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Applying wireless sensor networks to renaturation monitoring: From requirements to deployment

Applying wireless sensor networks to renaturation monitoring...

引用

IFIP Wireless Days, WD

作者： Hannes Menzel Reinhardt Karnapke Steffen Büchner Jörg Nolte Operating Systems Distributed Systems Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus

In Germany, renaturation of former coal mining regions is an important topic. One of these regions, called Chicken Creek, is used by ecologists to observe the development of an initial ecosystem without human interference - a scenario that seems perfect for a wireless sensor network. However, the sensor network applications are still mostly designed from scratch for every new scenario. The reason for this are strongly differing user requirements. This time-consuming problem can be overcome by providing a reusable module pool from which hard- and software components can be chosen. Based upon this module pool, a semi-automatic generation of sensor network applications becomes possible. In this paper we focus on the differences between the aforesaid theory and the practice during the initial deployment.

关键词： Wireless sensor networks Wireless communication Hardware Bridges Software Soil measurements Batteries

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A Practitioner's Guide to Software-Based Soft-Error Mitigation Using AN-Codes

A Practitioner's Guide to Software-Based Soft-Error Mitigati...

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IEEE International Symposim on High Assurance systems Engineering

作者： Martin Hoffmann Peter Ulbrich Christian Dietrich Horst Schirmeier Daniel Lohmann Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat Chair of Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany Department of Computer Science 12 Technische Universität Dortmund Germany

Arithmetic error coding schemes (AN codes) are a well known and effective technique for soft error mitigation. Although coding theory being a rich area of mathematics, their implementation seems to be fairly easy. However, compliance with the theory can be lost easily while moving towards an actual implementation - finally jeopardizing the aspired fault-tolerance characteristics. In this paper, we present our experiences and lessons learned from implementing AN codes in the Cored dependable voter. We focus on the challenges and pitfalls in the transition from maths to machine code for a binary computer from a systems perspective. Our results show, that practical misconceptions (such as the use of prime numbers) and architecture-dependent implementation glitches occur on every stage of this transition. We identify typical pitfalls and describe practical measures to find and resolve them. Our measures eliminate all remaining SDCs in the Cored voter, which is validated by an extensive fault-injection campaign that covers 100 percent of the fault space for 1-bit and 2-bit errors.

关键词： Encoding Error probability Registers Hardware Fault tolerance

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Online device-level energy accounting for wireless sensor nodes 13

引用

10th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, EWSN 2013

作者： Sieber, André Nolte, Jörg Distributed Systems/Operating Systems Group Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783642366710

Energy is the crucial factor for the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Nonlinear battery effects and nonuniform workload distribution can lead to early node failures. This makes it necessary to manage energy consumption. But to manage energy it is essential to know how much energy is spent by the system. Additionally, for a more fine-grained management it is necessary, to know where the energy is spent. This can be a complicated task, since nodes are not identical due to device variations and the consumption can change over time. In this paper we present an online energy accounting approach which focuses on simplicity instead on fine granularity and timing accuracy. We argue that the efficacy of an energy accounting model depends more on the input consumption data than on exact timing, especially when the real consumption varies between nodes and in time. Results show that this approach is capable of correctly accounting the energy that nodes spend in scenarios with deviating environment conditions. © Springer-Verlag 2013.

关键词： Embedded systems

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Design of a tailor-made memory protection unit for low power microcontrollers

Design of a tailor-made memory protection unit for low power...

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International Symposium on Industrial Embedded systems

作者： Oliver Stecklina Peter Langendoerfer Hannes Menzel IHP Frankfurt Germany Distributed Systems Operating Systems Group Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus Germany

Low power microcontrollers are becoming more and more considered for a wide variety of application scenarios. In modern industrial automation, medical systems, critical infrastructure or smart grid systems embedded devices with low power microcontrollers are ubiquitous. But, by the proceeding trend to link these devices form the real world to the cyber world positive effects such as reduced costs are unfortunately tightly coupled with serious security problems. Especially micro-controllers without any memory protections means make these kind of devices vulnerable for malicious attacks. Recent news have shown that the above mentioned systems are already identified as possible targets. In this paper we present a tailor-made Memory Protection Unit (MPU) that provides an effective and efficient isolation of memory sections taking the characteristic of sensor node applications into account. We describe the design of our MPU and its integration in a low power microcontroller. Furthermore, we give a runtime and an area estimation. Our simulation results show that the performance penalty of our approach is in the range of four clock cycles for two operand operations that can be considered to be the most complex ones. In addition the estimated area penalty is less than 7 per cent of the area of our microcontroller.

关键词： Clocks Microcontrollers Registers Computer architecture Estimation Random access memory Layout

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Performance analysis of computational approaches to solve Multiple Sequence Alignment

Performance analysis of computational approaches to solve Mu...

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作者： Montañola, Alberto Roig, Concepció Guirado, Fernando Hernández, Porfidio Notredame, Cedric Distributed Computing Group Computer Science and Industrial Engineering Department Universitat de Lleida Lleida Spain Computer Architecture and Operating Systems Department Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain Barcelona Spain

In the biotechnology field, the deployment of the Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) problem, which is a high performance computing demanding process, is one of the new challenges to address on the new parallel systems. The aim of this problem is to find similar regions on biological sequences. Furthermore, the goal of MSA applications is to align as much sequences as possible with a level of quality that makes the alignment biologically meaningful. An efficiency study of different MSA implementations, based on T-Coffee (one of the most used MSA aligners), has been performed in order to find new optimizations that may improve the average execution time on multi-core systems. We found that the current parallel implementations have some performance issues, affecting negatively the scalability of the process. Finally, the proposed implementation based on the usage of threads in conjunction with a message-passing library is presented, with the aim to optimize the execution of the MSA problem in multi-core-based clusters. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

关键词： Message passing

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Link stability in a wireless sensor network - An experimental study

Link stability in a wireless sensor network - An experimenta...

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3rd International ICST Conference on Sensor systems and Software, S-Cube 2012

作者： Lohs, Stefan Karnapke, Reinhardt Nolte, Jörg Distributed Systems/ Operating Systems Group Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783642327773

Most routing protocols proposed for wireless sensor networks are based on the standard approach also used in many other types of networks, e.g. MANETS, even though the conditions are drastically different. To evaluate the usefulness of reactive routing protocols based on route discovery by flooding of route request messages it is necessary to understand the nature of the underlying wireless communication links. In this work we present the results of connectivity measurements conducted with current sensor node hardware, taking special interest in the number of unidirectional links present and the frequency of link changes. © 2012 ICST Institute for Computer Science, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.

关键词： Sensor nodes

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Design by uncertainty: Towards the use of measurement uncertainty in real-time systems

Design by uncertainty: Towards the use of measurement uncert...

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7th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded systems, SIES 2012

作者： Ulbrich, Peter Franzmann, Florian Scheler, Fabian Schröder-Preikschat, Wolfgang Department of Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467326841

Real-time systems usually incorporate a wide variety of challenges: A control engineer, for example, aims for the highest possible control quality achievable. Here, one key element is to minimise the uncertainty of the measurements. This, to put it simple, is the noise of sensor data, which has a negative effect on control. Although measurement uncertainty is well treated in control theory, it is usually ignored in common real-time architectures where temporal properties are the prevalent criteria. Consequently, the communication between control engineers and real-time specialists is rather one way, revolving around deadlines and sampling periods. However, on closer examination, many real-time properties are derived from the measurement uncertainty aspired by the control engineer. Conversely, temporal variations, virtually inevitable in practice, can be represented as measurement uncertainty as well. Tackling the measurement uncertainty should therefore be an interdisciplinary task: The control system respects the actual run-time conditions instead of estimating them. Likewise, the real-time system considers measurement uncertainty rather than blindly sticking to deadlines. In this paper we present an uncertainty-centric approach to leverage measurement uncertainty in real-time architectures, not only at design time but also at run-time. Using measurement uncertainty as an explicit interface minimises the gap between real-time specialists and control engineers and facilitates a modular and flexible system design. Our preliminary results are promising and show the ease of use and the applicability to existing systems. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Real time systems

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Self-stabilizing sensor networks for emergency management

Self-stabilizing sensor networks for emergency management

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2012 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, PERCOM Workshops 2012

作者： Lohs, Stefan Karnapke, Reinhardt Nolte, Jörg Lagemann, Andreas Distributed Systems/ Operating Systems Group Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Germany Nanotron Technologies GmbH Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467309073

Wireless sensor networks gather data, which is then transmitted in a sense-and-send manner to a central sink. The large number of sensor nodes makes configuring them before deployment impossible, resulting in the need for self configuration. The possibly large area that needs to be covered results in the necessity for multihop communication, and is prone to link failures. Therefore, communication protocols are needed that can guarantee a certain delivery ratio even under hard environmental conditions. A large scale emergency scenario represents one of these hard situations. One of the most fundamental problems in large scale emergencies is the coordination of rescue workers. To dispense units in an efficient manner without endangering them, a central command station needs as much information about the current situation as possible. Therefore, the application requirements are basically the same, making the usage of wireless sensor networks in emergency situations a viable task. In this paper we discuss the advantages of using self-stabilization in such sensor networks and present a self-stabilizing cross-layer medium access control/routing protocol for data gathering scenarios. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Fault tolerance

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Eliminating single points of failure in software-based redundancy

Eliminating single points of failure in software-based redun...

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9th European Dependable Computing Conference, EDCC 2012

作者： Ulbrich, Peter Hoffmann, Martin Kapitza, Rüdiger Lohmann, Daniel Schröder-Preikschat, Wolfgang Schmid, Reiner Department of Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen Germany System Architecture and Platforms Corporate Technology Siemens AG Munich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769546711

In the domain of safety-critical embedded and cyber-physical systems, software-based redundancy is generally understood as an effective and cheap approach to improve reliability. Especially redundant execution in terms of triple modular redundancy is a well-known solution. However, triple modular redundancy (TMR) leaves unprotected single points of failure (SPOFs), such as the voter, which have to be carefully considered in all safety considerations. We present Combined Redundancy (CoRed), a holistic approach that hardens safety-critical parts of a system against soft-errors, while effectively eliminating the vulnerability caused by SPOFs. CoRed leverages redundant execution in combination with encoded processing to tackle the unprotected voting and data distribution. Its implementation does not require specific knowledge about the application and can be easily integrated into existing projects. We evaluated CoRed in a realistic setting using a quad rotor helicopter and provide experimental evidence for soft-error resistance and comparable low resource demand. In our experimental comparison plain TMR left more than seven percent of failures undetected, whereas CoRed was able to eliminate all silent data corruptions while inducing an overhead of just seven percent. © 2012 IEEE.

关键词： Fault tolerance

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Taking control: Modular and adaptive robotics process control systems

Taking control: Modular and adaptive robotics process contro...

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International Workshop on Robot Sensing (ROSE)

作者： Peter Ulbrich Florian Franzmann Christian Harkort Martin Hoffmann Tobias Klaus Anja Rebhan Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat Chair of Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Germany Chair of Automatic Control Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Germany Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Erlangen Bayern DE

Robotics systems usually comprise sophisticated sensor and actuator systems with no less complex control applications. These systems are subject to frequent modifications and extensions and have to adapt to their environment. While automation systems are tailored to particular production processes, autonomous vehicles must adaptively switch their sensors and controllers depending on environmental conditions. However, when designing and implementing the process control system, traditional control theory focuses on the control problem at hand without having this variability in mind. Thus, the resulting models and implementation artefacts are monolithic, additionally complicating the real-time system design. In this paper, we present a modularisation approach for the design of robotics process control systems, which not only aims for variability at design-time but also for adaptivity at run-time. Our approach is based on a layered control architecture, which includes an explicit interface between the two domains involved: control engineering and computer science. Our architecture provides separation of concerns in terms of independent building blocks and data flows. For example, the replacement of a sensor no longer involves the tedious modification of downstream filters and controllers. Likewise, the error-prone mapping of high-level application behaviour to the process control system can be omitted. We validated our approach by the example of an autonomous vehicle use case. Our experimental results demonstrate ease of use and the capability to maintain quality of control on par with the original monolithic design.

关键词： Observers Sensor fusion Actuators Sensor systems Real-time systems

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