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THE “TRADE—OFF” BETWEEN LEARNING AND INFLATION IN SHIPBUILDING

naval Engineers Journal 1978年第4期90卷 23-40页

作者： FRISCH, FRANZ A.P. TODD, CHARLES Dr. Franz A.P. Frischgraduated from the Technical University of Vienna in Austria. He has thirty years' experience in shipbuilding and related subjects. He has worked as a Naval Architect Guarantee Engineer Chief Estimator Production Manager and Director for Shipyard Planning and Maintenance in Austria Denmark Sweden and Germany. In 1956 he was first invited to the United States to testify on foreign cost and production in subsidy cases before the Maritime Administration. From 1957 through 1962 he was associated with several U.S. Naval Architect firms: was Owner's Representative in Europe and Japan conducted studies on transport economy for Venezuela ICC and shipowners and was a consultant for shipyard planning in Brazil and Europe. In 1963 he joined the Staff of the Center for Naval Analysis (CNA) and became Head of the Logistic Section and Study Director. There he originated the FDL ship and ship concept and was assigned as advisor to the Project Manager. From 1968 through 1974 Dr. Frisch was a Faculty member and visiting lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology he lectured on Shipyard Management Ocean Transportation Systems Theory in Transportation and in Interdisciplinary Seminars. In 1972 and 1973 he was consultant to Dubai Drydock. Ltd. for layout of a new shipyard in the Arabian Gulf but since 1973 he has been with the Naval Sea Systems Command mostly involved in special projects. Dr. Frisch is also Adj. Professor for Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (VPI) where he teaches graduate courses in Advanced Engineering Economy and Management Concepts. Mr. Charles Toddis a graduate of Howard University School of Engineering Washington D.C where he has also pursued his graduate work. He has fifteen years' experience in New Construction Shipbuilding Acquisition Programs concentrating in the areas of Major Ship Class Project Engineering and Program Management. He worked in this capacity on the LSD 36 and 37 Class ships and in the Special Craft Section of the Combatant Craft

Learning leads to a decrease in program cost and inflation leads to an increase in program cost. At a certain time, the benefits of leaming and the penalty due to inflation will balance each other. This time is defined as the “critical time.” The “critical tune” depends upon the number of ships to be built because this determines the possible gain in learning. The “Critical time” also depends upon the assumed inflation, upon the achievable learning rate, and upon the material/labor ratio of the first ship. Learning expectation can be influenced by planning and the material/labor ration by a make– or buydecision. Assumptions on future learning are as vague as assumptions on inflation. The paper shows that it is almost impossible to beat inflation. It shows that accelerated programs are preferable and that make—decisions supersede the value of buy—decisions. The result is derived from an abstract treatment of the subject. © 1978 American Society of naval Engineers

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THE USE OF MAINTENANCE DATA TO IMPROVE FLEET MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

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naval Engineers Journal 1978年第6期90卷 25-36页

作者： REINES, J. MCCORMICK, J.P. Mr. J. Reinesis a Program Manager with ARINC Research Corporation an Annapolis Md. based consulting engineering corporation where in addition to management of DDEOC development he is responsible for the acquisition and direction of the Company's work in support of operational ships and ship systems. Before joining ARINC Research he worked for the newly formed Litton Advanced Marine Technology Division. where as Manager System Engineering and Analysis and Director System Assurance he had responsibilities in a variety of areas including Reliability Maintainability Human. Engineering System Safety Operations Analysis and the operational and maintenance training of LHA I and DD 963 Class Navy crews. Mr. Reines received his BS degree from Columbia University in 1951 after his service in the U.S. Navy as an Aviation Machinist Mate/Combat Air Crewman. During his 27–year career since then he has worked in the automotive and aerospace industries and as a Consultant to industry and the military. Mr. John P. McCormickis a Principal Engineer and Group Manager in ARINC Research Corporation's Ships and Ordnance Division. He has been with ARINC Research since 1963 when he joined the Company to participate in reliability studies of NASA's SATURN Launch Vehicle. He was Project Leader of a comprehensive study of the Air Force Jet Engine Maintenance Management Program has conducted a number of studies involving the use of Army Maintenance Data and has considerable experience in the use and analysis of Navy Maintenance Data. Currently he is managing a number of projects involving the analysis of Navy Destroyer and Submarine Maintenance Information. Mr. McCormick received his BS degree in Physics from St. Bonaventure University in 1959. after which he was employed by the U.S. Naval Propellant Plant as an Internal Ballistics Specialist.

The purpose of this paper is to explain and demonstrate the value of using historical Navy maintenance data in analyses for developing improved Fleet maintenance practices. The Navy produces great volumes of maintenance and maintenance—related data on its ships, ship systems, and equipments. Analyses of these data by persons familiar with the intricacies of the data and the systems involved can provide the information and insight needed to evaluate present practices and develop improved Fleet maintenance. This paper identifies specific data elements, together with their sources, that have proven to be most useful. Capabilities of the data are highlighted, and the general analysis approach is described. A number of case studies are presented to trace the use of various data elements from their source, through analysis, to the requirements for improved maintenance practices. © 1978 American Society of naval Engineers

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DESIGN ASPECTS OF NEW SERD CATAPULT

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1977年第1期89卷 55-67页

作者： BRACE, RL MCWADE, JE USN Capt. R.L. Brace: USN reported for active duty in the U.S. Naval Reserve in June 1945 and upon his release from active duty in 1948 entered Chaffey Junior College Ontario Calif. from which he received his Associate Degree in Engineering in June 1949. Subsequently he attended Purdue University from which he received his BS degree in Chemical Engineering in 1951 and while on a Westinghouse Research Fellowship his MS degree in Engineering in 1952. He joined Phillips Petroleum Co. in Oklahoma as a research engineer with the Jet Fuel Research Group upon receiving the latter degree and while so serving obtained 12 patents. In January 1955 he was recalled to active duty and reported to Officers Candidate School. Newport R.I. Upon being commissioned in the U.S. Naval Reserve in May of that year he began his flight training at the Naval Air Training Command ultimately being designated a Naval Aviator and augumented into the regular Navy in 1956. He served with four carrier-based attack squadrons including three combat tours and in 1962 completed a duty assignment with the U.S. Army in South Vietnam. Other assignments include Catapult and Arresting Gear Officer USS Enterprise (CVN-65) duty on the Staff. Commander Naval Air Force. U.S. Atlantic Fleet: Assistant Chief of Staff for Material Task Force 78 during the mine countermeasure operations in North Vietnam Officer-in-Charge. Fleet Air Western Pacific Repair Activity Cubi Point P.I.: and Head. Aircraft Launch and Recovery Equipments Branch Ship Installations Division. Naval Air Systems Command from 1974 to 1976 during which he had full responsibility for all shore-based and shipboard aircraft launching and recovery systems and was Acquisition Manager for the SERD Catapult Program. Capt. Brace who was designated an Aeronautical Engineering Duty Officer in 1964. is a graduate of the U.S. Navy Test Pilot School the Naval War College and the Defense Systems Management School and his military decorations include the Meritorious Service Award the Air Me

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Abstracts

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Environmental Management 1977年第1期1卷 67-96页

作者： Frankenfeld, John W. Schulz, Wolfgang McMurty, George J. Petersen, Gary W. May, G. A. Hering, F. S. Schwartz, J. I. Heywood, J. B. Chigier, N. A. Grohse, E. W. Walker, J. D. Colwell, R. R. Petrakis, L. Pergament, H. S. Thorpe, R. D. Schoepf, Richard W. Krzyczkowski, Roman Henneman, Suzanne S. Hudson, Charles L. Putnam, Evelyn S. Thiesen, Donna J. Parks, G. A. McCarty, Perry L. Leckie, J. O. Schrumpf, Barry J. Simonson, G. H. Paine, D. P. Lawrence, R. D. Pyott, W. T. Leh, M. Elders, W. Combs, J. Caplen, T. Harrison, F. L. Wong, K. M. Heft., R. E. Charnell, Robert L. Lehmann, Edward J. Mallon, Lawrence G. Hatfield, Cecile Adams, Gerald H. Johanning, James Talvitie, Antti Noll, Kenneth E. Miller, Terry Smiarowski, Joseph F. Willis, Cleve E. Foster, John H. Schlesinger, Benjamin Daetz, Douglas Lear, Donald U. Smith, Mona F. Hundemann, Audrey S. Crockett, Pernell W. Werner, Kirk G. Carroll, Thomas E. Maase, David L. Genco, Joseph E. Ifeadi, Christopher N. Lowman, F. G. Christensen, S. W. Van Winkle, W. Mattice, J. S. Harrison, Elizabeth A. Barker, James C. Chesness, Jerry L. Smith, Ralph E. Shaheeen, Donald G. Raney, R. Keith Borton, T. Wezernak, C. T. Raney, R. K. Sherwani, Jabbor K. Moreau, David H. Eisenberg, Norman A. Lynch, Cornelius J. Breeding, Roger J. Johnson, J. D. Foster, K. E. Mouat, D. A. Clark, R. Hyden, John William Owen, Wilfred Bayfield, Neil G. Barrow, Graham C. Stolz, Stephanie B. Wienckowski, Louis A. Brown, Betram S. Keyfitz, Nathan Wilson, W. L. Newman, Peter W. G. Bammi, Deepak Bammi, Dalip Goddard, James E. Chisholm, Tony Walsh, Cliff Brennan, Geoffrey Thompson, K. S. Richardson, R. Jensen, Clayton E. Brown, Dail W. Mirabito, John A. Cowing, Thomas G. Binghamton, Suny Siehl, George H. Albrecht, O. W. Alexander, Ariel Barde, Jean -Philippe Darby, William P. McMichael, Francis Clay Dunlap, Robert W. Muckleston, Keith W. Frankenhoff, Charles A. Giulini, Lorenzo T. Wyatt, T. Black, Peter E. Keating, William Thomas Leonard, M. E. Fisher, E. L. Brunelle, M. F. Dickinson, J. E. Pethig, Rudiger Clapham Exxon Research & Engineering Co. Linden Government Research Lab Coast Guard Washington D.C. Department of Transportation Washington D.C. Office For Remote Sensing of Earth Resources. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Pennsylvania State University Washington D.C. Department of the Navy Washington D.C. Cambridge. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Inst. of Technology USA Huntsville. School of Graduate Studies and Research Alabama Univ. USA Dept. of Microbiology. Office of Naval Research Maryland Univ. Arlington Research and Development Co. Pittsburgh AeroChem Research Labs. Inc. Princeton Dept. of the Interior Office of Library Services. Bibliographic Series (Final) Washington D.C. Interplan Corp. Santa Barbara Urban Mass Transportation Adm. Washington D.C. Naval Underwater Systems Center Newport Calif. Mercury Project. National Science Found Stanford Univ Washington D.C. Div. of Advanced Environmental Research & Tech. USA Corvallis. NASA Earth Resources Survey Program Oregon State Univ. Washington D.C. Riverside. Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics National Science Foundation California Univ. Washington D.C. Livermore Lawrence Livermore Lab. California Univ. USA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Miami National Technical Information Service Springfield Miami Univ. Coral Gables School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville National Academy of Sciences Office of Sea Grant Washington D. C. School of Law National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Sea Grant. Rockville Norman. Dept. of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science. Urban Mass Transportation Administration Oklahoma Univ. Washington D. C. Knoxville.Dept. of Civil Engineering. Federal Highway Administration Tennessee Univ. Washington D. C. Amherst.Water Resources Research Center. Office of Water Research and Technology Massachusetts Univ. Washington D. C. Calif. Dept. of Industria

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THE UNITED STATES NAVY'S “DESIGN WORK study” APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHIPBOARD CONTROL SYSTEMS

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naval Engineers Journal 1976年第6期88卷 62-74页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. GAMBREL, WILLIAM DAVID Artis I. Plato:is Head of the Design Work Study/ Shipboard Manning/Human Factors Engineering Section Systems Engineering and Analysis Branch Naval Ship Engineering Center (NAVSEC). He graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard where he remained until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne New Jersey. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and the drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a Project Engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a Project Engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty and his duties have included command of an Engineer Company various Staff positions and his present assignment as Operations Officer for a Civil Affairs Group. He has completed the U. S. A rmy Corps of Engineers Career Course and the Civil Affairs Career Course and is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course. Additionally he completed graduate studies at American University Washington D.C in 1972 receiving his MSTM degree in Technology of Management and is a member of ASE ASME CAA U. S. Naval Instit

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a system analysis technique called “Design Work study”, that is used by the U.S. Navy for the development of improved ship control systems. The Design Work study approach is one which brings about the most efficient and cost effective man‐machine combination for the ship control functions. Adherence to this process insures that the advantages of automation are balanced against incurred operational and maintenance expense. At present, U.S. Navy doctrine requires that certain ship operating stations, such as steering and propulsion control, be manned at specified ship conditions of readiness. Therefore, if personnel are needed to fulfill these combat environment obligations, excessive automation may only result in unnecessary additional acquisition costs and increased personnel skill requirements. The Design Work study process can be applied to establish the required fine balance between the degree of built‐in automation and the shipboard manpower levels. In order to explain the techniques that are used for this process, the Authors will present a brief summary of the Design Work study approach for optimizing shipboard control systems, including an explanation of the formal procedural tools that are applicable. In addition, a practical case study of ship control system design for one of the latest classes of Navy destroyers will be presented. This example will illustrate the resultant savings and benefits that can be realized by a judicious application of this technique. © 1976 American Society of naval Engineers

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THE naval ENGINEER AND SHIPBOARD MANPOWER UTILIZATION

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naval Engineers Journal 1974年第1期86卷 33-38页

作者： PLATO, ARTIS I. The author graduated from the City College of New York in 1956 receiving his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering degree. Following this he started work at the New York Naval Shipyard in the Internal Combustion Engine and Cargo Elevator Section. During 1957 and 1958 he was called up for active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and served in Europe with a Construction Engineer Battalion. After release from active duty he returned to the shipyard until 1961 when he transferred to the Naval Supply Research and Development Facility Bayonne N.J. Initially he was in charge of an Engineering Support Test Group and drafting services for the whole Facility. Later he became a project engineer in the Food Services Facilities Branch with duties that included planning and designing new afloat and ashore messing facilities for the Navy. In 1966 he transferred to NAVSEC as a project engineer in the Design Work Study Section and in this capacity worked on selected projects and manning problems for new construction and also developed a computer program (Manpower Determination Model) that makes accurate crew predictions for feasibility studies. In 1969 he became Head of the NAVSEC Shipboard Manning/Design Work Study/Human Factors Engineering Section. He has been active in the U.S. Army Reserve since his release from active duty his duties having included command of an Engineer Company and various staff positions and his present rank being that of Major. He is presently enrolled in the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College non-resident course and in 1972 attended American University from which he received his MS degree in Technology of Management.

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Cogas—A New Look for naval Propulsion

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naval Engineers Journal 1974年第5期86卷 41-56页

作者： Abbott, Jack W. Baham, Gary J. Head of the Systems Engineering Section Naval Ship Engineering Center. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University in 1960 and was then commissioned in the U.S. Navy serving as Engineering Officer in the USS Braine (DD-630). Upon completion of his active duty assignments he entered industry as a Development Engineer and became involved with marine application of gas turbine and fluid power systems. In 1966 he assumed full responsibility for the installation design and equipment acceptance tests of the gas turbine generator/waste-heat boiler system for the DDH-280 Class Destroyer including all associated controls ducting and silencing equipment. In 1970 he became Manager of the DD-963 Auxiliary Power “Trade-Off” Study which resulted in significant modification to the electric steam and compressed air systems. A registered Professional Mechanical Engineer in the State of California and the holder of several patents he is presently enrolled in the Masters Program at George Washington University in Engineering Administration. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME and currently holds the rank of Lieutenant Commander in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Head of the Mechanical Systems Department Washington D. C. Office of George G. Sharp Inc. He received his BS degree in Engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles. His career started in the design and development of turbomachinery for commercial and marine applications with the Douglas Aircraft Co. He subsequently was employed by the Southern California Edison Co. and later the Turbo-Power and Marine Department of Pratt & Whitney Aircraft in development of power systems for marine and electrical generation applications. At Litton Ship Systems Inc. he participated in development of propulsion power train machinery for the DD-963 and LHA ship programs. He is a member of SNAME a registered Professional Mechanical Engineer in the State of California and is currently completing requirements for a Masters

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COST-ANALYSIS OF OPTIONAL METHODS OF SHIPBOARD DOMESTIC WASTE-DISPOSAL

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1973年第1期85卷 86-92页

作者： PIERSALL, CH BORGSTRO.RE USN CDR Charles H. Piersall Jr.USN graduated from the New York State Maritime College in 1956 with the Bachelor of Marine Engineer's Degree. He was designated Engineering Duty Officer (1400) in June 1958 and has had numerous engineering and industrial tours of duty. He has a Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School (1965) and a Master's Degree in Business Administration (Systems Analysis) from the Defense Systems Analysis Program University of Rochester (1970). Upon completion of the latter he was ordered to The Center for Naval Analyses where he served as a cost analyst and shipbuilding/ship repair consultant. Additionally he was Project Officer for the Navy and the Environment Study. His present assignment is Director of Production Test and Integrated Logistic Support—LHA Project Naval Ship Systems Command. He is President of the CNA Sigma Xi Club and is active in the American Society of Naval Engineers. He has published articles in theASME Journal for PowertheJournal of the American Water Works Associationand theNaval Engineers Journal. Mr. Robert E. Borgstrom was graduated from the California State University at Northridge with a B.A. (1969) and an M.A. (1970) in Geography. He was Manager of Programming Services at the Laboratory for the Quantitative Analysis of Environmental and Spatial Systems and is presently with the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations assigned to the Center for Naval Analyses where his work has included studies of the Navy's program for environmental protection.

The problem of sewage and waste disposal from U. S. Navy ships is recognized by the highest authorities in the Navy. Many activities and individuals are deeply involved in the total problem and its numerous subcategories. The problem of costs of disposal is one of these. This paper discusses four optional methods for the disposal of shipboard domestic wastes. The annualized investment and operating costs associated with the implementation of each of the options are presented. The model considers non-nuclear, sea-going surface ships with a manning level greater than 50 men. Estimates were developed on a per ship per class basis and aggregated for the total surface fleet. This approach permits the inevstigation of different combinations of the options by merely specifying the number and type of ships to be considered in any option. Changes in military effectiveness, which is at least an equally important problem as costing, were not addressed.

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OPERATOR AND ENGINEER - PARTNERS IN naval SHIP DESIGN

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1973年第3期85卷 33-48页

作者： GRAHAM, C THE AUTHOR is presently serving as the Engineering Officer of the USS Gridley (DLG-21). He reported to this billet in November 1971 and has made a deployment operating in the Gulf of Tonkin with the Seventh Fleet and has managed a distillate fuel conversion and a complex overhaul. Previous to this assignment he spent two years at the Naval Ship Engineering Center Hyattsville Md. serving as Assistant Design Manager for the DLGN 38 Project Design Manager for the PCE design NAVSEC Project Coordinator for the DD 963 Program and Director of a Comparative Naval Architecture Study. As an Ensign he served on two destroyers the USS Charles R. Ware (DD-865) and the USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23). He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. He is an active member in ASNE and a frequent contributor to the Journal.

Today, due to the extreme complexity of modern naval ships, there is a need for the Ship Designer and Ship Operator to work together as partners in designing combatant ships. The ship design process consists of a continual series of “trade off” decisions where one feature is balanced against another. The Ship Designer (PRODUCER) and the Operator (CUSTOMER) must make these decisions together. This paper addresses a number of important design factors which the Engineer and Operator should keep in mind; namely, the meaning and cost of ship performance, the importance of life cycle cost, and the effect of the design spiral. Specific examples are cited explaining the impact that compromises between several performance features can have on a ship design. The message emphasized is that ship performance never comes cheaply and that the Engineer and Operator are in the best positions to make the difficult decisions necessary to produce a balanced ship design.

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PLASTIC FOAMS FOR MARINE SALVAGE

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naval ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1970年第4期82卷 97-&页

作者： WINER, A SEARLE, WF Allen Winer Materials Development and Applications Office Naval Ship Engineer Center has been the Navy's project engineer for Foam-In-Salvage studies from the initial laboratory feasibility study in 1964 up to the present state of development. His areas of responsibility include plastics cordage and fabrics. He was graduated from TUFTS University in 1948 and received his M.S. degree in Chemistry in 1950. He has published several other articles on cellular plastics. He holds one U.S. Patent and has several others pending at this writing. USN At the time of this writing Capt. Searle wore two hats one as Supervisor of Salvage and the second as Head of Ocean Engineering and Inshore Division of the Fleet Maintenance and Logistic Support Directorate of NAVSHIPS. The Captain has guided the operational aspects of this program from its conception. Capt. Searle an ASNE member attended the Naval Academy from 1942 to 1945 and received his B.S. in Naval Engineering. He received his advanced degree as Naval Engineer from M.I.T. in 1952. He has written several articles for the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings and the Naval Review as well as other technical periodicals.

Two quite different plastic foam systems are described for raising large sunken objects; Urethane Foam-In-Salvage (FIS) and Expanded Polystyrene Bead (EPS) systems. This paper will first review the major salvage operations in which the FIS and EPS internal buoyancy systems have been employed and second, address the technology involved. An FIS system operational to an ocean depth of 200 feet is presented and a possible technique for extending FIS depth capability to 450 feet is described. FIS is considered to be a breakthrough in technology in the ship salvage field. Successful salvage recoveries of sunken vessels involving the use of plastic foam systems are also described. There are specific advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the two systems.

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