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作者： Wiesner, Philipp Steinke, Marvin Nickel, Henrik Kitana, Yazan Kao, Odej Distributed and Operating Systems Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

The growing electricity demand of IT infrastructure has raised significant concerns about its carbon footprint. To mitigate the associated emissions of computing systems, current efforts therefore increasingly focus on aligning the power usage of software with the availability of clean energy. To operate, such carbon-aware applications require visibility and control over relevant metrics and configurations of the energy system. However, research and development of novel energy system abstraction layers and interfaces remain difficult due to the scarcity of available testing environments: Real testbeds are expensive to build and maintain, while existing simulation testbeds are unable to interact with real computing systems. To provide a widely applicable approach for developing and testing carbon-aware software, we propose a method for integrating real applications into a simulated energy system through software-in-the-loop simulation. The integration offers an API for accessing the energy system, while continuously modeling the computing system's power demand within the simulation. Our system allows for the integration of physical as well as virtual compute nodes, and can help accelerate research on carbon-aware computing systems in the future. © 2023 The Authors. Software: Practice and Experience published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

关键词： Carbon footprint

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Characterization and Reclamation of Frozen Garbage in Managed FaaS Workloads 24

Characterization and Reclamation of Frozen Garbage in Manage...

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19th European Conference on Computer systems, EuroSys 2024

作者： Zhao, Ziming Wu, Mingyu Chen, Haibo Zang, Binyu Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Seiee Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Seiee Shanghai Jiao Tong University Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems Ministry of Education China Shanghai China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400704376

FaaS (function-as-a-service) is becoming a popular workload in cloud environments due to its virtues such as auto-scaling and pay-as-you-go. High-level languages like JavaScript and Java are commonly used in FaaS for programmability, but their managed runtimes complicate memory management in the cloud. This paper first observes the issue of frozen garbage, which is caused by freezing cached function instances where their threads have been paused but the unused memory (e.g., garbage) is not reclaimed due to the semantic gap between FaaS and the managed runtime. This paper presents the first characterization of the negative effects induced by frozen garbage with various functions, which uncovers that it can occupy more than half of FaaS instances' memory resources on average. To this end, this paper proposes Desiccant, a freeze-aware memory manager for managed workloads in FaaS, which reclaims idle memory resources consumed by frozen garbage from managed runtime instances and thus notably improves memory efficiency. The evaluation on various FaaS workloads shows that Desiccant can reduce FaaS functions' peak memory consumption by up to 6.72×. Such saved memory consumption allows caching more FaaS instances to reduce the frequency of cold boots (creating instances before function execution) and p99 latency by up to 4.49× and 37.5%, respectively. © 2024 ACM.

关键词： Semantics

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VPRI: Efficient I/O Page Fault Handling via Software-Hardware Co-Design for IaaS Clouds 24

VPRI: Efficient I/O Page Fault Handling via Software-Hardwar...

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30th ACM Symposium on operating systems Principles, SOSP 2024

作者： Guo, Kaijie Li, Dingji Luo, Ben Shen, Yibin Peng, Kaihuan Luo, Ning Dai, Shengdong Liang, Chen Song, Jianming Yang, Hang Zhang, Xiantao Mi, Zeyu Alibaba Cloud Hangzhou China Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems Ministry of Education China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400712517

Device pass-through has been widely adopted by cloud service providers to achieve near bare-metal I/O performance in virtual machines (VMs). However, this approach requires static pinning of VM memory, making on-demand paging unavailable. The hardware device I/O page fault (IOPF) capability offers an optimal solution to this limitation. Current IOPF approaches, using either standard IOMMU capabilities (ATS+PRI) or devices with independent IOMMU implementations, have not gained widespread adoption in public Infrastructure-as-a-Service clouds. This is due to high costs, platform dependency, and significant impacts on performance and service level objectives (SLOs). We present the Virtualized Page Request Interface (VPRI), a novel IOPF system developed through software-hardware collaboration. VPRI is not only platform-independent, free from address translation complexities, but also cost-effective, and designed to minimize SLO impact. Our work enables large-scale deployment of IOPF capability in Alibaba Cloud with negligible impact on SLOs. When integrated with memory management software, it significantly enhances memory utilization in public IaaS clouds, effectively overcoming the static memory pinning restriction associated with pass-through devices. © 2024 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.

关键词： Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

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Jade: A High-throughput Concurrent Copying Garbage Collector 24

Jade: A High-throughput Concurrent Copying Garbage Collector

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19th European Conference on Computer systems, EuroSys 2024

作者： Wu, Mingyu Mao, Liang Lin, Yude Jin, Yifeng Li, Zhe Lyu, Hongtao Tang, Jiawei Lu, Xiaowei Tang, Hao Dong, Denghui Chen, Haibo Zang, Binyu Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Seiee Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Alibaba Group China Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems Ministry of Education China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400704376

Garbage collection (GC) pauses are a notorious issue threatening the latency of applications. To mitigate this problem, state-of-the-art concurrent copying collectors allow GC threads to run simultaneously with application threads (mutators) in nearly all GC phases. However, the design of concurrent copying collectors does not always lead to low application latency. To this end, this work studies the behaviors of mainstream concurrent copying collectors in OpenJDK and mainly focuses on long application pauses under heavy workloads. By analyzing the design of those collectors, this work uncovers that lengthy pre-reclamation cycles (including GC phases before actual memory release), high GC frequency, and large metadata maintenance overhead are major factors for long pauses. Therefore, this work proposes Jade, a concurrent copying collector aiming to achieve both short pauses and high GC efficiency. Compared with existing collectors, Jade provides a group-wise collection mechanism to shorten pre-reclamation cycles while controlling GC frequency. It also embraces a generational heap layout and a single-phase algorithm to maximize young GC's throughput. The evaluation results on representative latency-critical applications show that Jade can reach sub-millisecond-level pauses even under heavy workloads and significantly improve applications' peak throughput compared with state-of-the-art concurrent collectors. © 2024 ACM.

关键词： Refuse collection

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Unified Enclave Abstraction and Secure Enclave Migration on Heterogeneous Security Architectures

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2022年第2期37卷 468-486页

作者： Jin-Yu Gu Hao Li Yu-Bin Xia Hai-Bo Chen Cheng-Gang Qin Zheng-Yu He Engineering Research Center for Domain-Specific Operating Systems Ministry of EducationShanghai 200240China Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Ant Group Hangzhou 310099China

ion and secure enclave migration on heterogeneous security architectures.

关键词： heterogeneous trusted execution environment(TEE) enclave abstraction enclave migration

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Demo: B.A.T.M.A.N. Mesh Routing on Ultra Low-Power IEEE 802.11 Modules

Demo: B.A.T.M.A.N. Mesh Routing on Ultra Low-Power IEEE 802....

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Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

作者： Randolf Rotta Navya Sneha Chatharajupalli Billy Naumann Julius Schulz Reinhardt Karnapke Matthias Werner Jörg Nolte Chair of Distributed Systems/Operating Systems BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg Germany Operating Systems Group TU Chemnitz Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350388008

ISBN: (纸本)9798350388015

When implementing multi-hop mesh network protocols, efficient direct communication, route discovery, and route repair are crucial to achieve high network throughput. To our knowledge, there is no open mesh routing protocol available for ultra low power IEEE 802.11 modules. Previous work relied on single board computers like Raspberry Pi. We implemented the B.A.T.M.A.N. mesh protocol on the popular Espressif ESP32 along with a novel hybrid rate adaptation for the selection of efficient routes. In this demo we showcase challenges and solutions related to the implementation on ESP32 and how the hybrid rate adaptation improves end-to-end throughput.

关键词： Mesh networks Power demand Costs Low power electronics Spread spectrum communication Maintenance engineering Throughput

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B.A.T.M.A.N. Mesh Networking on ESP32’s 802.11

B.A.T.M.A.N. Mesh Networking on ESP32’s 802.11

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Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)

作者： Randolf Rotta Julius Schulz Billy Naumann Navya Sneha Chatharajupalli Jörg Nolte Matthias Werner Chair of Distributed Systems/Operating Systems BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg Germany Operating Systems Group TU Chemnitz Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350388008

ISBN: (纸本)9798350388015

Mesh routing protocols are widely used in IoT and sensor networks. In recent years, the ESP32 Wi-Fi/BLE SoC became popular for prototyping IoT applications. However, the existing mesh networks for this platform lack efficient node to node communication, fast route discovery and repair, and energy efficiency. This paper addresses the formation of IEEE 802.11 based ad-hoc mesh networks without the delays inflicted by the Station to Access Point association protocol. We implemented the B.A.T.M.A.N. protocol on top of the ESP32 Wi-Fi MAC interface and integrated it into the LwIP network stack. The performance evaluation with respect to UDP/IP and TCP/IP end-to-end throughput shows the general usefulness but also identifies bottlenecks caused by limitations of the existing MAC interface. Overall, this opens an interesting opportunity for research on mesh protocols by providing a simpler platform than full featured Wi-Fi routers; and for wireless IoT applications by providing higher throughput than subGHz and BLE technologies.

关键词： Wireless communication Performance evaluation Mesh networks Wireless sensor networks TCPIP Throughput Routing protocols

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Federated Learning for Autoencoder-based Condition Monitoring in the Industrial Internet of Things

Federated Learning for Autoencoder-based Condition Monitorin...

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2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2022

作者： Becker, Soeren Styp-Rekowski, Kevin Stoll, Oliver Vincent Leon Kao, Odej Technische Universität Berlin Distributed and Operating Systems Research Group Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665480451

Enabled by the increasing availability of sensor data monitored from production machinery, condition monitoring and predictive maintenance methods are key pillars for an efficient and robust manufacturing production cycle in the Industrial Internet of Things. The employment of machine learning models to detect and predict deteriorating behavior by analyzing a variety of data collected across several industrial environments shows promising results in recent works, yet also often requires transferring the sensor data to centralized servers located in the cloud. Moreover, although collaborating and sharing knowledge between industry sites yields large benefits, especially in the area of condition monitoring, it is often prohibited due to data privacy issues. To tackle this situation, we propose an Autoencoder-based Federated Learning method utilizing vibration sensor data from rotating machines, that allows for a distributed training on edge devices, located on-premise and close to the monitored machines. Preserving data privacy and at the same time exonerating possibly unreliable network connections of remote sites, our approach enables knowledge transfer across organizational boundaries, without sharing the monitored data. We conducted an evaluation utilizing two real-world datasets as well as multiple testbeds and the results indicate that our method enables a competitive performance compared to previous results, while significantly reducing the resource and network utilization. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Internet of things

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Multi-Source Anomaly Detection in distributed IT systems

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Bogatinovski, Jasmin Nedelkoski, Sasho Distributed Operating Systems TU Berlin Berlin Germany

The multi-source data generated by distributed systems, provide a holistic description of the system. Harnessing the joint distribution of the different modalities by a learning model can be beneficial for critical applications for maintenance of the distributed systems. One such important task is the task of anomaly detection where we are interested in detecting the deviation of the current behaviour of the system from the theoretically expected. In this work, we utilize the joint representation from the distributed traces and system log data for the task of anomaly detection in distributed systems. We demonstrate that the joint utilization of traces and logs produced better results compared to the single modality anomaly detection methods. Furthermore, we formalize a learning task - next template prediction NTP, that is used as a generalization for anomaly detection for both logs and distributed trace. Finally, we demonstrate that this formalization allows for the learning of template embedding for both the traces and logs. The joint embeddings can be reused in other applications as good initialization for spans and logs. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Anomaly detection

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On-demand and Parallel Checkpoint/Restore for GPU Applications 15

On-demand and Parallel Checkpoint/Restore for GPU Applicatio...

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15th Annual ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC 2024

作者： Yang, Yanning Du, Dong Song, Haitao Xia, Yubin Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems Seiee Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems Ministry of Education Shanghai China Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute Shanghai China

ISBN: (纸本)9798400712869

Leveraging serverless computing for cloud-based machine learning services is on the rise, promising cost-efficiency and flexibility are crucial for ML applications relying on high-performance GPUs and substantial memory. However, despite modern serverless platforms handling diverse devices like GPUs seamlessly on a pay-as-you-go basis, a longstanding challenge remains: startup latency, a well-studied issue when serverless is CPU-centric. For example, initializing GPU apps with minor GPU models, like MobileNet, demands several seconds. For more intricate models such as GPT-2, startup latency can escalate to around 10 seconds, vastly overshadowing the short computation time for GPU-based inference. Prior solutions tailored for CPU serverless setups, like fork() and Checkpoint/Restore, cannot be directly and effectively applied due to differences between CPUs and GPUs. This paper presents gCROP (GPU Checkpoint/Restore made On-demand and Parallel), the first GPU runtime that achieves © 2024 ACM.

关键词： Digital storage

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