaz Gabriela Barbas, Maria Barre-Sinoussi, Francoise Barugahare, Banson Belabbes, El Hadj Bertagnolio, Silvia Birx, Deborah Bobkov, Aleksei F. Brandful, James Bredell, Helba Brennan, Catherine A. Brooks, James Bruckova, Marie Buonaguro, Luigi Buonaguro, Franco Butto, Stefano Buve, Anne Campbell, Mary Carr, Jean Carrera, Alex Gomez Carrillo, Manuel Celum, Connie Chaplin, Beth Charles, Macarthur Chatzidimitriou, Dimitrios Chen, Zhiwei Chijiwa, Katsumi Cooper, David Cunningham, Philip Dagnra, Anoumou de Gascun, Cillian F. Del Amo, Julia Delgado, Elena Dietrich, Ursula Dwyer, Dominic Ellenberger, Dennis Ensoli, Barbara Essex, Max Fleury, Herve Fonjungo, Peter N. Foulongne, Vincent Gadkari, Deepak A. Gao, Feng Garcia, Federico Garsia, Roger Gershy-Damet, Guy Michel Glynn, Judith R. Goodall, Ruth Grossman, Zehava Guimaraes, Monick Lindenmeyer Hahn, Beatrice Hamers, Raph L. Hamouda, Osamah Handema, Ray He, Xiang Herbeck, Joshua Ho, David D. Holguin, Africa Hosseinipour, Mina Hunt, Gillian Ito, Masahiko Kacem, Mohamed Ali Bel Hadj Kahle, Erin Kaleebu, Pontiano Kalish, Marcia Kamarulzaman, Adeeba Kang, Chun Kanki, Phyllis Karamov, Edward Karasi, Jean-Claude Kayitenkore, Kayitesi Kelleher, Tony Kitayaporn, Dwip Kostrikis, Leondios G. Kucherer, Claudia Lara, Claudia Leitner, Thomas Liitsola, Kirsi Lingappa, Jai Linka, Marek Lorenzana de Rivera, Ivette Lukashov, Vladimir Maayan, Shlomo Mayr, Luzia McCutchan, Francine Meda, Nicolas Menu, Elisabeth Mhalu, Fred Mloka, Doreen Mokili, John L. Montes, Brigitte Mor, Orna Morgado, Mariza Mosha, Fausta Moussi, Awatef Mullins, James Najera, Rafael Nasr, Mejda Ndembi, Nicaise Neilson, Joel R. Nerurkar, Vivek R. Neuhann, Florian Nolte, Claudine Novitsky, Vlad Nyambi, Philippe Ofner, Marianna Paladin, Fem J. Papa, Anna Pape, Jean Parkin, Neil Parry, Chris Peeters, M Univ Oxford John Radcliffe Hosp Womens Ctr Nuffield Dept Womens & Reprod Hlth Oxford OX3 9DU England Univ Oxford Botnar Res Ctr Nuffield Dept Orthopaed Rheumatol & Musculoskelet Ctr Stat Med Oxford England Stellenbosch Univ South African Ctr Epidemiol Modelling & Anal Stellenbosch South Africa UNAIDS Fast Track Implementat Dept Geneva Switzerland UNAIDS Strateg Informat Dept Geneva Switzerland Univ Maryland Inst Human Virol Baltimore MD 21201 USA Gede Fdn Abuja Nigeria Publ Hlth Agcy Canada Ottawa ON Canada Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr Tel Aviv Israel Minist Salud Cordoba Argentina Inst Pasteur Paris France Minist Hlth Entebbe Uganda Inst Pasteur Natl Reference Lab HIV AIDS Algiers Algeria WHO Geneva Switzerland Off Global AIDS Coordinator Washington DC USA DI Ivanovskii Inst Virol Moscow Russia Univ Ghana Noguchi Mem Inst Med Res Accra Ghana Univ Cape Town Cape Town South Africa Abbott Labs Chicago IL USA Natl Inst Publ Hlth Prague Czech Republic Natl Canc Inst Fdn G Pascale AIDS Reference Ctr Naples Italy Ist Super Sanita Natl AIDS Ctr Rome Italy Inst Trop Med Antwerp Belgium Univ Washington Sch Med Seattle WA USA St Vincents Hosp Sydney NSW Australia Univ Buenos Aires Buenos Aires DF Argentina Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Boston MA USA Gheskio Ctr Port Au Prince Haiti Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece Chinese Acad Med Sci Peking Union Med Sch Beijing Peoples R China Kyushu Univ Hosp Fukuoka Inst Hlth & Environm Sci Dazaifu Japan Kirby Inst Sydney NSW Australia Univ Lome Fac Sci Sante Lome Togo Univ Coll Dublin Dublin Ireland Inst Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain Georg Speyer Haus Chemotherapeut Forschungsinstitut Frankfurt Germany Westmead Hosp Pathol West Westmead NSW Australia Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Atlanta GA USA Harvard Sch Publ Hlth Boston MA USA Duke Univ Med Ctr Durham NC USA Univ Bordeaux Bordeaux France Montpellier Univ Hosp Montpellier France Natl AIDS Res Inst Pune Maharashtra

Background Global genetic diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge to the development of HIV vaccines. We aimed to estimate the regional and global distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants during 1990-2015. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebscohost), and Global Health (Ovid) for HIV-1 subtyping studies published between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2015. We collected additional unpublished HIV-1 subtyping data through a global survey. We included prevalence studies with HIV-1 subtyping data collected during 1990-2015. We grouped countries into 14 regions and analysed data for four time periods (1990-99, 2000-04, 2005-09, and 2010-15). The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in individual countries was weighted according to the UNaids estimates of the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in each country to generate regional and global estimates of HIV-1 diversity in each time period. The primary outcome was the number of samples designated as HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, CRFs, and URFs. The systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017067164. Findings This systematic review and global survey yielded 2203 datasets with 383 519 samples from 116 countries in 1990-2015. Globally, subtype C accounted for 46 . 6% (16 280 897/34 921 639 of PLHIV) of all HIV-1 infections in 2010-15. Subtype B was responsible for 12 . 1% (4 235 299/34 921 639) of infections, followed by subtype A (10 . 3%;3 587 003/34 921 639), CRF02_AG (7 . 7%;2 705 110/34 921 639), CRF01_AE (5 . 3%;1 840 982/34 921 639), subtype G (4 . 6%;1 591 276/34 921 639), and subtype D (2 . 7%;926 255/34 921 639). Subtypes F, H, J, and K combined accounted for 0 . 9% (311 332/34 921 639) of infections. Other CRFs accounted for 3 . 7% (1 309 082/34 921 639), bringing the proportion of all CRFs to 16 . 7% (5 844 113/34 921 639). URFs constituted 6 . 1% (2 134 405/34 921 639), resulting in recombin

关键词： META-analysis TREND analysis MOLECULAR epidemiology INFECTION aids vaccination

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Surveillance of HIV assisted partner services using routine health information systems in Kenya

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BMC MEDICAL INFORMATICS AND DECISION MAKING 2016年第1期16卷 1-8页

作者： Cherutich, Peter Golden, Matthew Betz, Bourke Wamuti, Beatrice Ng'ang'a, Anne Maingi, Peter Macharia, Paul Sambai, Betsy Abuna, Felix Bukusi, David Dunbar, Mathew Farquhar, Carey Minist Hlth Nairobi Kenya Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Kenyatta Natl Hosp Nairobi Kenya Natl AIDS STI Control Programme NASCOP Off Hosp Rd Nairobi Kenya

Background: The utilization of routine health information systems (HIS) for surveillance of assisted partner services (aPS) for HIV in sub-Saharan is sub-optimal, in part due to poor data quality and limited use of information technology. Consequently, little is known about coverage, scope and quality of HIV aPS. Yet, affordable electronic data tools, software and data transmission infrastructure are now widely accessible in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We designed and implemented a cased-based surveillance system using the HIV testing platform in 18 health facilities in Kenya. The components of this system included an electronic HIV Testing and Counseling (HTC) intake form, data transmission on the Global Systems for Mobile Communication (GSM), and data collection using the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform. We defined rates of new HIV diagnoses, and characterized HIV-infected cases. We also determined the proportion of clients who reported testing for HIV because a) they were notified by a sexual partner b) they were notified by a health provider, or c) they were informed of exposure by another other source. Data collection times were evaluated. Results: Among 4351 clients, HIV prevalence was 14.2 %, ranging from 4.4-25.4 % across facilities. Regardless of other reasons for testing, only 107 (2.5 %) of all participants reported testing after being notified by a health provider or sexual partner. A similar proportion, 1.8 % (79 of 4351), reported partner notification as the only reason for seeking an HIV test. Among 79 clients who reported HIV partner services as the reason for testing, the majority (78.5 %), were notified by their sexual partners. The majority (52.8 %) of HIV-infected patients initiated their HIV testing, and 57.2 % tested in a Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) site co-located in a health facility. Median time for data capture was 4 min (IQR: 3-15), with a longer duration for HIV-infected participants, and there was no reported data loss. Conclusi

关键词： Surveillance Assisted partner services HIV Health information Open data kit Kenya

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HIV misdiagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa: performance of diagnostic algorithms at six testing sites

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JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL aids SOCIETY 2017年第1期20卷 21419页

作者： Kosack, Cara S. Shanks, Leslie Beelaert, Greet Benson, Tumwesigye Savane, Aboubacar Ng'ang'a, Anne Andre, Bita Zahinda, Jean-Paul B. N. Fransen, Katrien Page, Anne-Laure Med Sans Frontieres Diagnost Network Amsterdam Netherlands Med Sans Frontieres Publ Hlth Dept Amsterdam Netherlands Inst Trop Med AIDS Reference Lab Antwerp Belgium Minist Hlth Uganda STD AIDS Control Program Kampala Uganda Lab Natl Reference Conakry Guinea Natl AIDS & Sexually Transmitted Infect Control P Nairobi Kenya Reg Delegat Publ Hlth Littoral Reg Yaounde Cameroon Programme Natl Lutte Sida & IST PNLS Bukavu DEM REP CONGO Epictr Epidemiol & Populat Hlth Dept Paris France

Introduction: We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of HIV testing algorithms at six programmes in five sub-Saharan African countries. Methods: In this prospective multisite diagnostic evaluation study (Conakry, Guinea;Kitgum, Uganda;Arua, Uganda;Homa Bay, Kenya;Doula, Cameroun and Baraka, Democratic Republic of Congo), samples from clients (greater than equal to five years of age) testing for HIV were collected and compared to a state-of-the-art algorithm from the aids reference laboratory at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium. The reference algorithm consisted of an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay, a line-immunoassay, a single antigen-enzyme immunoassay and a DNA polymerase chain reaction test. Results: Between August 2011 and January 2015, over 14,000 clients were tested for HIV at 6 HIV counselling and testing sites. Of those, 2786 (median age: 30;38.1% males) were included in the study. Sensitivity of the testing algorithms ranged from 89.5% in Arua to 100% in Douala and Conakry, while specificity ranged from 98.3% in Doula to 100% in Conakry. Overall, 24 (0.9%) clients, and as many as 8 per site (1.7%), were misdiagnosed, with 16 false-positive and 8 false-negative results. Six false-negative specimens were retested with the on-site algorithm on the same sample and were found to be positive. Conversely, 13 false-positive specimens were retested: 8 remained false-positive with the on-site algorithm. Conclusions: The performance of algorithms at several sites failed to meet expectations and thresholds set by the World Health Organization, with unacceptably high rates of false results. Alongside the careful selection of rapid diagnostic tests and the validation of algorithms, strictly observing correct procedures can reduce the risk of false results. In the meantime, to identify false-positive diagnoses at initial testing, patients should be retested upon initiating antiretroviral therapy.

关键词： HIV diagnostic test RDT misdiagnosis algorithm

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Delivering Prevention Interventions to People Living with HIV in Clinical Care Settings: Results of a Cluster Randomized Trial in Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania

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aids AND BEHAVIOR 2016年第9期20卷 2110-2118页

作者： Bachanas, Pamela Kidder, Daniel Medley, Amy Pals, Sherri L. Carpenter, Deborah Howard, Andrea Antelman, Gretchen DeLuca, Nicolas Muhenje, Odylia Sheriff, Muhsin Somi, Geoffrey Katuta, Frieda Cherutich, Peter Moore, Janet US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Div Global HIV AIDS 1600 Clifton RdMS E04 Atlanta GA 30333 USA US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Div Global HIV AIDS Dar Es Salaam Tanzania Columbia Univ ICAP New York NY USA Columbia Univ ICAP Tanzania Dar Es Salaam Tanzania US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Div Global HIV AIDS Windhoek Namibia US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Div Global HIV AIDS Nairobi Kenya Columbia Univ ICAP Kenya Nairobi Kenya Minist Hlth & Social Welf Dar Es Salaam Tanzania Minist Hlth & Social Serv Windhoek Namibia Natl AIDS STD Control Programme NASCOP Nairobi Kenya

We conducted a group randomized trial to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a multi-component, clinic-based HIV prevention intervention for HIV-positive patients attending clinical care in Namibia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Eighteen HIV care and treatment clinics (six per country) were randomly assigned to intervention or control arms. Approximately 200 sexually active clients from each clinic were enrolled and interviewed at baseline and 6- and 12-months post-intervention. Mixed model logistic regression with random effects for clinic and participant was used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Of 3522 HIV-positive patients enrolled, 3034 (86 %) completed a 12-month follow-up interview. Intervention participants were significantly more likely to report receiving provider-delivered messages on disclosure, partner testing, family planning, alcohol reduction, and consistent condom use compared to participants in comparison clinics. Participants in intervention clinics were less likely to report unprotected sex in the past 2 weeks (OR = 0.56, 95 % CI 0.32, 0.99) compared to participants in comparison clinics. In Tanzania, a higher percentage of participants in intervention clinics (17 %) reported using a highly effective method of contraception compared to participants in comparison clinics (10 %, OR = 2.25, 95 % CI 1.24, 4.10). This effect was not observed in Kenya or Namibia. HIV prevention services are feasible to implement as part of routine care and are associated with a self-reported decrease in unprotected sex. Further operational research is needed to identify strategies to address common operational challenges including staff turnover and large patient volumes.

关键词： HIV/aids Sub-Saharan Africa HIV prevention People living with HIV

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Towards more accurate HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-site evaluation of HIV RDTs and risk factors for false positives

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JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL aids SOCIETY 2017年第1期20卷 21345页

作者： Kosack, Cara S. Page, Anne-Laure Beelaert, Greet Benson, Tumwesigye Savane, Aboubacar Ng'ang'a, Anne Andre, Bita Zahinda, Jean-Paul B. N. Shanks, Leslie Fransen, Katrien Med Sans Frontieres Diagnost Network Amsterdam Netherlands Epicentre Epidemiol & Populat Hlth Dept Paris France Inst Trop Med AIDS Reference Lab Antwerp Belgium Minist Hlth Uganda STD AIDS Control Program Kampala Uganda Minist Hlth Guinea Lab Natl Reference Conakry Guinea Minist Hlth Kenya Natl AIDS & Sexually Transmitted Infect Control P Nairobi Kenya Minist Hlth Cameroon Reg Delegat Publ Hlth Littoral Reg Yaounde Cameroon Minist Hlth Democrat Republ Congo Programme Natl Lutte Sida & IST PNLS Bukavu DEM REP CONGO Med Sans Frontieres Dept Publ Hlth Amsterdam Netherlands

Introduction: Although individual HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) show good performance in evaluations conducted by WHO, reports from several African countries highlight potentially significant performance issues. Despite widespread use of RDTs for HIV diagnosis in resource-constrained settings, there has been no systematic, head-to-head evaluation of their accuracy with specimens from diverse settings across sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a standardized, centralized evaluation of eight HIV RDTs and two simple confirmatory assays at a WHO collaborating centre for evaluation of HIV diagnostics using specimens from six sites in five sub-Saharan African countries. Methods: Specimens were transported to the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium for testing. The tests were evaluated by comparing their results to a state-of-the-art reference algorithm to estimate sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Results: 2785 samples collected from August 2011 to January 2015 were tested at ITM. All RDTs showed very high sensitivity, from 98.8% for First Response HIV Card Test 1-2.0 to 100% for Determine HIV 1/2, Genie Fast, SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 and INSTI HIV-1/HIV-2 Antibody Test kit. Specificity ranged from 90.4% for First Response to 99.7% for HIV 1/2 STAT-PAK with wide variation based on the geographical origin of specimens. Multivariate analysis showed several factors were associated with false-positive results, including gender, provider-initiated testing and the geographical origin of specimens. For simple confirmatory assays, the total sensitivity and specificity was 100% and 98.8% for ImmunoComb II HIV 12 CombFirm (ImmunoComb) and 99.7% and 98.4% for Geenius HIV 1/2 with indeterminate rates of 8.9% and 9.4%. Conclusions: In this first systematic head-to-head evaluation of the most widely used RDTs, individual RDTs performed more poorly than in the WHO evaluations: only one test met the recommended thresholds for RDTs of >= 99% sensitivity and

关键词： HIV diagnostic test RDT false positive

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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Load Response to 2 Antiviral Regimens, Tenofovir/Lamivudine and Lamivudine, in HIV/HBV-Coinfected Pregnant Women in Guangxi, China: The Tenofovir in Pregnancy (TiP) Study

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JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016年第11期214卷 1695-1699页

作者： Wang, Liming Wiener, Jeffrey Bulterys, Marc Wei, Xiaoyu Chen, Lili Liu, Wei Liang, Shujia Shepard, Colin Wang, Linhong Wang, Ailing Zhang, Fujie Kourtis, Athena P. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent CDC Global AIDS Program China Off Div HIV & TB Ctr Global Hlth Atlanta GA USA Capital Med Univ Beijing Ditan Hosp Beijing Peoples R China Capital Med Univ Clin Ctr HIV AIDS Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Natl Ctr Women & Childrens Hlth Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Natl Ctr AIDS STD Prevent & Control Beijing Peoples R China Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Reg Hlth & Family Plann Nanning Peoples R China Guangxi Prov Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Nanning Peoples R China CDC Div Reprod Hlth Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot Atlanta GA 30333 USA CDC Ctr Global Hlth Atlanta GA 30333 USA WHO Global Hepatitis Programme Geneva Switzerland

Background. There is limited information on antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among pregnant women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV. Methods. A phase 2 randomized, controlled trial of a regimen containing tenofovir (TDF)/lamivudine (3TC) and a regimen containing 3TC in HIV/HBV-coinfected pregnant women in China. The HBV virological response was compared in study arms. Results. The median decline in the HBV DNA level was 2.60 log(10) copies/mL in the TDF/3TC arm and 2.24 log(10) copies/mL in the 3TC arm (P = .41). All women achieved HBV DNA levels of <6 log(10) copies/mL at delivery. Conclusions. Initiation of either regimen led to achievement of HBV DNA levels below the threshold associated with perinatal HBV transmission.

关键词： tenofovir HIV/HBV coinfection pregnancy HBV suppression lamivudine HBV DNV viral load

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Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease

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CLINICS IN LIVER DISEASE 2016年第4期20卷 607-+页

作者： Nelson, Noele P. Easterbrook, Philippa J. McMahon, Brian J. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Clin Intervent Team Natl Ctr HIV AIDS Viral Hepatitis STD & TB Preven 1600 Clifton RdMS G37 Atlanta GA 30329 USA World Hlth Org HIV Dept Global Hepatitis Programme 20 Via Appia CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland Alaska Native Tribal Hlth Consortium Alaska Native Med Ctr Liver Dis & Hepatitis Program 4315 Diplomacy Dr Anchorage AK 99508 USA

Integration of hepatitis B vaccination into national immunization programs has resulted in substantial reductions of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in previously high endemic countries. The key strategy for control of the HBV epidemic is birth dose and infant vaccination. Additional measures include use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and diagnosis of mothers at high risk of transmitting HBV and use of antiviral agents during pregnancy to decrease maternal DNA concentrations to undetectable concentrations. Despite the substantial decrease in HBV cases since vaccination introduction, implementation of birth dose vaccination in low-income and middle-income countries and vaccination of high-risk adults remain challenging.

关键词： Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B vaccine Birth dose Perinatal transmission Vaccine impact

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The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm among young people in Europe, 1990-2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-EUROPE 2022年 16卷 100341-100341页

作者： Castelpietra, Giulio Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo Agardh, Emilie E. Armocida, Benedetta Beghi, Massimiliano Iburg, Kim Moesgaard Logroscino, Giancarlo Ma, Rui Starace, Fabrizio Steel, Nicholas Addolorato, Giovanni Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L. Banach, Maciej Barnighausen, Till Winfried Barone-Adesi, Francesco Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Carvalho, Felix Carvalho, Marcia Chandan, Joht Singh Chattu, Vijay Kumar Couto, Rosa A. S. Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dargan, Paul, I Deuba, Keshab da Silva, Diana Dias Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fernandes, Eduarda Ferrara, Pietro Fischer, Florian Gaal, Peter Andras Gialluisi, Alessandro Haagsma, Juanita A. Haro, Josep Maria Hasan, M. Tasdik Hasan, Syed Shahzad Hostiuc, Sorin Iacoviello, Licia Iavicoli, Ivo Jamshidi, Elham Jonas, Jost B. Joo, Tamas Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal Kauppila, Joonas H. Khan, Moien A. B. Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kivimaki, Mika Koly, Kamrun Nahar Koyanagi, Ai Kumar, Manasi Lallukka, Tea Langguth, Berthold Ledda, Caterina Lee, Paul H. Lega, Ilaria Linehan, Christine Loureiro, Joana A. Madureira-Carvalho, Aurea M. Martinez-Raga, Jose Mathur, Manu Raj McGrath, John J. Mechili, Enkeleint A. Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A. Mestrovic, Tomislav Miazgowski, Bartosz Mirica, Andreea Mirijello, Antonio Moazen, Babak Mohammed, Shafiu Mulita, Francesk Nagel, Gabriele Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka Padron-Monedero, Alicia Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Pardhan, Shahina Pasovic, Maja Patel, Jay Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Pinheiro, Marina Pollok, Richard Charles G. Postma, Maarten J. Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Romero-Rodriguez, Esperanza Ronfani, Luca Sagoe, Dominic Sanmarchi, Francesco Schaub, Michael P. Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse Shiri, Rahman Shokraneh, Farhad Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora Silva, Joao Pedro Silva, Renata Socea, Bogdan Szocska, Miklos Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael Torrado, Marco Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Veroux, Massimiliano Viner, Russell M. Werdecker, Andrea Winkler, A Cent Hlth Directorate Outpatient & Inpatient Care Serv I-34100 Trieste Italy Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth Ctr Dis Burden Bergen Norway Karolinska Inst Dept Global Publ Hlth Stockholm Sweden Natl Inst Hlth Dept Cardiovasc Endocrine Metab Dis & Aging Rome Italy AUSL Romagna Dept Mental Hlth Ravenna Italy Aarhus Univ Dept Publ Hlth Aarhus Denmark Univ Bari Aldo Moro Dept Basic Med Sci Neurosci & Sense Organs Bari Italy Fdn Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hosp Dept Clin Res Neurol Tricase Italy Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Dept Hlth Metr Sci Seattle WA 98195 USA AUSL Modena Dept Mental Hlth & Drug Abuse Modena Italy Univ East Anglia Dept Primary Care & Publ Hlth Norwich Norfolk England Publ Hlth England London England Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore Dept Internal Med Rome Italy Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm Cardiol Dept Bucharest Romania Bucharest Carol Davila Univ Econ Studies Dept Stat & Econometr Bucharest Romania Inst Hlth Carlos III CIBERSAM Madrid Spain Med Univ Lodz Dept Hypertens Lodz Poland Heidelberg Univ Heidelberg Inst Global Hlth HIGH Heidelberg Germany Harvard Univ TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Boston MA 02115 USA Univ Piemonte Orientale Dept Translat Med Novara Italy Charles Univ Prague Dept Social & Clin Pharm Hradec Kralova Czech Republic United Arab Emirates Univ Inst Publ Hlth Al Ain U Arab Emirates Univ Porto Res Unit Appl Mol Biosci UCIBIO Porto Portugal Univ Fernando Pessoa Fac Hlth Sci Porto Portugal Univ Birmingham Inst Appl Hlth Res Birmingham W Midlands England Univ West Indies Fac Med Sci St Augustine Trinidad Tobago Univ Porto Dept Chem Sci Porto Portugal Univ Porto Dept Med Porto Portugal Inst Res & Adv Training Hlth Sci & Technol CESPU Dept Hlth Sci Famalicao Portugal Kings Coll London Fac Life Sci & Med London England Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust Dept Clin Toxicol London England Save Children Natl Ctr AIDS & STD Control Kathmandu Nepal Univ Porto Lab Toxicol Porto Portugal Univ Ibadan Epidemiol

Background Mental health is a public health issue for European young people, with great heterogeneity in resource allocation. Representative population-based studies are needed. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 provides internationally comparable information on trends in the health status of populations and changes in the leading causes of disease burden over time. Methods Prevalence, incidence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Years of Life Lost (YLLs) from mental disorders (MDs), substance use disorders (SUDs) and self-harm were estimated for young people aged 10-24 years in 31 European countries. Rates per 100,000 population, percentage changes in 1990-2019, 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UIs), and correlations with Sociodemographic Index (SDI), were estimated. Findings In 2019, rates per 100,000 population were 16,983 (95% UI 12,823 - 21,630) for MDs, 3,891 (3,020 4,905) for SUDs, and 89.1 (63.8 - 123.1) for self-harm. In terms of disability, anxiety contributed to 647.3 (432 -912.3) YLDs, while in terms of premature death, self-harm contributed to 319.6 (248.9-412.8) YLLs, per 100,000 population. Over the 30 years studied, YLDs increased in eating disorders (14.9%;9.4-20.1) and drug use disorders (16.9%;8.9-26.3), and decreased in idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (-29.1%;23.8-38.5). YLLs decreased in self-harm (-27.9%;38.3-18.7). Variations were found by sex, age-group and country. The burden of SUDs and self-harm was higher in countries with lower SDI, MDs were associated with SUDs. Interpretation Mental health conditions represent an important burden among young people living in Europe. National policies should strengthen mental health, with a specific focus on young people. Funding The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/)

关键词： Young people Mental health Mental disorders Self-harm Substance use Europe

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Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2022年第12期10卷 E1715-E1743页

作者： Lozano, Rafael Haakenstad, Annie Yearwood, Jamal Akeem Fullman, Nancy Bintz, Corinne Bienhoff, Kelly Weaver, Marcia R. Nandakumar, Vishnu Joffe, Jonah N. LeGrand, Kate E. Knight, Megan Abbafati, Cristiana Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abdoli, Amir Abeldano Zuniga, Roberto Ariel Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agudelo-Botero, Marcela Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmed, Ali Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Aji, Budi Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola Alam, Khurshid Al Hamad, Hanadi Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amin, Tarek Tawfik Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A. Ancuceanu, Robert Andrade, Pedro Prata Anjum, Afifa Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Ariffin, Hany Arulappan, Judie Aryan, Zahra Ashraf, Tahira Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Atreya, Alok Ausloos, Marcel Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayano, Getinet Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Badiye, Ashish D. Baig, Atif Amin Bairwa, Mohan Bakkannavar, Shankar M. Baliga, Shrikala Banik, Palash Chandra Baernighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, Sanjay Bayati, Mohsen Belete, Rebuma Bell, Arielle Wilder Bhagat, Devidas S. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhaskar, Sonu Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Bikbov, Boris Biondi, Antonio Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Bonny, Aime Brenner, Hermann Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Busse, Reinhard Butt, Zahid A. Butt, Nadeem Shafique Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Alberto Camera, Luis Cardenas, Rosario Carneiro, Vera L. A. Catala-Lopez, Ferran Chandan, Joht Singh Charan, Jaykaran Chavan, Prachi P. Chen, Simiao Chen, Shu Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chowdhury, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Cirillo, Massimo Corso, Barbara Dadras, Omid Dahlawi, Saad M. A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dangel, William James Alberto Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Davletov, Kairat Deuba, Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Sch Med Dept Hlth Metr Sci Seattle WA USA Univ Washington Div Allergy & Infect Dis Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Anesthesiol & Pain Med Seattle WA 98195 USA Harvard Univ Dept Global Hlth & Populat Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Brigham & Womens Hosp Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Ctr Primary Care Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Dept Global Hlth & Social Med Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Div Cardiol Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Div Gen Internal Med Boston MA 02115 USA Gates Ventures Dept Nutr Seattle WA USA Univ Roma La Sapienza Dept Jurid & Econ Studies Rome Italy Univ Tehran Med Sci Noncommunicable Dis Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Natl Inst Hlth Res Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Multiple Sclerosis Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Students Sci Res Ctr SSRC Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Digest Dis Res Inst Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Epidemiol & Biostat Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Sina Trauma & Surg Res Ctr Tehran Iran Jahrom Univ Med Sci Zoonoses Res Ctr Jahrom Iran Univ Sierra Sur Postgrad Dept Miahuatlan De Porfirio D Mexico Natl Res Council Mexico Mexico City DF Mexico Olabisi Onabanjo Univ Dept Sociol Ago Iwoye Nigeria Univ Texas Galveston Dept Obstet & Gynecol Galveston TX USA Univ Texas Galveston Off Hlth Policy & Legislat Affairs Galveston TX USA Stellenbosch Univ DSI NRF Ctr Excellence Epidemiol Modelling & Anal Stellenbosch South Africa Stellenbosch Univ Div Epidemiol & Biostat Cape Town South Africa Univ Management & Technol Dept Life Sci Lahore Pakistan King Edward Mem Hosp Dept Community Med Lahore Pakistan Inst Publ Hlth Dept Publ Hlth Lahore Pakistan Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Ctr Policy Populat & Hlth Res Mexico City DF Mexico Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Hlth Policy & Populat Res Ctr CIPPS Mexico City DF Mexico U

Background Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0-74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0-14 years), working (ages 15-64 years), and post-working (ages 65-74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19.6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17.9-21.3), as well as among the young (22.5, 19.9-24.7), working (17.2, 15.2-19.1), and post-working (15.1, 13.2-17.0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30.7 (28.6-33.0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83.4 (82.4-84.3) on average in highSDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40.4-89.0), working (33.8-82.8), and post-working (30.4-79.1) group

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HIV and STI Prevalence and Injection Behaviors Among People Who Inject Drugs in Nairobi: Results from a 2011 Bio-behavioral Study Using Respondent-Driven Sampling

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aids AND BEHAVIOR 2015年第1期19卷 S24-S35页

作者： Tun, Waimar Sheehy, Meredith Broz, Dita Okal, Jerry Muraguri, Nicholas Raymond, H. Fisher Musyoki, Helgar Kim, Andrea A. Muthui, Mercy Geibel, Scott Populat Council HIV & AIDS Program Washington DC 20008 USA Populat Council New York NY 10021 USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent HHS Div Global HIV AIDS Ctr Global Hlth Atlanta GA USA Ctr Global Hlth Div Global HIV AIDS Atlanta GA USA Populat Council Nairobi Kenya Natl AIDS & STD Control Programme Nairobi Kenya San Francisco Dept Hlth San Francisco CA USA Ctr Dis Control & Prevent HHS Div Global HIV AIDS Ctr Global Hlth Nairobi Kenya Ctr Global Hlth Div Global HIV AIDS Nairobi Kenya

There is a dearth of evidence on injection drug use and associated HIV infections in Kenya. To generate population-based estimates of characteristics and HIV/STI prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Nairobi, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 269 PWID using respondent-driven sampling. PWID were predominantly male (92.5 %). An estimated 67.3 % engaged in at least one risky injection practice in a typical month. HIV prevalence was 18.7 % (95 % CI 12.3-26.7), while STI prevalence was lower [syphilis: 1.7 % (95 % CI 0.2-6.0);gonorrhea: 1.5 % (95 % CI 0.1-4.9);and Chlamydia: 4.2 % (95 % CI 1.2-7.8)]. HIV infection was associated with being female (aOR, 3.5;p = 0.048), having first injected drugs 5 or more years ago (aOR, 4.3;p = 0.002), and ever having practiced receptive syringe sharing (aOR, 6.2;p = 0.001). Comprehensive harm reduction programs tailored toward PWID and their sex partners must be fully implemented as part of Kenya's national HIV prevention strategy.

关键词： HIV prevalence STI prevalence People who inject drugs Kenya Integrated biobehavioral Surveillance survey Respondent-driven sampling

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