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Experimental investigation on the effects of zinc oxide and goethite as additives in a diesel engine fueled by pure palm oil

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CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL engineering 2024年 61卷

作者： Prahmana, Rico Aditia Darmanto, Prihadi Setyo Juangsa, Firman Bagja Reksowardojo, Iman Kartolaksono Prakoso, Tirto Hendrarsakti, Jooned Yuwazama, Zido Ahmad, Azaria Haykal Riayatsyah, Teuku Meurah Indra Fahmi, Achmad Gus Silitonga, Arridina Susan Nurcholik, Samsu Dlukha Inst Teknol Bandung Fac Mech & Aerosp Engn Doctoral Program Mech Engn Bandung 40132 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Fac Mech & Aerosp Engn Thermal Sci & Engn Res Grp Bandung 40132 Indonesia Inst Teknol Sumatera Fac Ind Technol Study Program Mech Engn South Lampung 35365 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Fac Ind Technol Dept Chem Engn Bandung 40132 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Fac Mech & Aerosp Engn Master Program Mech Engn Bandung 40132 Indonesia Inst Teknol Sumatera Fac Ind Technol Study Program Cosmet Engn South Lampung 35365 Indonesia Univ Pertamina Fac Ind Technol Study Program Mech Engn Jakarta 12220 Indonesia Univ Technol Sydney Fac Engn & Informat Technol Ctr Technol Water & Wastewater Sch Civil & Environm Engn Sydney NSW 2007 Australia Politekn Negeri Medan Ctr Renewable Energy Dept Mech Engn Medan 20155 Indonesia Inst Teknol Kalimantan Dept Naval Architecture Balikpapan 76127 Indonesia Inst Teknol Kalimantan Res Ctr Marine Syst Emiss Control Balikpapan 76127 Indonesia Inst Teknol Bandung Res Ctr New & Renewable Energy Bandung 40132 Indonesia Univ Tokyo Dept Mech Engn 7-3-1 HongoBunkyo Ku Tokyo 1138656 Japan

Recent studies have shown the potential of zinc oxide as an additive in diesel engines because of its favorable properties. Goethite, as a metal additive, exhibits good thermodynamic stability and acts as a catalyst carrier to reduce environmental pollution. Incorporating zinc oxide microparticles and goethite nanoparticles into pure palm oil (PPaO) has great potential to improve the fuel properties. Therefore, in this study, the effects of adding zinc oxide microparticles and goethite nanoparticles into PPaO on the engine performance, spray characteristics, and smoke opacity of a diesel engine were investigated. A high-speed camera was used for the spray experiments. The results showed that the use of PPaO significantly increased the smoke opacity by similar to 127.89 % compared with diesel fuel (DF). However, the use of PPaO with zinc oxide microparticles (PPaOZnO) and PPaO with goethite nanoparticles (PPaOGOE) significantly reduced the smoke opacity. The reduction in smoke opacity was most pronounced for the PPaOGOE fuel blend, with a value of 60 %, relative to the smoke opacity for DF. The PPaOZnO fuel blend significantly increased the specific fuel consumption by 37.1 %, with an average increase of similar to 24.21 %, compared with DF at an engine load of 40 %. Moreover, the use of PPaOZnO and PPaOGOE fuel blends improved spray penetration 2 times compared to PPaO, although the relative viscosity and spray angle were similar to those for PPaO. These findings suggest that zinc oxide and goethite have great potential as additives for PPaO fuel, thereby enhancing the efficiency and performance of diesel engines.

关键词： Pure palm oil Zinc oxide Goethite Engine performance

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OPERATOR AND ENGINEER - PARTNERS IN naval SHIP DESIGN

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1973年第3期85卷 33-48页

作者： GRAHAM, C THE AUTHOR is presently serving as the Engineering Officer of the USS Gridley (DLG-21). He reported to this billet in November 1971 and has made a deployment operating in the Gulf of Tonkin with the Seventh Fleet and has managed a distillate fuel conversion and a complex overhaul. Previous to this assignment he spent two years at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Hyattsville Md. serving as Assistant Design Manager for the DLGN 38 Project Design Manager for the PCE design NAVSEC Project Coordinator for the DD 963 Program and Director of a Comparative Naval Architecture Study. As an Ensign he served on two destroyers the USS Charles R. Ware (DD-865) and the USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23). He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. He is an active member in ASNE and a frequent contributor to the Journal.

Today, due to the extreme complexity of modern naval ships, there is a need for the Ship Designer and Ship Operator to work together as partners in designing combatant ships. The ship design process consists of a continual series of “trade off” decisions where one feature is balanced against another. The Ship Designer (PRODUCER) and the Operator (CUSTOMER) must make these decisions together. This paper addresses a number of important design factors which the Engineer and Operator should keep in mind; namely, the meaning and cost of ship performance, the importance of life cycle cost, and the effect of the design spiral. Specific examples are cited explaining the impact that compromises between several performance features can have on a ship design. The message emphasized is that ship performance never comes cheaply and that the Engineer and Operator are in the best positions to make the difficult decisions necessary to produce a balanced ship design.

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Juniper—The New U.S. Coast Guard Buoy Tender

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naval Engineers Journal 1994年第3期106卷 132-149页

作者： DANHIEUX, TIMOTHY J. LACOSSE, JAMES BENTGEN, BERNARD F. WILLIAMS, ROBERT E. Timothy J. Danhieux: chief naval architect Marinette Marine Corporation has been employed by Marinette Marine as a naval architect since 1982. He has been involved throughout Marinette Marine's WLB design effort and served as project engineer during the contract design. He received his BSE in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan in 1978. Previous experience includes four years as a naval architect with Wesley D. Wheeler Associates Ltd. James LaCosse: ILS manager Marinette Marine Corporation moved to his present position after successfully serving as program manager of Marinette Marine's WLB contract design effort. Previous positions at Marinette Marine also include lead piping engineer and chief mechanical engineer. He received his BS in mechanical engineering from Michigan Technological University in 1980 and has worked at Bechtel Power Corporation and Gates Learjet Corporation. Bernard F. Bentgen: vice president operations Marinette Marine Corporation is a 1978 graduate of the University of Michigan School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering. His experience has included seven years with General Dynamics Quincy Shipbuilding Division as production engineer test engineer naval architect and engineering supervisor. He has been employed by Marinette Marine Corporation for the past eight years initially as chief naval architect and subsequently as product development manager and vice president of marketing. He is currently vice president of operations and has been involved in Marinette Marine's WLB design effort from its inception. Cdr. Robert E. Williams: USCG (Ret.) served the U.S. Coast Guard for over 39 years in both military and civilian capacities. He graduated from the Coast Guard Academy in 1945 and MIT in 1953. Sea duty on board nine cutters included deck and engineering assignments in two 180-foot buoy tenders engineer officer of high endurance cutters Spencer and Humboldt and the icebreaker Eastwind executive officer and commanding officer of Men

In early 1990, the U.S. Coast Guard embarked on a major program to replace its fifty‐year‐old seagoing buoy tender fleet by requesting proposals for designs that would meet the Circular of Requirements (COR) for the replacement cutter. Subsequently, three shipyards were awarded contracts to develop contract designs and specifications for the vessel. On 28 January 1993, marinette marine Corporation (MMC) was awarded a contract for construction of the Juniper, the lead ship of the new class of Coast Guard seagoing buoy tenders. From even a cursory examination of the COR, while buoy tending remains the Juniper's primary mission, she will serve as a multi‐mission vessel capable of recovering spilled oil, performing icebreaking, servicing fixed stations and other vessels with fuel, water and cargo, as well as conducting search and rescue and law enforcement operations. This paper lists the requirements and describes the resulting successful design that meets these requirements and has been designated the Juniper class by the U.S. Coast Guard. © 1994 by the American Society of naval Engineers

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A critical review on structural testing and assessment of lightweight sandwich structure for ship structure application

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2023年第1期2674卷

作者： Tuswan Tuswan Abdi Ismail Achmad Zubaydi Bambang Piscesa Nadya Paramita Langening Sukma Sukma Department of Naval Architecture Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Indonesia Departement of Naval Architecture Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Indonesia Ship Machinery Study Program Faculty of Vocational Studies Indonesia Defense University Belu Indonesia Department of Civil Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember 60111 Surabaya Indonesia

Many experts have lately joined the effort to study lightweight materials as an alternative solution in ship construction. However, there are limited references regarding the discussion of the current development of the lightweight material application, specifically in ship structure. The purpose of this article is to offer an overview of the present state of the art and give critical points concerning the design and requirements of sandwich applications in ship constructions. The discussion covers several topics, including the current rules/ standard of developing material issued by classification bodies, various sandwich types with different application areas, and an overview of the structural strength assessment of hybrid sandwich application on various ship structure locations. Some potential scenarios for sandwich constructions in maritime applications are also proposed.

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PRELUDE TO BATTLE

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1971年第1期83卷 67-&页

作者： WILSON, TB USN (RET) COMMANDER T. B. WILSON JR. USN (RET) served as an enlisted man aboard USS SPROSTON (DD 577) and other Destroyer Forces Atlantic Fleet ships prior to his entrance into the U.S. Naval Academy in 1944. After graduating in 1948 he served on PHIBPAC ships until 1951 when he entered Webb Institute of Naval Architecture. He graduated from Webb with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Marine Engineering and a Master of Science Degree in Naval Architecture in 1953. He has served as Planning and Design Officer for the Supervisor of Shipbuilding in Jacksonville Florida was Assistant Material Officer on the Staff Commander Mine Forces U.S. Pacific Fleet and as Docking Officer and Ship Superintendent Long Beach Naval Shipyard. He then served in the Engineering Department of the USS RANDOLPH (CVS 15) after which he reported to the Bureau of Ships where he worked as Aircraft Carrier Project Officer in the Contract Design Division. He was Industrial Officer at the David Taylor Model Basin prior to assuming duties as Fleet Maintenance Officer Staff Commander in Chief U.S. Naval Forces Europe. Prior to retiring on 1 January 1969 he served as Repair Officer U.S. Naval Support Activity Saigon. Since retirement he has been Manager of System Engineering and Senior Member of the Technical Staff for the LHA Program at Litton's Advanced Marine Technology Group and is currently Manager Engineering Design with HARCO Engineering the design division of Harbor Boat Building Company Terminal Island California.

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Assessment of debonding failures in the sandwich plate of stern ramp door of ferry Ro-Ro using k-nearest neighbor algorithm

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2023年第1期2674卷

作者： Safri Adam Tuswan Tuswan Abdi Ismail Achmad Zubaydi Bambang Piscesa Aditya Rio Prabowo Information Technology Study Program Politeknik Aisyiyah Pontianak 78114 Pontianak Indonesia Department of Naval Architecture Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember 60111 Surabaya Indonesia Department of Naval Architecture Universitas Diponegoro Semarang Indonesia Ship Machinery Study Program Faculty of Vocational Studies Indonesia Defense University Belu Indonesia Department of Civil Engineering Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember 60111 Surabaya Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitas Sebelas Maret Indonesia Surakarta Indonesia

The difficulty in controlling the proper bonding during manufacturing sandwich for ship structure is a major problem. One of the damage types that often occurs is debonding caused by the lack of the adhesive layer bond between the two faceplate materials and the sandwich core at the centre. Furthermore, the identification of damage in ship structure becomes essential to ensure the structural integrity and security issues. Based on the issues above, damage identification on the sandwich plate of Ferry Ro-Ro with several debonding ratios using the k-NN algorithm was proposed. The cross-validation method was used to check the validity of the proposed algorithm model in practice. The proposed models were analyzed with various k-fold values, k-NN values, and number of iterations to investigate the influence of the those parameters on the accuracy of the model. From the result, it can be found that increasing k-fold value is the best strategy to increase the accuracy of the model. However, increase number of neighbors (k) caused a bias so that the accuracy decreased. The tests resulted in the highest accuracy of 97.60% obtained at k-fold 11 with k=3 and 90 iterations. It can be summarized that the large number of k-folds and small k-NN parameters do not require large iterations to obtain high prediction results.

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Acquisition of the enhanced Maritime Prepositioning Force, MPF(E), Ship

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第1期111卷 15-26页

作者： Mazumdar, T Sandison, J DuFlocq, R Thpan Mazurndar:is a Deputy Ship Design Manager from Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division. He was the Design Manager for the Engineering and Design Phase ofthe Enhanced Maritime Prepositioning Fme Ship (MPF(E)). Cuwently Mt: M2.zumdar is Deputy Ship Design Manager in NAVSEA 030 for the LHD and LSD classes of ships. Mr. Mazumdar was awarded a BSE in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1981 and an MS in Computer Science fiom Virginia Tech in 1988. He also possesses an International ChiejEngineer License (Motot unlimited). Mr. Mancmdar has been an Associate Member of WAME since 1981. James C. Sandison:is a Senior Ship Design Manager (SDM) for surface ships in the Nawl Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA03D3C). He has a long tem practical background in design construction and testing of surface ships. Starting in NAVSEC as a diving and salvage systems engineer for the Bathyscaph TRIESTE he has been involved with most ofthe Nays Mine Warfare and Auxiliary ships from naval architect to the present Senior Ship Design Manager for the Strategic Sealift Program. Mr: Sandison entered the U.S. Navy in 1956 in the (diesel) Submarine Service. Afterward he “went to sea in sailing ships and completed an apprenticeship as a wooden shipbuildex. In 1971 he graduated from the University of Michigan with a BSE in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering and was employed by NAVSEC. His latest additional duties have been as engineering coordinator on board the USS CONSTITUTION for her 200th anniversary sail. Mr. Sandison is a member of SNAME ASNE and the U.S. Naval Institute. Rick DuFlocq has over 24 years of combined project management mechanical system and general awangmmt design and design documentation experience the last 14 years urith Advance Marine Enterprises (AME). He has fmjmned this wurk on a wide variety of ships and auxiliary crafl including submarines primarily for the U.S. Navy and the Military Sealift Command (MSC). He has worked for both shiprards and marine eng

The paper will describe the streamlined acquisition process involved in the procurement, and conversion, of the first two of three Enhanced Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF(E)) ships. This program was one of the first programs undertaken within the Government's new policy of Acquisition Reform, which resulted in the development of "performance based" requirements for these ships. This program is notable in that one prime contractor is responsible for the accomplishment of all phases, and that the contractors participating were not shipyards as is usually the fashion for Government ship acquisition programs. Also of note, was that after the conversion contracts were awarded, responsibility for the conduct of detail design, conversion, and operation and maintenance of the ship was transferred from the NAVSEA Sealift program Office (PMS 385) to the Military Sealift Command (MSC). The first part of the paper will describe the basic mission of the MPF(E) ships, and a description of the origin of the program requirements. The second part of the paper will chronicle in detail the portions of the engineering design and specification development process, which will include descriptions of the unique digital data recording and tracking systems developed by the Government MPF(E) Design Support Team to support the acquisition phases of the procurement. The third and final part of the paper will elaborate on the conversion contract awards and the transition of the program from PMS 385 to MSC.

关键词： naval vessels

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ARCTIC TRAFFICABILITY program - A REVIEW

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第3期96卷 169-175页

作者： VOELKER, R GLEN, IF SEIBOLD, F BAYLY, I Richard Voelker:is Vice President of ARCTEC Incorporated a firm specializing in cold regions technology. He has been responsible for the management of thePolarClass Traffic-ability Program since its inception and annually participates in the field data collection in the Arctic. His prior experience includes positions with the U.S. Coast Guard in the icebreaker design project the Military Sealift Command and at Newport News Shipbuilding. He is a graduate of N. Y.S. Maritime College and has a MS degree from the University of Michigan. I.F. Glen:received his professional degrees in naval architecture from the Royal Naval Engineering College Manadon Plymouth and RN College Greenwich London entering the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors in 1967. After serving as a Constructor Lieutenant in the Royal Navy's Far East Fleet for a short period he joined the Polaris submarine project team in Bath England in 1968. In 1971 he was seconded to the Canadian Department of National Defense in Ottawa as a Constructor Lieutenant Commander under NATO exchange arrangements where he had responsibilities initially for conventional submarines and latterly for computer aided conceptual design. He ventured to Bath England in 1974 and joined Forward Design Group. In 1975 he took a position as a civilian engineer in the Canadian Defense Department and was Head of Hull Systems Engineering from 1977 to 1979. He joined ARCTEC CANADA LIMITED in 1980 and in addition to managing ice model testing projects and full scale trials has specialized in structural response of ships to ice impact. He headed ARCTEC's Kanata Laboratory from 1981 to 1983 when he was promoted to president. Frederick Seibold:is a research program manager with the Maritime Administration's Office of Advanced Ship Development and Technology. He is responsible for the marine science program which includes research in the areas of ship powering structures and propeller performance and Arctic technology. Mr. Seibold has been employed by Mar Ad since 1961 having hel

This paper describes a multiyear program to make an operational assessment on the feasibility of a year-round Arctic marine transportation system to serve Alaska. Specifically, the three objectives were to: collect meteorological and ice data along potential marine routes; instrument the hull and propulsion machinery to improve design critera for ice-worthy ships; and demonstrate that ships can operate in midwinter Alaskan Arctic ice conditions. The U.S. Coast Guard's Polar class icebreakers were used to make the operational assessment by annually extending the route northward and by operating throughout the winter season. This paper reviews some of the operational and technical achievements to date, as well as plans for future Arctic deployments.

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CAD CAM GOES TO SEA - THE SAAR-5 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1992年第3期104卷 148-155页

作者： LINDGREN, JR SOLITARIO, WA MOORE, AP STREIFF, MA John R. Lindgren Jr:. is vice president for engineering at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. a Division of Litton Industries in Pascagoula Miss. He joined Ingalls in 1958 and has held various positions in the Engineering Division and participated in the design of numerous merchant ships drill rigs submarines and surface combatants and auxiliary support ships. Mr. Lindgren is a 1958 graduate of the University of Southwest Louisiana. His degree is in mechanical engineering and he is also a licensed professional engineer. William A. Solitario:is the director of advanced technology at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. in Pascagoula Miss. He received his B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the City University of New York and has 28 years experience in marine engineering and design. His current responsibilities include the direction of Ingalls' IRAD programs and several Navy-funded R&D programs to improve ship's performance and reduce ship's operating costs. He is a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and past chairman of the Gulf Section East Area. Arnold P. Moore:is the director design engineering at Ingalls Shipbuilding where he is responsible for all new construction design and engineering activities. Prior to promotion to his current position Mr. Moore served as chief naval architect at Ingalls. He has 24 years experience in ship design construction and repair. Mr. Moore holds the professional degree of ocean engineer as well as a master's degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from MIT. He also earned a bachelor's degree in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy and is a registered professional engineer. Mr. Moore served as an engineering duty officer in the U.S. Navy and is currently a captain in the Naval Reserve. He is a past chairman of the Gulf Section of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and a member of the American Society of Naval Engineers and Sigma Xi. Michel A. Streiff:is the manager of CAD/CAM applications at Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc. His

The SA'AR-5 Corvette program is the first major warship construction to be entirely accomplished using a 3-dimensional, interference checked computer based design. This paper discusses the organization and approach used to create the design models which form the basis for interference checking as well as the source of extracted production data. The design or product model is the nucleus of the computer data base that defines the configuration of the entire ship. The data base includes geometry, weight, and material, as well as production control data. The ability of the computer to link such diverse information is the key to maintaining configuration control during the course of the design and construction. The ease with which formatted manufacturing data (both N.C. fabrication and installation) can be extracted enables the preparation of detailed packages containing the desired geometry as well as the associated material and sequencing data, thus assuring the producibility of the design. The SA'AR-5 design is CAD/CAM's state of the art in U.S. shipbuilding.

关键词： Warships

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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT‐DRIVE marine DIESEL PROPULSION

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naval Engineers Journal 1964年第2期76卷 207-217页

作者： FRANKEL, ERNST G. The Author is a graduate of the University of London (England) and served in the British Royal Navy during World War II and later worked for 4 years in shipbuilding and turbine construction. Later the author joined ZIM Israel Nav. Co. as Chief Engineer and Engineer Superintendent before returning to complete his graduate study at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959. Since 1961 he has been a member of the faculty of the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering MIT.

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