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A Review of Electronic Fuses: Challenges and Opportunities for Future Vehicular Power systems

IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 2025年第3期11卷 8548-8560页

作者： Mayer, Christoph Baumann, Martin Eisenmann, Bastian Herzog, Hans-Georg Energy Conversion Technology Lab TUM School of Engineering and Design Garching85748 Germany BMW Group Research and Development Department Munich80788 Germany High-Power Converter Systems Lab TUM School of Engineering and Design Munich80333 Germany

Currently, the vehicular power system is undergoing significant changes. One of the most promising advances thereby are electronic fuses (eFuses) which are intended to replace the state-of-the-art melting fuses. On the one hand, eFuses are beneficial to meet the requirements for highly automated or autonomous driving functions. On the other hand, compared to melting fuses, they also offer advanced protection mechanisms and enhanced diagnosis functions as well as wiring harness optimization potentials. This paper provides a comprehensive review about the current state of research regarding vehicular eFuses. The general structure and basic functionalities such as protection mechanisms are explained, followed by an overview of state-of-the-art eFuse hardware solutions. Available investigation methods of eFuses such as simulation models are shown. The effect of eFuses on other system components is explained and compared to melting fuses. A comparative overview and discussion of benefits and drawbacks of eFuses and melting fuses complete the review. This paper will be particularly beneficial for research institutions, industry professionals, but also for anyone who is inexperienced in the field of vehicular power systems as a reference of the current state of research regarding vehicular eFuses. © 2015 IEEE.

关键词： Protection Fuses Power systems Temperature measurement Transistors Hardware Switching circuits Reviews Electrification Surge protection

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Open-Gap Algorithm for Fast Reactive Collision Avoidance by Autonomous UAV using Sensor Array

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Journal of Aeronautics, Astronautics and Aviation 2025年第3期57卷 505-511页

作者： Butt, Muhammad Zohaib Nasir, Nazri Rashid, Rozeha A. Tang, Collin H.H. Department of Aeronautics Automotive and Ocean Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia UTM Aero Lab Institute for Vehicle Systems & Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia Department of Communication Engineering Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia Department of Applied Mechanics and Design Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia

This paper presents a new local reactive collision avoidance strategy for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that operate in dynamic environments. Compared to ground robots, UAVs face greater challenges in terms of faster reaction time and encounter rapid environmental changes during low-flight operations due to their higher speed. Additionally, small UAVs have limited payload capacity, restricting their flight time, computational power, and sensing capabilities. For low-altitude autonomous flights, a fast and efficient computation approach is developed to avoid moving as well as stationary obstacles. Using a circular array of sensors onboard, the algorithm detects suitable open gaps within the circular proximity of the UAV. Then, to reach the designated target location, the algorithm chooses the most suitable gap. The proposed algorithm enhances the UAV’s ability at low-altitudes to perform collision-less navigation in unstructured environments without prior knowledge of the obstacle map. A simulated environment was used to test the proposed algorithm. © 2025 The Aeronautical and Astronautical Society of the Republic of China. All rights reserved.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

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An infrared photothermoelectric detector enabled by MXene and PEDOT:PSS composite for noncontact fingertip tracking

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2023年第1期9卷 229-239页

作者： Jiaqi Wang Zhemiao Xie Guanxuan Lu Jiayu Alexander Liu John T.W.Yeow Advanced Micro-/Nano-Devices Lab Department of Systems Design EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo200 University Ave WestWaterlooONN2L 3G1Canada

Photothermoelectric(PTE)detectors functioning on the infrared spectrum show much potential for use in many fields,such as energy harvesting,nondestructive monitoring,and imaging *** advances in low-dimensional and semiconductor materials research have facilitated new opportunities for PTE detectors to be applied in material and structural ***,these materials applied in PTE detectors face some challenges,such as unstable properties,high infrared reflection,and miniaturization ***,we report our fabrication of scalable bias-free PTE detectors based on Ti3C2 and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)composites and characterization of their composite morphology and broadband *** also discuss various PTE engineering strategies,including substrate choices,electrode types,deposition methods,and vacuum ***,we simulate metamaterials using different materials and hole sizes and fabricated a gold metamaterial with a bottom-up configuration by simultaneously combining MXene and polymer,which achieved an infrared photoresponse ***,we demonstrate a fingertip gesture response using the metamaterial-integrated PTE *** research proposes numerous implications of MXene and its related composites for wearable devices and Internet of Things(IoT)applications,such as the continuous biomedical tracking of human health conditions.

关键词： unstable composite sizes

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Autocalibration for Creating 2D/3D Displays on Complex Geometric Surfaces

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Information Display 2022年第6期38卷 31-37页

作者： Arnold, Katherine Fieguth, Paul Dennison, Andrew Vision and Image Processing Lab University of Waterloo Canada Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Canada Software Solutions Development Department Christie Digital Systems

Geometric calibration methods tend to rely on precalibrated cameras or real calibration targets. Here we explore the chal-lenge of achieving a sufficiently accurate projector system calibration for complex projection mapping tasks that can rely on neither precalibrated cameras nor calibration targets. Virtual scene models can take the place of a real calibration target for the purpose of providing scene information that is used to refine geometric estimates. Refinement of the display parameters aims to reduce the reprojection error, or the error between the theoretical coordinate (generated from the projection of the scene estimate coordinate by the estimated parameters) and the actual coordinate (obtained from pixel cor-respondences). For Christie installations, the final reprojection error of each pixel should be less than 1 pixel. Mystique was not always so capable. Christie’s research department, Christie labs, has a history of creating solutions for new projection concepts. Part of that strategy has been a long partnership with the University of Waterloo, particularly the Vision and Image Processing (VIP) lab in systems design engineering. Graduate students study computer vision and machine learning—topics related to problems often at the heart of techniques—which can be used to bring new ideas, meth-ods, and solutions to Mystique and, by extension, to Christie’s customers. Years of investment in research and development, including partnership with the VIP lab and others, have enabled Mystique to handle challenges beyond any other projec-tor-alignment solution. ID. © 2022, John Wiley and Sons Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pixels

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design of a 1-5GHz Inverter-Based Phase Interpolator for Spin-Wave Detection 25

Design of a 1-5GHz Inverter-Based Phase Interpolator for Spi...

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30th Asia and South Pacific design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC 2025

作者： Zhu, Yuyang Yang, Zunsong Cheng, Zhenyu Sarker, Md Shamim Yamahara, Hiroyasu Seki, Munetoshi Tabata, Hitoshi Iizuka, Tetsuya Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems The University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0032 Japan Systems Design Lab. School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0032 Japan Department of Bioengineering The University of Tokyo Tokyo113-8656 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798400706356

This paper details the design and implementation of a wide-band, digital-controlledinverter-based phase interpolator (PI) for a spin-wave detection circuit. The PI contains input phase generation part for coarse phase tunning, and PI core part for fine phase tunning. Fabricated using 65nm CMOS technology, the circuit operates across a frequency range of 1GHz to 5GHz with a 1V supply. The chip is implemented in 65nm CMOS technology and operates from 1GHz to 5GHz, with 1V supply. The power consumption of the proposed PI core is 1.89mW at 5GHz. The measured differential non-linearity and integral non-linearity are 0.6 LSB and 5.17 LSB respectively at the worst case. © 2025 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. All rights reserved.

关键词： CMOS integrated circuits

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Dynamic Circuit Characterization and a Single Ring-Oscillator-Based Test Structure for Its Timing Parameter Extraction

Dynamic Circuit Characterization and a Single Ring-Oscillato...

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2023 International Conference on IC design and Technology, ICICDT 2023

作者： Zhang, Haoming Li, Shuowei Iizuka, Tetsuya The University of Tokyo Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems Tokyo113-0032 Japan The University of Tokyo Systems Design Lab. School of Engineering Tokyo113-0032 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350319316

Dynamic circuit is extensively-used where high speed is required such as critical path in digital and analog/mixed-signal circuits, yet it has not been successfully characterized and integrated into the digital design flows as its characterization is not straightforward due to its complex timing requirement. In this paper, we first propose a practical timing model for dynamic circuits which we use to characterize the dynamic circuit. Then, we apply the model to the static timing analysis (STA) using the constructed liberty file to verify its feasibility. We also propose a test structure to extract the required timing parameters with the measurement results for practical dynamic circuit characterization. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Timing circuits

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Nanodiamond/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene-coated quartz crystal microbalance humidity sensor with high sensitivity and high quality factor

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Rare Metals 2024年第6期43卷 2719-2729页

作者： Yao Yao Qiao Chen Yan-Qi Li Xian-He Huang Wei-Wei Ling Zhe-MiaoXie Jia-QiWang Chang-Ming Chen College of Communication Engineering Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China School of Automation Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing 400065China School of Automation Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731China Advanced Micro-/Nano-Devices Lab Department of Systems Design EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooON N2L 3GlCanada

To address the challenge of achieving both high sensitivity and a high quality factor in quartz crystal microbalance(QCM)humidity sensors,a nanodiamond(ND)/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene composite-coated QCM humidity sensor was *** material characteristics of ND,Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene,and ND/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene composite were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)*** experimental results demonstrated that the hydrophilic ND nanoparticles coated on Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene nanosheet prevented the self-stacking of Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene and enhanced the sensitivity of Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene-based QCM humidity ***,the high mechanical modulus of Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene material helped ND/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene composite-coated QCM humidity sensor to achieve a high quality factor(>20,000).ND/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene compositecoated QCM humidity sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 82.45 Hz/%RH,a humidity hysteresis of 1.1%RH,fast response/recovery times,acceptable repeatability,and good stability from 11.3%RH to 97.3%*** response mechanism of ND/Ti_(3)C_(2) MXene composite-coated QCM humidity sensor was analyzed in combination with a bi-exponential kinetic adsorption ***,the potential application of ND/Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene composite-coated QCM humidity sensor was demonstrated through its frequency response to wooden blocks with different moisture contents.

关键词： Humidity sensor Quartz crystal microbalance Nanodiamond Ti_(3)C_(2)MXene High quality factor

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design of 1-5 GHz Two-Stage Noise-Canceling Low-Noise Amplifier with gm-boosting Technique for Spin Wave Detection Circuit

Design of 1-5 GHz Two-Stage Noise-Canceling Low-Noise Amplif...

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2023 International Conference on IC design and Technology, ICICDT 2023

作者： Cheng, Zhenyu Yang, Zunsong Zhu, Yuyang Sarker, Md Shamim Yamahara, Hiroyasu Seki, Munetoshi Tabata, Hitoshi Iizuka, Tetsuya The University of Tokyo Systems Design Lab. School of Engineering Tokyo113-0032 Japan The University of Tokyo Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems Tokyo113-0032 Japan The University of Tokyo Department of Bioengineering Tokyo113-8656 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350319316

This work presents a two-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA) for spin wave detection. Since spin wave detection must be performed under strong magnetic field, no on-chip inductors should be used in the circuit for avoiding unexpected electromagnetic coupling. The first stage employs noise-canceling and gm-boosting to provide preferable noise figure, wideband input matching and low power consumption. The second stage is a fully differential cascode amplifier for further voltage gain. The prototype is implemented in 65nm CMOS technology and consumes 8.3 mA from 1 V supply. Without any on-chip inductor, the proposed two-stage LNA including the output buffer achieves 30.6 dB maximum gain, 3.4-5.4dB noise figure, and better than -10dB input matching within the frequency range of 1-5 GHz based on post-layout simulation results. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Low noise amplifiers

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A 1-5GHz Inverter-Based Phase Interpolator with All Digital Control for Spin-Wave Detection Circuit

A 1-5GHz Inverter-Based Phase Interpolator with All Digital ...

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2023 International Conference on IC design and Technology, ICICDT 2023

作者： Zhu, Yuyang Yang, Zunsong Cheng, Zhenyu Sarker, Md Shamim Yamahara, Hiroyasu Seki, Munetoshi Tabata, Hitoshi Iizuka, Tetsuya The University of Tokyo Systems Design Lab. School of Engineering Tokyo113-0032 Japan The University of Tokyo Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems Tokyo113-0032 Japan The University of Tokyo Department of Bioengineering Tokyo113-8656 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350319316

This paper represents a wide-band inverter-based phase interpolator (PI) designed for spin-wave detection circuit with all digital control. The proposed PI consists of a phase selector for selecting two input phases, a band selector to control the slew rate for good linearity in wide operating frequency range, and a phase mixer for output phase tuning. The circuit is implemented in 65nm CMOS technology and operates from 1GHz to 5GHz, with 1V supply. The power consumption of the proposed PI core is 2.78mW at 5GHz. The measured differential non-linearity and integral non-linearity are 3.2 LSB and -10.4 LSB respectively at the worst case. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Timing circuits

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FPGA Implementation of Extended Kalman Filter for Parameters Estimation of Railway Wheelset

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第2期74卷 3351-3370页

作者： Khakoo Mal Tayab Din Memon Imtiaz Hussain Kalwar Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry Department of Electronic Engineering Mehran University of Engineering&TechnologyJamshoro76062Pakistan Sukkur IBA University Sukkur65200Pakistan Design and Creative Technology Torrens University Australia196 Flinders StreetMelbourne3000VICAustralia Department of Electronics and Power Engineering Pakistan Navy Engineering College NUSTKarachi75350Pakistan NCRA-Condition Monitoring Systems Lab Mehran University of Engineering&TechnologyJamshoro76062Pakistan

It is necessary to know the status of adhesion conditions between wheel and rail for efficient accelerating and decelerating of railroad *** proper estimation of adhesion conditions and their real-time implementation is considered a challenge for *** this paper,the development of simulation model of extended Kalman filter(EKF)in MATlab/Simulink is presented to estimate various railway wheelset parameters in different contact conditions of *** to concurrent in nature,the Xilinx®System-on-Chip Zynq Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)device is chosen to check the onboard estimation ofwheel-rail interaction parameters by using the National Instruments(NI)myRIO®development *** NImyRIO®development board is flexible to deal with nonlinearities,uncertain changes,and fastchanging dynamics in real-time occurring in wheel-rail contact conditions during vehicle *** simulated dataset of the railway nonlinear wheelsetmodel is tested on FPGA-based EKF with different track conditions and with accelerating and decelerating operations of the *** proposed model-based estimation of railway wheelset parameters is synthesized on FPGA and its simulation is carried out for functional verification on *** obtained simulation results are aligned with the simulation results obtained through *** the best of our knowledge,this is the first time study that presents the implementation of a model-based estimation of railway wheelset parameters on FPGA and its functional *** functional behavior of the FPGA-based estimator shows that these results are the addition of current knowledge in the field of the railway.

关键词： Adhesion force extended kalman filter FPGA implementation railway wheelset real-time estimation wheel-rail interaction

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